Neck Circumference, a Novel Predictor of Overweight/ Obesity in School Children in Pokhara

Background: Calculating BMI in an individual is a standard anthropometric procedure to estimate overweight/obesity. But it has been observed to be a bad predictor of central obesity. On the other hand, waist circumference, in many studies, has been found to be a good predictor of central obesity but not so frequently used because of tendency to vary throughout the day. In the recent years, NC has been found to have a good correlation with both BMI and WC. The aim of this study was to find out whether neck circumference is a good predictor of Overweight/Obesity or not. Methods: This was a cross sectional study carried out among the school children, aged 12 to 15 years, in Pokhara city, Nepal. In total, 408 students, 238 males and 170 females were screened. Anthropometric markers of obesity measured: included body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and compared with neck circumference (NC) of the same subjects. Pearson’s correlation test was used to see the correlation between NC with BMI and WC, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to determine the best cut off value of neck circumference in predicting high BMI. Results: Among 408 students, 238 (58.3%) were male and 170 (41.7%) were female. Among them 37 (9.1%) were overweight and 32 (7.8%) were obese. All the anthropometric parameters were significantly higher in cases, except height in male, than in controls. NC was significantly correlated with age, BMI, and waist circumference in both boys and girls. The best cut-off value of neck circumference by ROC to identify boys with a high BMI was 29.5 with sensitivity of (76%), specificity (54%), and for girls was 28.5 with sensitivity of (97%), specificity (48%). Conclusion: Statistically significant positive correlation was found between NC with BMI and WC. The value of NC as a screening tool has been found comparably lower in compare to WC.

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Neck Circumference as an Anthropometric Indicator of Central Obesity in Patients with Prediabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2019/4808541 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Thunyarat Anothaisintawee ◽

Nakarin Sansanayudh ◽

Sangsulee Thamakaison ◽

Dumrongrat Lertrattananon ◽

Ammarin Thakkinstian

Keyword(s):

Waist Circumference ◽

Central Obesity ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Neck Circumference ◽

Youden Index ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Roc Curve Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Pairwise Correlation ◽

Glucose Levels

Measurement of waist circumference has substantial variability and some limitations, while neck circumference is a simple and reliable anthropometric measure. This study aimed to assess the association between neck circumference and waist circumference and to identify the best cutoff of neck circumference that could predict central obesity in prediabetic patients. This cross-sectional study included adult patients with prediabetes, defined as having fasting plasma glucose levels ranging from 100 to 125 mg/dL or HbA1c ranging from 5.7 to 6.49%, who visited the outpatient clinic of Family Medicine Department, Ramathibodi Hospital, Thailand, during October 2014 and March 2016. Neck circumference was measured from the level just below the laryngeal prominence perpendicular to the long axis of the neck. Central obesity was defined as having waist circumference measurements greater than 90 and 80 cm for males and females, respectively. The correlation between neck circumference and waist circumference was explored by applying pairwise correlation coefficient. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed and Youden index equal to “sensitivity – (1-specificity)” was calculated. Neck circumference that yielded the maximum Youden index was determined as the optimal cutoff point for prediction of central obesity. There were 1,534 patients eligible for this study. After adjusting for covariables, neck circumference was found to be significantly associated with waist circumference in both females and males, with β-coefficients of 1.01 (95% CI: 0.83, 1.20) and 0.65 (95% CI: 0.46, 0.85), respectively. After applying the ROC analysis, neck circumferences ≥ 32 cm in females and ≥ 38 cm in males were determined as the best cutoff values to predict central obesity. Neck circumference is strongly correlated with waist circumference in prediabetics and should be considered as an alternative to the waist circumference measurement in screening for central obesity.

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Is neck circumference an appropriate tool to predict cardiovascular risk in clinical practice? A cross-sectional study in Chilean population

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028305 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. e028305 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Patricia Caro ◽

Ximena Guerra ◽

Andrea Canals ◽

Gerardo Weisstaub ◽

Carlos Sandaña

Keyword(s):

Clinical Practice ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Central Obesity ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Neck Circumference ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Chilean Population

ObjectivesNeck circumference has emerged as a predictor of obesity and metabolic syndrome, but its clinical usefulness for different groups of population is not clearly defined. The aim is to evaluate the predictive capacity of neck circumference in order to detect cardiovascular risks (CVRs) on the Chilean population and to compare it with waist circumference performance.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingGeneral Chilean population.ParticipantsData of 4607 adults aged 18 and over from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009–2010 were analysed.Primary and secondary outcome measuresAnthropometrics measures included neck and waist circumference, height and weight. CVR was identified according to the Framingham tables adapted for the Chilean population. Receiver operating characteristics curves and logistic regression models were made to evaluate the performance of neck circumference to predict a moderate/high CVR, comparing it to waist circumference.ResultsAlmost 10% of the sample had a moderate or high CVR. The probability of having a moderate/high cardiovascular risk increase with cervical obesity (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.04 to 3.68) and central obesity (OR 4.5, 95% CI 2.47 to 8.22). The area under the curves were high for cervical obesity (AUC 81.4%, 95% CI 78.8% to 84.0%) and central obesity (AUC 82.2%, 95% CI 79.7% to 84.7%) and not statistically different (p=0.152).ConclusionsNeck obesity has a high capacity to predict moderate/high CVR in the Chilean population. Its good performance appears as an opportunity to use it in clinical practice when waist circumference measurement is difficult to measure and eventually replace the waist circumference measurement as the technique is easier.

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Neck circumference as a risk indicator for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a community based cross-sectional study

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20195032 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (11) ◽

pp. 4624

Author(s):

Balaji Arumugam ◽

Aadarshna R. ◽

Suganya E.

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Risk Score ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Neck Circumference ◽

Rank Test ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Sign Rank Test ◽

Study Participants

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic syndrome due to insulin deficiency, characterized by hyperglycaemia. Indian diabetes risk score (IDRS) is the most commonly used one to determine the risk status. However there is lot of inconvenience and possible errors in measuring the waist circumference to determine the IDRS, hence the study was planned to evaluate if neck circumference could replace waist circumference in determining the diabetes risk.Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted among 300 study participants fulfilling the eligible criteria. Socio-demographic variables, parameters required for determining the IDRS was assessed, in addition, neck circumference (NC) was measured using standard protocol. Another risk score was calculated by replacing waist circumference (WC) with neck circumference and scoring was named as IDRS-NC. Pearson correlation and Wilcoxan sign rank test was done to find out the relationship between WC and NC and also to determine if IDRS-NC could replace IDRS.Results: Out of 300 study population, majority of the participants are in the age group of <35 years 129 (43%) and around 2/3rd of the participants were females. Among the study participants proportion of participants belonging to low risk, medium risk and high risk assessed using IDRS and IDRS-NC was 18.7%, 41%, 40.3% and 31.7%, 38%, 30.3% respectively. There was a strong positive correlation (r=0.837) between the neck circumference and waist circumference. Wilcoxan sign rank test was significant between the 2 scores having a p value of <0.05.Conclusions: In our study there was a positive correlation between neck circumference and waist circumference.

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Gender Differences in Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Metabolically Healthy Normal Weight Adults with Central Obesity

Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes ◽

10.1055/s-0043-119877 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 126 (05) ◽

pp. 309-315

Author(s):

Katarína Šebeková ◽

Melinda Csongová ◽

Radana Gurecká ◽

Zora Krivošíková ◽

Jozef Šebek

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Plasma Glucose ◽

Fasting Plasma Glucose ◽

Central Obesity ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Fasting Plasma ◽

Metabolically Healthy

AbstractWe investigated whether metabolically healthy normal weight adults with central obesity display worse cardiometabolic profile compared with their centrally lean counterparts. This retrospective, cross-sectional study, comprised 1 135 subjects (64% females) aged 18-to-81 years, presenting ≤2 components of metabolic syndrome. They were classified as centrally lean (waist-to-height ratio (WHtR)<0.5 and waist circumference<80 cm in females and<94 cm in males) or presenting central obesity (WHtR ≥0.5, regardless of waist circumference). Data on blood pressure, glucose homeostasis, lipid profile, renal function, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), uric acid, adiponectin, leptin, and soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products were compared between the groups, separately in males and females. 5.7% of males and 6.9% of females presented WHtR ≥0.5. Compared with centrally lean subjects, those with central obesity had higher BMI-adjusted fasting plasma glucose (p<0.001), and leptin levels (p<0.05); females also presented higher blood pressure (p<0.001), while males had higher hsCRP concentrations (p=0.021). These changes associated with significantly higher BMI-adjusted odds to present fasting plasma glucose >5.6 mmol/l in both genders, higher odds to present hsCRP >3 mg/l in males, and those to present elevated blood pressure in females. Our analysis suggests that in metabolically healthy normal weight subjects WHtR ≥0.5 might indicate “early increased health risk”.

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Anthropometric parameters’ cut-off points and predictive value for metabolic syndrome in women from Cartagena, Colombia

Salud Pública de México ◽

10.21149/spm.v56i2.7330 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 56 (2) ◽

pp. 146 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Gustavo José Mora-García ◽

Doris Gómez-Camargo ◽

Enrique Mazenett ◽

Ángelo Alario ◽

Álvaro Fortich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Latin American ◽

Predictive Value ◽

Characteristic Curve ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Adult Women ◽

Anthropometric Parameters ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Body Adiposity ◽

Cartagena De Indias

Objective. To estimate anthropometric parameters’ (APs) cut-off points and association for metabolic syndrome (MetS). Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out with a total of 434 adult women from Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, in 2012. APs measured were waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), body adiposity index (BAI), waist-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-height ratio (WHtR). Cut-off points were estimated by a receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). Logistic regression was applied to estimate possible associations. Results. Cut-off points for WC, BMI, BAI, WHR and WHtR were 85 cm, 28 kg/m2, 39%, 0.80 and 56, respectively. Only WHtR was associated to MetS (OR=1.11, CI95% [1.07-1.15]). Conclusion. WC cut-off point was higher than those proposed for Latin-American women by the Joint Interim Statement (JIS). WHtR had a low predictive value for MetS.

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The Association of Thyroid Nodules with Metabolic Status: A Cross-Sectional SPECT-China Study

International Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1155/2018/6853617 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Yi Chen ◽

Chunfang Zhu ◽

Yingchao Chen ◽

Ningjian Wang ◽

Qin Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Central Obesity ◽

Thyroid Nodules ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Metabolic Status ◽

Anthropometric Parameters ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

Imaging Characteristics ◽

The Status

Purpose. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of thyroid nodules (TNs) and their ultrasound (US) characteristics related to malignancy with metabolic status. Methods. The data were obtained from a cross-sectional study (SPECT-China, 2014-2015). The study included 9898 participants older than 18 years. Participants underwent several checkups, which included the measurement of anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, TSH levels, glucose, and lipid profiles. TN and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) were diagnosed by US. TN US characteristics, including microcalcification and a taller-than-wide shape, were recorded. Results. Participants with TN [TN(+)] had a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (Met-S), obesity, central obesity, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, hypertension, and NAFLD, especially women (all P≤0.001). After full adjustment, logistic regression analysis indicated that metabolic syndrome, obesity, central obesity, and hyperlipidaemia were all independent risk factors for the increased prevalence of TN in both genders (P<0.05). In terms of TN US imaging characteristics associated with malignancy, being female with obesity, central obesity, and NAFLD had 1.91-fold, 2.09-fold, and 1.75-fold increased risks of developing a taller-than-wide nodule (P=0.014, 0.004, and 0.027, resp.). Conclusions. The status of metabolic disorders might be associated with higher risks of TN in both genders. In women, obesity, central obesity, and NAFLD might contribute to the development of a taller-than-wide nodule. The potential role of metabolic status in the pathogenesis of the thyroid nodule and thyroid cancer remains to be elucidated.

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Central obesity and hypertension among rural adults of Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India

Anthropological Review ◽

10.2478/anre-2019-0017 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 82 (3) ◽

pp. 239-252

Author(s):

Mahua Chanak ◽

Kaushik Bose

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Central Obesity ◽

West Bengal ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

World Health ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Health Organization ◽

Rural Adults

Abstract Obesity is generally classified into generalized obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) and abdominal or central obesity (WC ≥90 cm for men and WC ≥80 cm for women) based on World Health Organization recommendation for Asians. Hypertension is one of the most common obesity-related complications, and about 30% of hypertensive individuals can be classified as being obese. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of different age groups (years) on the anthropometric and derived variables. It determined the correlation between anthropometric and derived variables and also estimated the frequency of central obesity and hypertension. Finally, it investigated the relationship between central obesity and blood pressure among rural Bengalee adults of Dirghagram village of Ghatal Block, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India. The present cross-sectional study was undertaken among 310 rural adults (154 males; 156 females) aged over 18 years. Our study was carried out during March, 2017. Height (cm), weight (kg), waist circumference (cm), hip circumference (cm) and blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) were measured using standard procedures. One way ANOVA analysis on most of the anthropometric and derived variables showed a statistically significant increase from younger to older age group in both sexes (p<0.001;p<0.01; p<0.05). In addition to that, more females had central obesity using waist circumference (55.8% vs. 19.5%), waist hip ratio (87.2% vs. 35.7%), waist height ratio (73.7% vs. 44.2%), and conicity index (87.2% vs. 57.8%) criteria, and hypertension (52.5% vs. 27.3%). The prevalence of central obesity was much higher in case of hypertensive individuals. Therefore, the present study showed a high prevalence of central obesity among the rural adults of Dirghagram village. Furthermore, central obesity contributed in increasing hypertension among the villagers.

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BMI, Waist to Height Ratio and Waist Circumference as a screening tool for Hypertension in Hospital out Patients: A Cross-Sectional, Non-inferiority study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-66161/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rajan Shrestha ◽

Sanjib K. Upadhyay ◽

Bijay Khatri ◽

Janak R. Bhattarai ◽

Manish Kayastha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Characteristic Curve ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Outpatient Setting ◽

Anthropometric Measurement ◽

Height Ratio ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Obesity And Overweight ◽

Waist To Height Ratio

Abstract BackgroundObesity has become a global epidemic and an important risk factor for non-communicable diseases. Earlier thought to be a problem in the developed world, it has become a problem in low-and middle-income countries, including Nepal. In the absence of routine surveillance or a registry system, the actual burden and trend of obesity in Nepal is unknown. Obesity and overweight are recognized as risk factors for hypertension and associated with cardiovascular diseases. The study aimed to find out the burden of obesity, using three commonly employed metrics in the hospital outpatient setting of a developing country as predictors of hypertension, and compare the ability of different anthropometric measurements through a non-inferiority study to predict hypertension.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted among 40-69 years outpatients in a tertiary Eye, and ENT hospital in a semi-urban area of Nepal among randomly selected 2,256 participants from 6,769 outpatients evaluated in Health Promotion and Risk Factor Screening Service. We did a correlation analysis to determine the relationship between anthropometric measurement and blood pressure. The area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve of Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist to Height Ratio (WHtR), and Waist Circumference (WC) was calculated and compared.ResultsThe prevalence of obesity and overweight by BMI was 16.09% and 42.20%, respectively; by WHtR was 32.76%, which is two times higher than obesity measured by BMI. High WC was observed among 66.76% of participants. Female participants had a greater prevalence of high WC (77.46%) than males (53.73%) (p<0.001). Prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension was 40.67% and 36.77%, respectively. The areas under the curve were significantly higher than 0.5 for BMI (0.593), WHtR (0.602), and WC (0.610).ConclusionWC correlated well with obesity and hypertension. It also had a higher predicting ability than WHtR and BMI to predict hypertension. WC thus proved to be non-inferior to two other commonly used metrics. It proved superior in detecting obesity in female. This inexpensive and simple non-tension tape measurement may play an important role in future diagnosis of obesity and prediction of HTN in resource-constrained settings of developing countries.

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A Nonlinear Relationship of Generalized and Central Obesity with Diurnal Cortisol Secretion in the Whitehall II Study

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2009-2105 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 95 (9) ◽

pp. 4415-4423 ◽

Cited By ~ 72

Author(s):

Meena Kumari ◽

Tarani Chandola ◽

Eric Brunner ◽

Mika Kivimaki

Keyword(s):

Waist Circumference ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Central Obesity ◽

Complete Information ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cortisol Awakening Response ◽

Quadratic Term ◽

Cortisol Secretion ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Cross Sectional

Context: Evidence for an association of measures of generalized and central obesity with salivary cortisol secretion is equivocal. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and salivary cortisol. Design: The design was a cross-sectional study of BMI, waist circumference, and salivary cortisol from phase 7 (2002–2004) of the Whitehall II study. Setting: The occupational cohort was originally recruited in 1985–1988. Participants: Participants included 2915 men and 1041 women aged 50–74 yr with complete information on height, weight and waist circumference, and cortisol secretion. Outcome Measures: Saliva samples were taken on waking, waking plus 0.5, 2.5, 8, and 12 h, and bedtime for the assessment of cortisol. The cortisol awakening response and slope in diurnal secretion were calculated. Results: After adjustment for age, sex, social position, waking time, and time since waking of sample collection, increasing central and generalized obesity was associated with lower waking cortisol (P = 0.001). U-shaped associations were apparent between diurnal slope in salivary cortisol and both BMI and waist circumference (P < 0.0001 for quadratic term). For example, the shallowest (most adverse) slopes in salivary cortisol were associated with highest (>31 kg/m2) and lowest (<21 kg/m2) levels of BMI, and the steepest slopes were apparent for those with BMI of 26 kg/m2, independently of the 12 covariates examined. No associations were apparent for the cortisol awakening response (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The associations of measures of generalized and central obesity with diurnal slope in salivary cortisol are not linear in older adults. These nonlinear associations may explain previously described mixed findings.

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