scholarly journals Basic Assumptions of Organizational Behavior

NCC Journal ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
Bhupindra Jung Basnet
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Social System ◽  
Basic Assumption ◽  
Conceptual Base ◽  
Selective Perception ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
Motivated Behavior ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Whole Person

The purpose of this paper is to do in depth analysis of the basic assumptions of organizational behavior. This paper is based on conceptual base reviewed from different books and research reports. The objective of the study is to identify the basic assumptions of organizational behavior. The paper concludes that there are two types of basic assumptions of organizational behavior. They are nature of people and nature of organizations. A basic assumption about nature of people incorporates individual differences, a whole person, and motivated behavior, value of the person, selective perception, and desire for involvement. A basic assumption about nature of organizations involves social system, mutuality of interest, and ethical treatment.

scholarly journals John Dewey’s Critical Anticipations of Personality Psychology

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brad Piekkola
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Experimental Paradigm ◽  
Developmental History ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
Whole Person ◽  
Life Context ◽  
History Of

A brief introduction to the developmental history of personality psychology is given. Two trends, the clinical, holistic approach and the experimental, elemental approach, lay the foundation for issues that would confront the field into the present. While the accepted mandate has been the study of the whole person, the experimental paradigm has been hegemonic. Emphasis has been placed on knowledge of individual differences across variety of abstract constructs. The person and the situation, two central concepts, have been decreed independent, alternative, competing factors in accounting for individual conduct. John Dewey’s psychology, based on organicism and person environment mutualism, is presented as challenging basic assumptions and theories of personality psychology. For Dewey, personality is a product of individuals being incorporated into the sociocultural milieu that is their life context, and from which they cannot be disengaged. Kritische Psychologie is discussed as sympathetic to some of Dewey’s propositions.

Next Steps: Adaptation and Use of an Established Organizational Model in Training Principals

1994 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 529-542
Author(s):  
Emett Burnett
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
School Leadership ◽  
Educational Administration ◽  
Social System ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Conceptual Base ◽  
Conflicting Demands ◽  
Concern For Others ◽  
System Functioning ◽  
The Individual

Today's school principals are confronted with increasing and often conflicting demands for effective and accountable performance. Many of those demands center on essentially impersonal managerial tasks such as strategic planning, documentation and evaluation, while others focus on the humanistic imperatives of showing concern for others, nurturing staff talents and empowering faculty. The author has found the Getzels-Guba model of organizational social system functioning (Getzels and Guba, 1957; Getzels, 1958) to be a practical conceptual base for adaptation as a teaching tool to be used with principalship trainees in addressing such conflicting demands. The Getzels-Guba model as adapted by this writer has proven effective as an analytical aid used by graduate students in understanding the practical dynamics of the school leadership functions of the principal. The school is viewed as a social system, the functioning of which results in observable organizational behavior. The model is divided into an impersonal nomothetic dimension comprising the institution, role and expectation, and a highly personal idiographic dimension consisting of the parallel elements of the individual, his/her personality and his/her operative need-disposition. Simultaneous activity along both dimensions results in observable behavior with which the principal must deal. Although Getzels focused on the idio-graphic/nomothetic dynamics involved as existing within the individual, the author of this article has expanded the basic concept to include such interaction both within the individual and between individuals. Three types of possible conflict arising from the internal dynamics of the model were identified by Getzels: role conflict, personality conflict, and role-personality conflict. Each, as expanded and adapted by the present writer, is discussed in reference to its applicability to principalship training. The point is emphasized to students that by facilitating effective interface of the nomothetic and idiographic dimensions of the school social system, the principal can minimize the negative effects of conflict and help release the creative energy needed to attain organizational effectiveness. Emphasis is placed on experiences in using this adapted model with principalship trainees, their reactions to its applicability, and practical suggestions to facilitate its use as an aid in teaching. The author concludes by advising professors of educational administration to consider rational expansion and adaptation of existing models, theories and paradigms essential to their task of linking theory with practice.

When Contract’s Basic Assumptions Fail

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Hanoch Dagan ◽  
Ohad Somech
Keyword(s):  
Basic Assumption ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
The World ◽  
Erroneous Beliefs

Modern contract law accords considerable significance to the basic assumptions on which a contract is made. It thus takes to heart a failure of a belief whose truthfulness is taken for granted by both parties. Where the failure results from the parties’ mistake at the time of formation, “the contract is voidable by the adversely affected party,” if that mistake “has a material effect on the agreed exchange of performances” and unless that party “bears the risk of the mistake.”1 Where, in turn, the failure of such a basic assumption results from the parties’ erroneous beliefs about future states of the world, a party’s duty to render performance may be discharged if they are not responsible for the supervening impracticability or frustration and “unless the language or the circumstances indicate the contrary.”2

scholarly journals Understanding Deep, Socially Embedded Human Motivations and Aspirations for Work From Whole Person and Interdisciplinary Perspectives

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 735-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa J. Rothausen
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Qualitative Researcher ◽  
Industrial Organizational Psychology ◽  
Whole Person ◽  
Business And Management ◽  
Potential Use

As someone trained exclusively as a quantitative researcher, who recently became a semi-autodidactic qualitative researcher (see Rothausen, Henderson, Arnold, & Malshe, in press; “semi” in part because I am still learning and in part because my coauthors have taught me), I would like to extend the argument made by Pratt and Bonaccio (2016) for increasing qualitative research in the domains of industrial–organizational psychology (IOP), organizational behavior (OB), and human resources (HR), and I would also add industrial relations (IR), which was my doctoral field of study and “where workers went” within business and management studies as HR became more aligned with organizational interests (see Lefkowitz, 2016, from this journal). I extend their argument by deepening one of their reasons, understanding the “why” of work, and adding another potential use, understanding the “what could be” of work.

scholarly journals The gatekeeper: individual differences are key in the chain from perception to behaviour

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Perugini ◽  
Andrew Prestwich
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Basic Assumption ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Conscious Awareness ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Essay Evaluation

A basic assumption in mainstream social cognition is that the path from perception to behaviour is often automatic and direct, as supported for example by several experimental studies showing that priming can lead directly to a congruent behaviour without any need of conscious awareness of the process. However, we argue that the priming of a goal or an object activates individual differences in automatic evaluations at the associative level that in turn are the key predictors of action (gatekeeper model). A study (n = 90) on the American stereotype is presented to support the model. The results show that individual differences of the American stereotype as assessed with the IAT predicts a relevant action (essay evaluation) but only under condition of priming. Broader implications for predictive validity of implicit measures are also discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

scholarly journals Repeatability analysis improves the reliability of behavioral data

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliane Rudeck ◽  
Silvia Vogl ◽  
Stefanie Banneke ◽  
Gilbert Schönfelder ◽  
Lars Lewejohann
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Data ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Habituation Period ◽  
Simple Strategy ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Average Activity

AbstractReliability of data has become a major concern in the course of the reproducibility crisis. Especially when studying animal behavior, confounding factors such as novel test apparatus can lead to a wide variability of data. At worst, effects of novelty or stress related behavior can mask treatment effects and the behavioral data may be misinterpreted. Habituation to the test situation is a common practice to circumvent novelty induced increases in variance and to improve the reliability of the respective measurements. However, there is a lack of published empirical knowledge regarding reasonable habituation procedures and a method validation seems to be overdue.This study aimed at setting up a simple strategy to increase reliability of behavioral data. Therefore, exemplary data from mice tested in an Open Field (OF) arena were used to elucidate the potential of habituation and how reliability of measures can be confirmed by means of a repeatability analysis using the software R. On seven consecutive days, male C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ and 129S1/SvImJ mice were tested in an OF arena once daily and individual mouse behavior (distance travelled, average activity) was recorded. A repeatability analysis was conducted in order to estimate the reliability of measured animal behavior with regard to repeated trials of habituation.Our data analysis revealed that monitoring animal behavior during habituation is important to determine when individual differences of the measurements are stable. Here, the mixed effect model framework proved to be a powerful tool for estimating repeatability values. Repeatability values from distance travelled and average activity increased over the habituation period, revealing that around 60 % of the variance of the data can be explained by individual differences between mice. The first day of habituation was statistically significantly different from the following 6 days in terms of distance travelled and average activity. A habituation period of three days appeared to be sufficient in this study. Overall these results emphasize the importance of habituation and in depth analysis of habituation data to define the correct starting point of the experiment for improving the reliability and reproducibility of experimental data.

scholarly journals Reflections on a Career Studying Individual Differences in the Workplace

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul R. Sackett
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Graduate Student ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Personal Account ◽  
Journal Publication ◽  
The Past

I am quite gratified to be asked to provide this personal account of a career focusing on the role of individual differences in the workplace. I open with an account of my career journey and then offer a highly idiosyncratic perspective on substantive developments in the field over the past four decades, sneaking in observations about my own contributions. After surveying substantive developments, I offer some comments on changes in how the field goes about its business (e.g., the journal publication process, expectations for graduate student contributions to scholarship). Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Organizational Pscyhology and Organizational Behavior, Volume 8 is January 21, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Naturrecht und Gebot

2010 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-23
Author(s):  
Christofer Frey
Keyword(s):  
Human Dignity ◽  
Basic Assumption ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Thomas Aquinas ◽  
Naturalistic Fallacy ◽  
Ethical Thought ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Medieval Christianity

Abstract This interpretation of the conditions of the reception of the Decalogue in medieval Christianity and the Reformation period supports the hypothesis that the leading perspectives of ethics are formed by basic assumptions of the reality of human life. This hypothesis is contrary to G.E. Moore’s socalled ›naturalistic fallacy‹, because the ›natural law‹ as an important basic assumption implies a view of nature different from modern times. It is either founded in the eternal divine law (Thomas Aquinas) or in a flexible conception close to history and change (supported by Luther). The Melanchthonian conception, however, relies more or less on a nonhistoric view which implies the notion of human dignity combined with the construction of practical principles appealing to all human persons. In contrast to the Anglosaxon mainstream of ethical thought we find here first indicators of an ethics which combines a transcendental (›transzendental‹ in the Kantian sense) foundation and an examination of everyday’s norms. Thus the Decalogue inspires the search for the conceptions of reality in the background of norms.

scholarly journals On the Way Between Utopia and Totalitarianism. The Bolshevik Constitution of 1918 as a Model of Socialist Constitutionalism

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-77
Author(s):  
A. Bosiacki
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Social System ◽  
Direct Democracy ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Paris Commune ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Constitutional Thought ◽  
The Russian Empire

Although Russian constitutionalism has a rich past and present, its place on the global map of the history of constitutional thought is not clearly defined yet. This paper contributes to the analysis of the early stages of development of Russian constitutionalism. The first Russian act resembling a “true” Constitution was the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918. It was aimed not at the realization of the ideas of constitutionalism, but at the formation of a model of a totalitarian state. It sanctioned radical social changes and led to the liquidation of the concept of the division of power and the omnipotence of the nonconstitutional organs (like VChK, various “tribunals”). However, this act and its ideological sources deserve a more in-depth analysis. First of all, its utopian ideas about the new social system have to be identified and examined. The analysis shows that the 1918 Constitution reflects Lenin’s fascination with the ideas of direct democracy drawn from the experience of the Paris Commune and the French Revolution after 1789. In particular, it is about the perception of the idea of unlimited supreme power, undivided and combined, and at the same time federated in the form of loose communes. If we consider the range of constitutional ideas, the Bolsheviks adopted nothing more original that the concept of Rousseau’s national sovereignty. However, the implementation of utopian ideas ended with the creation of a totalitarian system, which contemporaries called “state despotism,” more powerful than the despotism of the Russian Empire.

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