scholarly journals Feeding Ecology of Sloth Bears in Chitwan National Park, Nepal

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandip Khanal ◽  
Tej B. Thapa
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Chitwan National Park ◽  
Sloth Bear ◽  
And Behavior

Food habits of a species influences habitat use, ranging pattern and behavior. Seasonal diet composition of Sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) in the Chitwan National Park, Nepal was determined from 143 scats. Through macroscopic and microscopic analysis of scats; six types of plants, termites, ants, honey bees, wax, as well as mammalian hairs were identified. Although variation was observed, there was no significant difference in the diet composition in two different seasons. Overall, insects dominated the composition, occurring in 100% of the scats followed by the plants (39.16%) and mammalian hair (3.49%). Termites and ants were the major and stable dietary components. Termites (90%), Red ants (65%) and Aegle marmelos (35%) were important food for Sloth bear in summer season but the utilization of plants was very low. During winter, insects were heavily utilized by the bear. The utilization of termites (93.97%) and Ziziphus sp. (14.45%) was higher in comparison with summer season. Utilization of fruits in summer was negligible. By and large, on percent dry weight basis, insects (78.98%) dominated Sloth bear diet, followed by plants (20.99%) and mammalian hairs (0.04%).Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 2014, 19(2): 118-122

scholarly journals Distribution and Habitat Preference of Sloth Bear in Chitwan National Park, Nepal

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Dinesh Ghimire ◽  
Tej Bahadur Thapa
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Use ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Habitat Preference ◽  
National Park ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Sal Forest ◽  
Chitwan National Park ◽  
Sloth Bear ◽  
Effective Conservation

Effective conservation of Sloth bear requires detailed information regarding their distribution and habitat use. This study attempted to generate baseline data on distribution and habitat preference of Sloth Bear in Chitwan National Park, Nepal during March–May 2012. The study area was divided into 74 grids each measuring 16 Km2. Of the total grids, 35 were randomly selected for occupancy sampling. A total of 288 spatial replicates were sampled in 35 different grids recording 87 direct or indirect evidences of Sloth bear. Among them, 50 diggings, 25 scats, four scrapes with live animals in eight points were detected in four different habitat types of the Park. The variance to mean ratio showed clumped distribution of Sloth bear. The RPI values revealed that the mixed forest was found to be most preferred (RPI = 0.42) by Sloth Bear followed by grassland (RPI = 0.21). Riverine forest and Sal forest were less preferred (RPI = -0.25 and -0.11 respectively) but not avoided. Distribution of Sloth bear was influenced by distance to nearest water sources, distance to road and altitude. Similarly, disturbances like human activities, presence of cattle and fi re were found to affect the distribution of Sloth bear.J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 28, 2014: 9-17

scholarly journals Habitat occupancy of sloth bear Melursus ursinus in Chitwan National Park, Nepal

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajan Paudel ◽  
Rabin Kadariya ◽  
Babu Ram Lamichhane ◽  
Naresh Subedi ◽  
Mariko Sashika ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Tree Cover ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Geographic Ranges ◽  
Habitat Occupancy ◽  
Chitwan National Park ◽  
Sloth Bear ◽  
Conservation Threats

Mammals around the world face serious threats and experience massive decline in their populations and geographic ranges. The sloth bear has become extinct from two of five range countries and the existing population face serious conservation threats. Despite being endangered in Nepal, decades of conservation obliviousness have hindered their conservation and management. We assessed the distribution and habitat use by sloth bears in relation to landscape, environmental, and anthropogenic factors in Chitwan National Park, Nepal. We conducted a sign survey from March-June 2020 in 4*4 km2 grids (n=45) in a checkerboard approach. An observation was spatially replicated four times by recording information in four continuous search trails of 1 km each. We recorded presence/absence of sloth bears, termites, fruits and disturbance in the field and extracted information on tree cover, terrain ruggedness and vegetation index from remotely sensed image of the study area. The data was analyzed using single species-single season occupancy method in PRESENCE software. By using repeated observations these models account for imperfect detectability of species to provide robust estimates of species occupancy. Averaged habitat occupancy estimate obtained from the best models was Ѱ = 0.53 ± 0.04SE with detection probability p = 0.44 ± 0.1SE. Selection of variable based on summed AIC weight from the top models (AIC<2) showed that presence of termites (ƩWi=0.66) significantly influenced sloth bear habitat occupancy. Habitat occupancy was positively influenced by termites followed by fruits, disturbance, terrain ruggedness and vegetation productivity, whereas, it was negatively influenced by tree cover. We suggest that future conservation interventions and action plans aimed at sloth bear management must adequately consider these requirements and issues.

The diet of the brush-tailed rabbit-rat (Conilurus penicillatus) from the monsoonal tropics of the Northern Territory, Australia

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald S. C. Firth ◽  
Elizabeth Jefferys ◽  
John C. Z. Woinarski ◽  
Richard A. Noske
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Seed Material ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Significant Difference

The diet of the brush-tailed rabbit-rat (Conilurus penicillatus) was assessed by microscopic analysis of faecal samples from 35 individuals collected from three different sites in the Northern Territory (Garig Gunak Barlu National Park (Cobourg Peninsula), Kakadu National Park and Melville Island) at various times of the year during 2000–02. Seed was the most abundant item in the overall diet of C. penicillatus, making up 68% of identifiable particles, with smaller proportions contributed by leaves (21%), plant stems (8%) and insects (2%). ANOSIM tests revealed no difference in diet between the sexes and seasons, but there was a significant difference in the diet between the sites, with seed material present in 74% of the samples from Cobourg and in 62% and 58% of samples from Kakadu and Melville respectively. Leaf matter was present in 19% of samples from Cobourg and in 26% and 24% of samples from Kakadu and Melville respectively. Stem material was present in only 6% of samples from Cobourg and in 8% and 13% of samples from Kakadu and Melville respectively. Insect matter was present in small quantities across all three sites. The high proportion of seed in the diet suggests that C. penicillatus is primarily granivorous.

scholarly journals Conflict of Local People and Larger Mammals - A Case of Chitwan National Park in Central Nepal

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-106
Author(s):  
Tatwa P Timsina
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Local People ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Central Nepal ◽  
Qualitative Approaches ◽  
Southern Central ◽  
Chitwan National Park ◽  
Sloth Bear

Background: Chitwan National Park which covers 932 km2 lies in the lowlands or inner terai of southern central Nepal. It has 503 rhinoceros, 120 tigers and 40-50 elephants. Wildlife such as leopard, wild dog, sloth bear, gaur, sambar, chital, hog deer, barking deer, wild pig etc. are also found in this park. The park is facing enormous enroachment from the local people.Objective: The objective of this study is to study the causes of conflicts and find out the ways for park-people management. This study has been designed to reveal the intricate relationship among the large mammals and local people and the resultant conflict.Methodology: The study has applied cross-sectional design and included 100 people. Both the quantitative and qualitative approaches have been used to collect data. Research instruments namely interview, questionnaire and observation were applied for this study.Results: Larger mammals and local people have both positive and negative interactions. Negative interaction or conflict takes place due to the competition between the park and people that are concerned at crop damage, livestock loss and injury to rhino, deer, boar, tiger etc. Regarding the types of crops damaged by the wildlife, mustard, potato, maize, paddy and wheat top the list.Conclusion: In Chitwan National Park, the relation between larger mammals and local people is positive such as promoting tourism and maintaining greenery and negative in some cases such as injury and damage by larger mammals, restrictions on the use of park resources for local people etc. The park-people relationship can be managed by introducing a number of measures which respect the lives of both the local people and wildlife in the park. Both the park authorities and local people should work in coordination so that the benefit from the immeasurable gift of nature could be exploited.Journal of Advanced Academic Research Vol.1(1) 2014: 99-106

scholarly journals Hematological Value of Captive Elephants (Elephas maximus) Around Chitwan National Park, Sauraha, Nepal

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roshan Ghimire ◽  
Sagar Regmi ◽  
Rakshya Shrestha ◽  
Amir Sadaula ◽  
Janardan Dev Joshi
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Leukocyte Count ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Erythrocyte Count ◽  
Total Leukocyte Count ◽  
Major Work ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chitwan National Park

Abstract Veterinary hematology serves as an important screening procedure to assess general health condition, diagnosis, and treatment of disease. The study was aimed to interpret and establish a set of hematology reference range for Asian elephants kept under private and government facilities of Nepal as no major work has been done till now. Blood samples from 50 elephants around Chitwan National Park, Sauraha was collected and hematological parameters like total erythrocyte count and total leukocyte count were determined. The results showed that the majority of hematological value was in line with the value previously published by different authors. The mean erythrocyte and leukocyte count was reported as 3.32 ±0.93 ×10^6 cell/µL and 10448±335.49 cells/ µL respectively. No sex-associated significant difference was observed in the case of total erythrocyte count whereas total leukocyte counts varied significantly within sex. Our finding revealed no significant difference in hematological parameters between governmental and privately owned elephants. The hematological value of our study can be used as a reference value for assessing the health condition of elephants in Nepal. Further research work should be conducted to evaluate the factors affecting hematological parameters.

scholarly journals Spatial Concentrations of Wildlife Attacks on Humans in Chitwan National Park, Nepal

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleš Ruda ◽  
Jaromír Kolejka ◽  
Thakur Silwal
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
National Park ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Wildlife Species ◽  
Land Use Types ◽  
Chitwan National Park ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Sloth Bear

The study was conducted within and adjacent to Chitwan National Park in Nepal (CNP), where several wildlife species are involved in conflicts with humans. We assessed the spatial relationships between the number of victims/km2 (=victim density or VD) of attack by wildlife (elephant, rhino, wild boar, sloth bear, leopard or tiger) versus landscape features, including both natural habitat type and land use by humans (e.g., nursery, orchard or cultivated). We identified four levels of VD, ranging from <1 V (victim)/4 km2 to >1 V/2 km2 for each land use zone, then tested for correlations at one or more of those VD between each pair of wildlife species across different land use types. Our results high correlation for sloth bear and leopard (r ≈ 0.8), for all species except elephant and wild boar at VD > 1 V/4 km2 (r > 0.9) and for leopard vs. rhinoceros (r = 0.99) across land use types at 1 V/4 km2) indicate some risk-reduction measures. One of them would be division of each buffer zone into three concentric rings, for instance ranging from high-risk adjacent areas to areas of high use by humans, to low-risk where human use is low. This revision would facilitate giving local people more voice in implementing conservation measures and reducing risks.

Effect of planting date and density on calendula and peppermint herbs

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
Rahim Mohammadian ◽  
Behnam Tahmasebpour ◽  
Peyvand Samimifar
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Effect ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Mass Reduction ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Total Maximum

A factorial experiment was conducted with a completely randomized design to evaluate the effects of planting date and density on calendula herbs and peppermint. It had 3 replicates and was done in Khosroshahr research farm, Tabriz in 2006. Under studied factors were: 3 planting dates (10 May, 25 May and 10 June) in 4 densities (25, 35, 45, 55) of the plant in square meters. The results of variance a nalysis showed that there was 1% probability significant difference between the effects of planting date and bush density on the leave number, bush height and the bush dry weight. But the mutual effect of the plant date in mentioned traits density was insignificant. Regarding the traits mean comparison, the total maximum dry weight was about the 55 bush density in mm. Also, the bush high density in mm causes the bush growth and its mass reduction. When there is the density grain, the flower number will increase due to bush grain in surface unit. Overall, we can conclude that 10 June planting and 45 bush density in mm is the most suitable items and results in favored production with high essence for these crops.

THE EMPATHY LEVELS OF WOMEN PLAYING IN BASKETBALL LEAGUES

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (25) ◽  
pp. 760-768
Author(s):  
Nida Gencer ÖZKAN ◽  
◽  
Tülin ATAN
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Leadership Style ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Coaching Behaviors ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Women's Basketball ◽  
Coaching Behavior ◽  
And Behavior

The aim of this study was to investigate the basketball players’, active in Turkey Women’s Basketball Super and 1st Leagues, empathy levels according to their marital status, educational status in addition to age and marital status of their coach; and to evaluate leadership characteristics and behavior of their coaches according to athlete’s perception. Another aim was to analyze the relation between empathy levels of the athletes and athletes’ perception of coaching behavior. 264 (age; 24.61±5.53 year) female athletes playing in Turkey Women’s Basketball Super and 1st Leagues participated in this study. Leadership Scale for Sports (LSS)-version of Athletes’ Perception of Coaching Behavior that developed by Chelladurai and Saleh, and adapted by Tiryaki and Toros in 2006 was used as data collection tool. Athletes’ perceptions of leadership style and behavior of their coach were evaluated in five different factors. A five-factor solution with 40 items describing the most salient dimensions of coaching behavior was selected as the most meaningful. Empathy levels of the athletes were determined by using Emphatic Tendency Scale which was developed by Dökmen (1988) and composed of 20 items. Empathy levels of the athletes showed no statistically significant difference in terms of any variable (p>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in athletes’ perceptions of coaching behaviors in terms of marital status of the athlete and age of their coach (p>0.05). In terms of educational status of athletes and marital status of their coach, there were statistically significant differences in athletes’ perceptions of coaching behaviors (p<0.05 and p<0.01). Positive and meaningful correlation was found between empathy scores of the athletes and training and instruction behavior (r=.172**) and autocratic behavior (r=.154*) of the coach (p<0.05 and p<0.01). Educational status of the athletes and marital status of their coach are influental in athletes’ evaluation of their perceptions of coaching behavior. Empathy levels of the athletes are related to their perceptions of coaching behavior.

Evaluation of Nurse Crops for Weed Control and Plant Establishment in Prairie Restoration

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 485b-485
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Barry ◽  
Michael N. Dana
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Prairie Restoration ◽  
Plant Establishment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Nurse Crops ◽  
Partridge Pea ◽  
Prairie Plant

Nurse crops are often recommended in prairie restoration planting. This work investigated several alternative nurse crops to determine their utility in prairie planting. Nurse crops were composed of increasing densities (900, 1800, or 2700 seeds/m2) of partridge pea, spring oats, spring barley, Canada wild rye, or equal mixtures of partridge pea and one of the grasses. The experimental design was a randomized complete-block set in two sites with three blocks per site and 48 treatments per block. Each 3 × 3-m plot contained 1 m2 planted in Dec. 1995 or Mar. 1996 with an equal mix of seven prairie species. The nurse crops were sown over each nine square meter area in April 1996. Plots lacking nurse crops served as controls. Evaluated data consisted of weed pressure rankings and weed and prairie plant dry weight. Nurse crop treatments had a significant effect on weed pressure in both sites. Barley (1800 and 2700 seeds/m2) as well as partridge pea + barley (2700 seeds/m2) were most effective at reducing weed pressure. When weed and prairie plant biomass values were compared, a significant difference was observed for site quality and planting season. Prairie plant establishment was significantly greater in the poorly drained, less-fertile site and spring-sown plots in both sites had significantly higher prairie biomass values. Overall, after two seasons, there was no advantage in using nurse crops over the control. Among nurse crop treatments, oats were most effective in reducing weed competition and enhancing prairie plant growth.

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