scholarly journals Study of Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Artocarpus heterophyllus

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nita Thapa ◽  
Pratiksha Thapa ◽  
Jay Bhandari ◽  
Prasodhan Niraula ◽  
Nikita Shrestha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Antioxidant Potential ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Aqueous Methanol ◽  
Artocarpus Heterophyllus

In today’s world, search for natural medicines is increasing as a result of drug resistance of pathogens and also due to negative consequences of antibiotic. Presence of phytochemicals, antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activity of Artocarpus heterophyllus was carried out in this study. Leaf of this plant was subjected to warm extraction with three different solvents namely methanol, aqueous methanol and ethyl acetate. Leaf extract showed the presence of coumarin, alkaloid, terpenoid in methanol solvent; tannin, coumarin, saponin in aqueous methanol extract and coumarin, terpenoids in ethyl acetate solvent. Further, antimicrobial activity was assessed through disc diffusion method with six pathological bacteria and two fungi strains in four different concentrations of plant extract. Largest ZOI of 16mm was obtained against B. subtilis in 200mg/ml concentration for ethyl acetate extract. Antioxidant potential was measured by DPPH (Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay. DPPH free radical Scavenging Activity was expressed in % inhibition with L Ascorbic acid as standard and leaf extract in methanol showed the best activity.

scholarly journals POLYPHENOL CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF Allophylus edulis (A. St.-Hil. et al.) Hieron. ex Niederl. AND Cupania vernalis Cambess. (SAPINDACEAE)

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andréa Michel Sobottka ◽  
Elisandra Tessaro ◽  
Suelen Maier da Silva ◽  
Marina Pedron ◽  
Lara Tortini Seffrin
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Antioxidant Potential ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Butanol Fraction ◽  
Degraded Ecosystems

ABSTRACT Allophylus edulis and Cupania vernalis (Sapindaceae) are Brazilian native trees used as medicinal plants for the treatment of respiratory, digestive, circulatory, and skin diseases. Ubiquitously distributed in the Brazilian territory, these species are indicated for mixed plantations aimed at the recovery of degraded ecosystems. In this study, the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), and the antioxidant activity of extracts and fractions obtained from A. edulis and C. vernalis leaves were assessed. The TPC and TFC was determined spectrophotometrically. Antioxidant activity was evaluated through radical scavenging activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The extracts were obtained by two methods: maceration (method 1) and Soxhlet (method 2). Solvents of increasing polarity (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol) were used to obtained the fractions. The results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction from A. edulis, obtained from the maceration method, had the highest TPC (442.0 ± 18.2 mg GAE g-1) and TFC (58.1 ± 0.4 mg RUE g-1), and antioxidant activity (EC50 = 43.6 ± 2.6 µg mL-1). By C. vernalis, superior results were obtained with the n-butanol fraction (TPC = 126.1 ± 5.8 mg GAE g-1, TFC = 37.7 ± 0.6 mg RUE g-1). The highest antioxidant potential was found in the crude hydroalcoholic extract (EC50 = 816.1 ± 50.9 µg mL-1) and butanol fraction (1,156.4 ± 3.8 µg mL-1). The results of this study show that the fractions obtained by maceration and liquid-liquid partition with more polar solvents (ethyl acetate and n-butanol) are the richest in TPC and TFC, and presented the greater antioxidant activity. Comparing the two plants, A. edulis showed the best results, with a high content of TPC, TFC, and antioxidant potential, and therefore may be used to treat diseases related to oxidative stress.

In Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Methanol Leaf Extract and Fractions of Afzelia bellaHarms (Fabaceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30
Author(s):  
Josephine Ofeimun ◽  
James Afolabi ◽  
Ejiro Dowe ◽  
Osayemwenre Erhauyi ◽  
Enitome Bafor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Alcoholic Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Antioxidant And Antimicrobial Activities

Afzelia bella Harms (Fabaceae), a plant widely distributed in Africa, is used in traditional medicine for varied disease conditions including the treatment of topical skin infections. The present study investigated the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the methanol extract and various solvent fractions of the leaves of the plant. The methanol leaf extract was partitioned to yield petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and residual aqueous fractions. Total phenol and flavonoid contents, radical scavenging activity and ferric reduction antioxidant power (FRAP) were determined by spectrophotometry, while antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract and fractions were determined using agar-well diffusion and agar dilution methods, respectively against clinical bacterial isolates of Bacillus subtilis, Escherishia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and fungi, Aspergillus flavus, Candida parapsilosis, Microsporium audiounii. Bacillus subtilis was the most susceptible among the bacterial strains tested, while Microsporium audiounii was the most susceptible fungus. The alcoholic extract and all solvent fractions demonstrated a concentration dependent antimicrobial activity with inhibition zone diameter range of 7.5 to 35.0 mm. MIC ranged from 0.1 - 8 mg/ml and activity was highest in ethyl acetate fraction with MIC of 0.1 mg/ml. FRAP ranged from 0.161 - 0.319 mmol Fe2+/g extract and was highest in the ethyl acetate fraction. These results give an indication that A. bella leaf has high antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and support the folkloric claim of the therapeutic potential of the plant. Keywords: antioxidant, antimicrobial, ethnomedicine, Afzelia bella, Fabaceae 

scholarly journals Antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of different fractions of acetone extract from flowers of Dipterocarpus intricatus Dyer (Dipterocarpaceae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-277
Author(s):  
Hong Thia Le ◽  
Thao Nguyen Luu ◽  
Huynh Mai Thu Nguyen ◽  
Dang HoaiTrang Nguyen ◽  
Pham Tan Quoc Le ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Acetone Extract ◽  
Cytotoxic Agents ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Cytotoxic Activities ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
First Time

This study has shown for the first time the antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity of 3 fractions of acetone extract, including hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate from flowers of Dipterocarpus intricatus. Antibacterial test using disc diffusion method showed that the chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions inhibited the growth of all the tested bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus while the hexane fraction showed the antibacterial activity against B. cereus and S. enteritidis. Antioxidant activity and cancer cell resistance of those extracts were conducted using DPPH and MTT methods respectively. As a result, the DPPH radical scavenging activity of the hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions were determined with the IC50 values of 0.508, 0.22 and 0.075 mg/mL respectively while the cytotoxicity to HepG2 cell line of those fractions was 163.3 ppm, 106.7 ppm and 459.3 ppm. These results suggested the potential application of these fractions isolated from D. intricatus flowers as the natural antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic agents for medicine.

scholarly journals Antioxidant Potential of Crude Methanol Leaf extract and Fraction of Mallotus oppositifolius

2021 ◽  
pp. 168-184
Author(s):  
Ifeanyi Peter Onyeka ◽  
Felix Ahamefule Onyegbule ◽  
Christopher Obodike Ezugwu ◽  
Chibueze Jeremiah Ike ◽  
Chidalu B. Ikeotuonye
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Antioxidant Potential ◽  
Acid Methyl

Mallotus oppositifolius (Geiseler) Mull. Arg.  (Euphorbiaceae) is a predominant edible shrub in Nigeria. It is locally used for treatment of common infections and wounds. This study evaluated the toxicity and antioxidant potential of the crude extract and fractions of M. oppositifolius using invitro 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The result showed abundance of flavonoids (28.21), tannins (17.72), alkaloids (7.79) and Saponins (0.23) in the crude extract of M. oppositifolius leaf extract. Also, the result showed that the LD50 is above 5000 mg/kg, therefore the crude extract is safe for consumption. The result further showed that the ethyl-acetate and butanol had significant (p<0.05) antioxidant activity when compared with the control at 125, 62.5 and 31.125 µg/ml respectively while at 250 and 500 µg/ml there was no significant different in the level of reduction of oxidation between the butanol and ethyl acetate when compared with the control. The result further showed that the butanol and ethyl-acetate fraction of M. oppositifolius had the best antioxidant potential among the fractions studied. The result of GCMS studies of ethyl-acetate fraction showed the presence of 7,10,13-eicosatrienoic acid methyl ester, korormicin, agosterol, phyllanthin, ricinoic acid, 2,4,6-decatrienoic acid 1a,2,5,5a,6,9,10,10a-octahydro-5,5a-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1,1,7,9, limonin, com-pounds that have shown to possess strong antioxidant activities. Also, the GCMS result of butanol fraction showed the presence of seven compounds which include: ferulylhistamine, hippeastrine, 10,13-eicosadienoic acid methyl ester, ethyl 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoate, 6-hydroxy-powelline-N-nitroso-7-demethoxy-aldehyde, 6,7-epoxypregn-4-ene-9,11,18-triol-3,20-dione 11,18-diacetate and 5Alpha-androstane-3,17-dione 17-monooxime,  compounds which may serve as a new lead for the treatment of diseases associated with the oxidative stress.

scholarly journals Antioxidant Activities of the Leaf Extract and Fractions of Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott could be Attributed to The Abundance of Polyphenol Compounds

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Earnest Oghenesuvwe Erhirhie ◽  
Emmanuel Emeka Ilodigwe ◽  
Daniel Lotanna Ajaghaku ◽  
Blessing Ogechukwu Umeokoli ◽  
Peter Maduabuchi Eze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Bioactive Compound ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Anti Oxidant

Dryopteris filix mas (D filix-mas) is wildly used in ethnomedicine for the management of rheumatoid arthritis, wounds and other diseases. We investigated the anti-oxidant activities of its leaf extract, and chromatographic fractions. The ethanol leaf extract was partitioned into four fractions; n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water. Ferric reducing anti-oxidant power (FRAP), 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging in vitro assays were carried out on the extract and fractions at 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 µg/mL. The most active fraction (ethyl acetate fraction) was further purified using chromatographic techniques to isolate its major compound whose structure was elucidated using ID nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry. The ethyl acetate fraction produced the highest free radical scavenging activity among the other fractions. The fraction (VLC-E7) from which the bioactive compound, quercetin-3-O-αL-rhamnopyranoside, was isolated had the best FRAP and DPPH scavenging activities with EC50 and IC50 values of 88.81 ± 3.41 and 26.87 ± 0.24 respectively more than the ethyl acetate fraction. This study revealed that the polyphenol flavonoid, quercetin-3-O-αL-rhamnopyranoside could be responsible for antioxidant activity of ethno-medicinal property of D filix-mas leaf.

Antimicrobial potentials, phytochemical screening and determination of bioactive compounds from Three Indian folk medicinal plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Vanitha ◽  
S. Vijayakumar ◽  
S. Rajalakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Ft Ir

Aim: To investigate the antimicrobial efficacy of various solvents leaf extracts of Aegle marmelos, Plumbago zeylanica and Rhinacanthus nasutus against human pathogenic organisms such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Salmonella enteriditis, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Aspergillus fumigatous by agar well diffusion method. Background: Also, this is the first time report on MIC and MBC/MFC activities and identify the phytochemicals and functional groups using HPLC, GC-MS and FT-IR analysis. Objective: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal (MBC/MFC) values were also carried out by the micro dilution method. Methods: Ethyl acetate extract of P. zeylanica showed better antimicrobial activity against the tested pathogens, especially for S. pneumoniae (40 mm) followed by ethyl acetate extract of R. nasutus (36 mm) against S. pneumoniae. While least inhibition was observed for aqueous extract of P.zeylanica against S. enteritis (10 mm). Results: The MIC ranged from 3.75 µg/ml to 60µg/ml and MBC/MFC 7.5 µg/ml to 60 µg/ml. Phytochemical analysis exhibited the presence of alkaloids, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, phenolics and cardiac glycoside in all samples of selected plant extracts. Tannins, phenolics and glycoside were found only in the ethyl acetate extract of P.zeylanica. HPLC and GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate leaf extract of P. zeylanica exposed ten major peaks and eleven compounds respectively. Chemical nature of the leaf extract was analysed by FT-IR spectrum. Conclusion: Ethyl acetate leaf extract of P. zeylanica showed better antimicrobial activity than other extracts as well as standard drugs. Therefore, this plant could be studied in detail for the identification of active biomolecules for antimicrobial agents.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Screening and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Hydroethanolic Leaf Extract of Senna sieberiana DC (Caesalpiniaceae) and its Fractions

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Alioune Dior Fall ◽  
Awa Ndiaye Sy ◽  
Serigne Ibra Mbacké Dieng ◽  
Abdou Sarr ◽  
Mbaye Dieng
Keyword(s):  
Free Radical ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Free Radical Scavenging ◽  
Free Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Scavenging Activity ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Ic50 Values

Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify the phytochemical groups of hydroethanolic leaf extract of Senna sieberiana DC and its fractions and to investigate their free radical scavenging activity. Methods: S. sieberiana leaves were extracted with hydroethanolic solvent. From the hydroethanolic extract 3 fractions were obtained after a liquid/liquid fractionation (dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and water). Phytochemical screening of the leaf extract and its fractions was done using standard reactions. Free radical scavenging activity was assessed using DPPH and ABTS assays.  Results: Tannins, flavonoids, anthracenic derivatives, sterols and triterpenoids were the main phytochemical constituents of the leaf extract and fractions. The hydro-ethanolic leaf extract of Senna sieberiana, its dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions and ascorbic acid had respective IC50 values of 191.6±3.82 - 495.73±8.96 - 165.8±4.85 - 50.40±2.65 - 19.53±0.13 µg/ml in ABTS assay.  In DPPH assay,  the IC50 values were  44.8 ± 1.22 - 218.93±9.01 - 32.13 ± 1.8 - 26.4±0.11- 4.66±0.07 µg/ml respectively for the leaf extract, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions and ascorbic acid. Conclusion: The hydroethanolic leaf extract of S. sieberiana had shown free radical scavenging activity. The aqueous fraction was more active among plant tested samples. 

Antimicrobial and free radical scavenging activities of crude extract and fractions from the tuberous root of Mirabilis jalapa L.

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 209-216
Author(s):  
J. Gogoi ◽  
K. S. Nakhuru ◽  
A. K. Rai ◽  
P. Chattophadhayay ◽  
H. K. Gogoi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Free Radical ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Amyl Alcohol ◽  
Free Radical Scavenging ◽  
Tuberous Root ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Mirabilis Jalapa ◽  
Free Radical Scavenging Activities

Mirabilis jalapa L. belonging to family Nyctaginaceae is a widely used traditionalmedicinal plant in different parts of the world. In present study, aqueous methanolic extract and fractions from tuberous root of M. jalapa were evaluated for antimicrobial and free radical scavenging activities. The tuberousroot was extracted in 80 % methanol. Phytochemical constituents were tested following standard procedures which revealed the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, phenolic compounds and alkaloids. The dried extract was further fractionated by using solvents chloroform, ethyl acetate, amyl alcohol, methanol and water. Free radical scavenging capacity was evaluated by 2, 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazine (DPPHô€ˆ©Ë™) and 2, 2’–azinobis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS+) assays. IC50 values of extractwere 60±0.71μg/ml and 80±0.56 μg/ml with DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. Ethyl acetate and amyl alcohol fractions exhibited strong antioxidant activity among the fractions. Antimicrobial activity of extract and fractions was evaluated against selected human pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Escherchia coli and Candida albicans by agar well diffusion method. The extract and fractions were most active against S. mutans and E. coli. The present study indicated that the root of M. jalapa possess potential antioxidant and broad spectrum antimicrobial activity which could be explored for pharmaceutical applications.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL, PHOTOPROTECTIVE SCREENING OF EHRETIA ACUMINATA R.BR. LEAVES

INDIAN DRUGS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (09) ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
A Shukla ◽  
A. Kaur ◽  
R. K Shukla ◽  
Anchal ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Antioxidant Potential ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Synthetic Drugs

To evaluate the comparability of some of the most common radical scavenging assays using 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, Ferric reducing power assay (FRAP) & nitric oxide. leaves of traditionally important medicinal plant Ehretia acuminata, used in Chinese herbal medicine were identified & analyzed for their antioxidant capacity, total phenolic and flavonoid content & sun protective factor (SPF). In this study different organic solvents, petroleum ether 40-600 C (PE), chloroform (CH), ethyl acetate (EA), ethanol 99.9% (EOL) & water (AQ) were used for soxhlet exraction of E. acuminata leaves. Among them, ethyl acetate extract exhibited strongest antioxidant activity with IC50 between 99 to 250 μg/ml. Ascorbic acid (AA) used as a standard antioxidant exhibited IC50 25µg/ml. Petroleum ether showed weak free radical scavenging activity with IC50 value between 500 to 770 µg/ml. The ability of protection against UV-B region followed the trend EOL> EA> PE> AQ> CH extract. The result reveals that these natural antioxidant potential of E. acuminata represents a side effect-free alternative to synthetic antioxidants in the food processing industry, in sunscreen formulations and for use in preventive synthetic drugs

scholarly journals SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF INDOLE DERIVATIVES BEARING BENZIMIDAZOLE/BENZOTHIAZOLE MOIETY

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basavaraj Shivabasappa Naraboli ◽  
Jayaprakash Sharanappa Biradar
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Biological Evaluation ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Scavenging Activity ◽  
Indole Derivatives ◽  
Indole Ring ◽  
Ferric Ions ◽  
Antioxidant Power

Objective: The present work deals with the synthesis and characterization of biologically active new indole derivatives viz., 2-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)thio)-N-(4-(3-(1H-indol-3-yl)acryloyl)phenyl)acetamide 6a-d, N-(4-(3-(1H-indol-3-yl)acryloyl)phenyl)-2-((5-methoxy-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)thio)acetamide 7a-d and N-(4-(3-(1H-indol-3-yl)acryloyl)phenyl)-2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylthio)acetamide 8a-d.Methods: All these newly synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activity by an agar plate diffusion method, antioxidant activities: like 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (RSA), ferric ions (Fe3+) reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), ferrous (Fe2+) metal ion chelating activity.Results: The structures of all the newly synthesized compounds were characterized by their IR, 1HNMR, mass spectral studies and elemental analysis. Compounds 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a and 8b exhibited good radical scavenging activity (RSA) at a concentration 100 µg/ml, compounds 7b, 7c, 7d and 8b displayed good ferric ions (Fe3+) reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) at a concentration 100 µg/ml, compounds 7b, 7d, 8b and 8d showed good ferrous (Fe2+) ion metal chelating activity. Compounds 7d and 8d exhibited good activity against all the screened bacteria and fungi.Conclusion: The synthesised compounds 7d having methoxy group at 5 positions of benzimidazoles ring, bromo group at 5 positions of indole ring, and 8d having bromo group at position 5 of indole ring, both the compounds have exhibited potent antimicrobial activity. Some compounds have shown very good antioxidant activity.

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