scholarly journals Responses of Indigenous People to the Climate Changes: A Case Study of the Surels of Dolakha District of Nepal

Patan Pragya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (02) ◽  
pp. 99-114
Author(s):  
Hari Prasad Bhattarai
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Management ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Community Organization ◽  
Seasonal Migration ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Weather Patterns ◽  
Indigenous Group

This paper has examined the way the Surels, an indigenous group inhabiting in Suri village of Dolakha district, perceive climate change and also has attempted to document their adaptive strategies to the changes brought about by climate change and global warming. These peoples have developed uniquely insightful ways of observing, interpreting, and responding to the impacts of climate changes through interacting and closely linking their lives with their surroundings. They clearly linked climate change with the changes in the weather patterns over the years indicating erratic rainfall patterns, advancing monsoon, advancing summer and spring, shorter and warmer winter, drier and hotter summer. This paper argues that these people observe and encounter climate and environmental changes immediately and use traditional knowledge and survival skills to adapt to these changes as they occurred. They have devised, though it is not well documented, useful coping mechanisms—modifying cropping pattern and crop types, community-based afforestation and forest management initiatives, improve water management, involvement of community organization in water management and seasonal migration to India- to respond and reduce climate induced risks and impacts which have enabled them to achieve stable livelihoods in their environment.

19. Indigenous Peoples’ Human Rights

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Havemann
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
Group Rights ◽  
Indigenous Group ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

This chapter examines issues surrounding the human rights of Indigenous peoples. The conceptual framework for this chapter is informed by three broad, interrelated, and interdependent types of human rights: the right to existence, the right to self-determination, and individual human rights. After describing who Indigenous peoples are according to international law, the chapter considers the centuries of ambivalence about the recognition of Indigenous peoples. It then discusses the United Nations's establishment of a regime for Indigenous group rights and presents a case study of the impact of climate change on Indigenous peoples. It concludes with a reflection on the possibility of accommodating Indigenous peoples' self-determination with state sovereignty.

Midwinter breakup and jamming on the upper Saint John River: a case study

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spyros Beltaos ◽  
Sayed Ismail ◽  
Brian C Burrell
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Flood Damage ◽  
River Ice ◽  
Ice Thickness ◽  
Ice Jams ◽  
Damage Reduction ◽  
Saint John

Changing climates will likely result in more frequent midwinter ice jams along many Canadian rivers, thereby increasing the likelihood of flood damage and environmental changes. Therefore, the possibility of more frequent ice jams has to be considered during the planning of flood damage reduction measures, the design of waterway structures, and the enactment of measures to protect the environment. As a case study of midwinter jamming, four winter breakup and jamming events that occurred along an upper stretch of the Saint John River during the 1990s are described and the implications of similar midwinter jamming are discussed.Key words: breakup, river ice, climate change, ice jamming, ice thickness, winter, winter thaw.

scholarly journals ECONOMIC AND ADAPTATION COSTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE: CASE STUDY OF INDRAMAYU, WEST JAVA INDONESIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Perdinan Perdinan ◽  
Rizaldi Boer ◽  
Kiki Kartikasari ◽  
Bambang Dwi Dasanto ◽  
Rini Hidayanti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Production Loss ◽  
Irrigation Canals ◽  
West Java ◽  
Adaptation Options ◽  
Adaptation Costs

ECONOMIC AND ADAPTATION COSTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE: CASE STUDY OF INDRAMAYU, WEST JAVA INDONESIA Abstract Climate change is already occurring. In Indonesia, many evidences such as changing rainfall patterns in many parts of the country (e.g., Sumatra and Java) indicate the impacts of global climate change on Indonesian climate. This new climate regime eventually will influence water availability in many parts of the country. This paper discusses economic loss (unit cost) incurred on major economic sectors (i.e., agriculture, fishery, drinking water, and health) of Indramayu districts – West Java Indonesia due to flood and drought as an approximation to quantify potential economic consequences of climate change. The estimation was based on discussions with the local authorities and communities (field survey) in 2008. The unit costs were estimated based on rice production loss (agriculture), milk fish and prawn production loss (fishery), additional costs for clean water supply (drinking water), and additional incidences of dengue fever (DBD) and diarrhea (health). Seven adaptation options and their estimated costs are also proposed to cope with flood and drought in the region. The options are: construction of a reservoir, change of cropping pattern, rehabilitation of irrigation canals, improvement of irrigation canals (cementing the canals), improvement of drainage system, normalization of rivers, and implementation of system rice intensification (SRI). Potential benefits from each adaptation are also discussed. Such discussion, together with estimated adaptation costs, will be useful for further evaluation to measure the net benefits from each adaptation, which can be helpful to assist decision makers in choosing plausible adaptation options for their region. Keywords: climate change, economic costs, adaptation BIAYA EKONOMI DAN ADAPTASI PERUBAHAN IKLIM: STUDI KASUS KABUPATEN INDRAMAYU, JAWA BARAT, INDONESIA Abstrak Perubahan iklim telah terjadi. Di Indonesia, dampak perubahan iklim global dapat dindikasikan dengan adanya perubahan pola curah hujan yang terjadi di berbagai daerah, misalnya Sumatera dan Jawa. Perubahan pola hujan tersebut pada akhirnya dapat mempengaruhi ketersediaan air di berbagai daerah. Tulisan ini membahas kerugian ekonomi (biaya satuan) yang terjadi pada sektor utama perekonomian (pertanian, perikanan, air minum dan kesehatan) di Kabupaten Indramayu - Jawa Barat, akibat dari kejadian banjir dan kekeringan yang digunakan sebagai pendekatan untuk mengukur dampak ekonomi yang terjadi akibat perubahan iklim. Penilaian dampak tersebut didasarkan pada diskusi dengan pemerintah daerah dan masyarakat setempat saat survey lapang di tahun 2008. Perkiraan biaya satuan didasarkan pada kerugian produksi beras (pertanian), produksi ikan bandeng dan udang (perikanan), biaya tambahan untuk penyediaan air bersih (air minum), insiden tambahan penyakit demam berdarah dan diare (kesehatan). Untuk mengatasi banjir dan kekeringan di wilayah tersebut, diusulkan tujuh pilihan adaptasi serta perkiraan biayanya. Adaptasi tersebut adalah: pembangunan waduk, perubahan pola tanam, rehabilitasi saluran irigasi, peningkatan saluran irigasi (penyemenan/penguatan saluran), peningkatan sistem drainase, normalisasi sungai, dan implementasi system of rice intencification (SRI). Potensi manfaat dari masing-masing adaptasi juga dibahas dalam tulisan ini. Hasil diskusi dan perkiraan biaya adaptasi yang dibahas di dalam tulisan ini, diharapkan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan dasar untuk kegiatan lanjutan yang terkait dengan penilaian manfaat atau keuntungan berbagai pilihan adaptasi, sehingga dapat membantu para pembuat keputusan dalam memilih berbagai pilihan adaptasi yang sesuai dengan daerahnya. Kata kunci: perubahan iklim, biaya ekonomi, adaptasi  

scholarly journals How Do Farmers Think about Climate Risk? A Study of On-Farm Decision Making in an Era of Climate Change

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Schattman
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Climate Risk ◽  
Weather Patterns ◽  
Climate Forecasts ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
On Farm

climate forecasts suggest farmers in the northeast will be faced with both challenges and opportunities as the climate changes. currently farmers and other land stewards manage the risks created by changing weather patterns in many different ways.

scholarly journals Keeping ahead of floods and droughts: a case study of Sdau Kaong Commune, Cambodia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sopharo Oum
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Lao Pdr ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Participatory Action ◽  
The Face ◽  
Floods And Droughts ◽  
Outstanding Question

<p>The Lower Mekong Basin covers four countries, Lao PDR, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. These countries are often affected by floods and sometimes by droughts. These natural hazards silently and adversely affect people’s livelihoods in the region. In the face of future environmental changes, especially climate change and dam construction along the Mekong River, patterns of floods and droughts are more likely to exacerbate the situation. For this case study of a vulnerable commune in this setting, I developed a hybrid model of the development and complexity paradigms to both organise my research data and extend my analysis. This holistic hybrid paradigm enabled me to explore the interrelationships between natural hazards, disasters, and vulnerability, and adopt a multidisciplinary approach in which I attempt to integrate disaster risk management and climate change adaptation models to highlight problems and to propose interventions. The results obtained indicate that in the future floods and droughts are likely to be more frequent and severe and just what impact additional dams currently being planned or built will have over the control of water levels remains an outstanding question. Plans need to be made to enable people to cope with floods and droughts because these can have a hugely detrimental impact on their livelihoods including crops and personal property, people, community infrastructure and environment. Although current coping strategies are in place, disasters still occur. Based on the vulnerability context of the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework and the Pressure and Release (PAR) model, I was able to show how vulnerability is exacerbated by dissonant social, economic, and political structures. This research also proposes an integrated framework, including adaptive management and participatory action research, as a way of monitoring interventions that could possibly resolve some of the challenges.</p>

Climate-mediated changes in predator–prey interactions in the fossil record: a case study using shell-drilling gastropods from the Pleistocene Japan Sea

Paleobiology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoki Chiba ◽  
Shin’ichi Sato
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Japan Sea ◽  
Warm Water ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Water Shell ◽  
Long Timescales ◽  
Molluscan Species

AbstractPaleoecological studies enhance our understanding of biotic responses to climate change because they consider long timescales not accessible through observational and experimental studies. Using predatory drillholes produced on fossil bivalve shells by carnivorous gastropods, we provide an example of how climate change affected predator–prey interactions. We quantitatively examine temporal changes in fossil molluscan assemblages and predation patterns from the Pleistocene Japan Sea, which experienced drastic environmental changes in relation to glacial–interglacial climate cycles. We found significant changes in predation patterns associated with a decline in the abundance of warm-water molluscan species. Climate-mediated fluctuations in the eustatic sea level and resultant weakening of the Tsushima Warm Current caused a decline in a warm-water shell-drilling predator, which moderated the predation pressure and size relationship between the predators and the bivalve prey. Our results indicate that climate-mediated range shifts of species in present-day and future marine ecosystems can likewise increase altered predator–prey interactions.

Impacts of global climate change in a hydrologically vulnerable region: challenges to South African hydrologists

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.E. Schulze
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Sensitivity Study ◽  
Hydrological Models ◽  
Climate Change Effects

South Africa is already hydrologically vulnerable and this is likely to be exacerbated by both nonpermanent ENSO-related as well as more permanently greenhouse-gas forced climate changes. Climate change effects are explained by way of the hydrological equation. This serves as a backdrop to a brief review, in a hydrological context, of projected perturbations to temperature, rainfall and potential evaporation, over southern Africa. Methodologies for simulating hydro logical responses to climate change are assessed. These include more direct GCM-derived output, with some emphasis on recent advances in climatic downscaling, and the application of appro priate hydrological models for use in impact studies. Scale problems of importance to hydrologists are highlighted. Directions to which climate change-related hydrological research efforts should be expended in South Africa are summarized, before two case study simulations, one a general sensitivity study of hydrological responses to changes in rainfall over southern Africa, the other a more specific hydrological response study to the El Niño of the 1982-83 season, are presented. The article concludes with a discussion on whether or not water resources practitioners in South Africa should respond to climate change.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Irrigation Water Resources Availability and Climate Change Impacts—A Case Study of Mwea Irrigation Scheme, Kenya

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2330
Author(s):  
George Akoko ◽  
Tasuku Kato ◽  
Le Hoang Tu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Management ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
The United States ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Irrigation Scheme ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Water Resources Availability

Rice is an important cereal crop in Kenya, where it is mainly grown in the Mwea Irrigation Scheme, MIS. The serious challenges of MIS include low water use efficiency and limited available water resources. The objective of this study is to analyze the current and future irrigation water resource availability for the improvement of future water management. A Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), a public domain software supported by the United States Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service in Bushland, TX, USA, was used to estimate the current and future water resources availability from the MIS’s main irrigation water supply sources (River Thiba and River Nyamindi). CropWat, a computer program developed by the Land and Water Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome, Italy, was used to estimate irrigation water requirements from 2013–2016 and into the future (2020–2060 and 2061–2099). Future climatic data for total available flow and irrigation requirement estimations were downloaded from three General Circulation Models (GCMs). The data was bias corrected and down-scaled (with observed data) using a Climate Change Toolkit, a toolkit for climate change analysis developed by the Water Weather and Energy Ecosystem, Zurich, Switzerland. The results indicated that the highest irrigation water deficits were experienced in July and August based on the existing cropping pattern. Under a proposed future pattern, estimates show that MIS will experience water deficits mainly from June to October and from January to February. This study recommends that MIS management should put into strong consideration the simulated future estimates in irrigation water availability for the improvement of water management.

scholarly journals Climate change and socio-ecological transformation in high mountains: an empirical study of Garhwal Himalaya

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vishwambhar Prasad Sati
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Garhwal Himalaya ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Land Capability ◽  
Cropping Patterns ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Secondary Sources

AbstractMountain regions are highly vulnerable to climate change, as they are ecologically fragile, tectonically and seismically active, and geologically sensitive. The main objectives of this study are to examine socio-ecological transformations and to illustrate the major driving forces - climate change, education and waves of modern civilization - in the Garhwal Himalaya. Data on socio-ecological systems and their patterns of change were accumulated from primary and secondary sources and through participatory rural appraisal. We present a case study where household level surveys were conducted in two villages. A total of 37 households were surveyed. Additionally, marginal farmers and extension workers were interviewed. Questions on population, migration, cropping pattern and livestock were answered by the head of the surveyed households. Population size was decreasing due to out-migration. The whole Garhwal region experienced 15.3% out-migration, while migration from the two villages was observed at 50% during the period 1990-2014. Similarly, changes in land use and cropping patterns and in the livestock population were observed. There was a decrease in the extent of land under cereals (24%) and fruits (79%), a decrease in fruit production (75%), and a decrease in the number of livestock (76%). Climate change was observed as a major driver of the decrease in production and productivity of cereals and fruits, leading to land abandonment. Education, on the other hand, was a major driver of out-migration. Further, extreme events through climate change happened more frequently and changed the landscape. This study reveals that an increase in infrastructural facilities to create jobs and sustainable land management can control out-migration and can enhance land capability.

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