ECONOMIC AND ADAPTATION COSTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE: CASE STUDY OF INDRAMAYU, WEST JAVA INDONESIA

ECONOMIC AND ADAPTATION COSTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE: CASE STUDY OF INDRAMAYU, WEST JAVA INDONESIA Abstract Climate change is already occurring. In Indonesia, many evidences such as changing rainfall patterns in many parts of the country (e.g., Sumatra and Java) indicate the impacts of global climate change on Indonesian climate. This new climate regime eventually will influence water availability in many parts of the country. This paper discusses economic loss (unit cost) incurred on major economic sectors (i.e., agriculture, fishery, drinking water, and health) of Indramayu districts – West Java Indonesia due to flood and drought as an approximation to quantify potential economic consequences of climate change. The estimation was based on discussions with the local authorities and communities (field survey) in 2008. The unit costs were estimated based on rice production loss (agriculture), milk fish and prawn production loss (fishery), additional costs for clean water supply (drinking water), and additional incidences of dengue fever (DBD) and diarrhea (health). Seven adaptation options and their estimated costs are also proposed to cope with flood and drought in the region. The options are: construction of a reservoir, change of cropping pattern, rehabilitation of irrigation canals, improvement of irrigation canals (cementing the canals), improvement of drainage system, normalization of rivers, and implementation of system rice intensification (SRI). Potential benefits from each adaptation are also discussed. Such discussion, together with estimated adaptation costs, will be useful for further evaluation to measure the net benefits from each adaptation, which can be helpful to assist decision makers in choosing plausible adaptation options for their region. Keywords: climate change, economic costs, adaptation BIAYA EKONOMI DAN ADAPTASI PERUBAHAN IKLIM: STUDI KASUS KABUPATEN INDRAMAYU, JAWA BARAT, INDONESIA Abstrak Perubahan iklim telah terjadi. Di Indonesia, dampak perubahan iklim global dapat dindikasikan dengan adanya perubahan pola curah hujan yang terjadi di berbagai daerah, misalnya Sumatera dan Jawa. Perubahan pola hujan tersebut pada akhirnya dapat mempengaruhi ketersediaan air di berbagai daerah. Tulisan ini membahas kerugian ekonomi (biaya satuan) yang terjadi pada sektor utama perekonomian (pertanian, perikanan, air minum dan kesehatan) di Kabupaten Indramayu - Jawa Barat, akibat dari kejadian banjir dan kekeringan yang digunakan sebagai pendekatan untuk mengukur dampak ekonomi yang terjadi akibat perubahan iklim. Penilaian dampak tersebut didasarkan pada diskusi dengan pemerintah daerah dan masyarakat setempat saat survey lapang di tahun 2008. Perkiraan biaya satuan didasarkan pada kerugian produksi beras (pertanian), produksi ikan bandeng dan udang (perikanan), biaya tambahan untuk penyediaan air bersih (air minum), insiden tambahan penyakit demam berdarah dan diare (kesehatan). Untuk mengatasi banjir dan kekeringan di wilayah tersebut, diusulkan tujuh pilihan adaptasi serta perkiraan biayanya. Adaptasi tersebut adalah: pembangunan waduk, perubahan pola tanam, rehabilitasi saluran irigasi, peningkatan saluran irigasi (penyemenan/penguatan saluran), peningkatan sistem drainase, normalisasi sungai, dan implementasi system of rice intencification (SRI). Potensi manfaat dari masing-masing adaptasi juga dibahas dalam tulisan ini. Hasil diskusi dan perkiraan biaya adaptasi yang dibahas di dalam tulisan ini, diharapkan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan dasar untuk kegiatan lanjutan yang terkait dengan penilaian manfaat atau keuntungan berbagai pilihan adaptasi, sehingga dapat membantu para pembuat keputusan dalam memilih berbagai pilihan adaptasi yang sesuai dengan daerahnya. Kata kunci: perubahan iklim, biaya ekonomi, adaptasi

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Economic analysis of ecosystem based adaptation and engineering options: A case study from Udayapur, Nepal

Nepal Journal of Environmental Science ◽

10.3126/njes.v3i0.22733 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 35-42

Author(s):

Dinesh Chandra Devkota ◽

Kamal Thapa ◽

Bhaskar Kharki

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Ecosystem Services ◽

Economic Analysis ◽

Cost Benefit Analysis ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

Well Being ◽

Benefit Analysis ◽

High Benefit ◽

Adaptation Options

Ecosystem services are vital to our well-being as they directly or indirectly support our survival and quality of life. But, the growing impact of climate change diminishes the benefit from ecosystem services. Therefore, identifying possible applicable adaptation options are inevitable to reduce the effect of climate change. The present research is based on a case study of Ksedi River watershed, Ajgada Village in Udaypur district of Nepal. The study demonstrates the comparison between different options to deal with flood and make a sound decision, based on economic rationale for long-term benefits. The present study compares ecosystem based adaptation options with engineering options using cost benefit analysis in order to protect village from flooding. Through stakeholder and expert consultations, ecosystem based adaptation options and economic options that are feasible in the village and catchment to mitigate the floods were listed. Economic analysis of these options and the different combinations were done using cost benefit analysis. Analysis was carried out for each of the different combination of options. Focus on ecosystem based adaptation options provide high benefit to cost return in terms of avoided damages and considering engineering options efficient in flood and erosion control in initial stage in spite of its high cost. The study suggests that reforestation in upland forest areas; plantation along riverbed and management of rangeland should be prioritized. Similarly, preparation of flood model, flood height damage curve and flood vulnerable maps specific to the site will help decision makers to implement site specific adaptation options.

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LINKING CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION OPTIONS FOR RICE PRODUCTION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA (KETERKAITAN OPSI-OPSI ADAPTASI PERUBAHAN IKLIM UNTUK PRODUKSI BERAS NASIONAL DAN PEMBANGUAN BERKELANJUTAN DI INDONESIA)

Agromet ◽

10.29244/j.agromet.22.2.94-108 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 94 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

P. Perdinan ◽

R. Boer ◽

Kiki Kartikasari

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Sustainable Development ◽

Climate Change Adaptation ◽

Development Strategies ◽

Rice Production ◽

Cropping Pattern ◽

The Sustainable Development ◽

Climate Events ◽

Planting Season ◽

Adaptation Options

Climate change is expected to significantly influence Indonesian rice production as this phenomenon will exacerbate extreme climate events such as El Nino and La Nina which have caused serious loss in rice production. This paper is attempted to propose plausible climate change adaptations for rice production by examining the formal documents on climate change studies in Indonesia and rice development strategies and to investigate their linkage with the Sustainable Development in Indonesia. The result shows that climate change adaptations will support Indonesian rice development strategies through options of “change cropping pattern/modified planting season” which has not been addressed by the development strategies. The proposed adaptations which are directed through two major programs for increasing rice production called as Extensification and Intensification, have also already addressed the four pillars of Indonesian sustainable development, namely: pro-job, pro-poor, pro-growth and pro-environment.

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Employing the enhanced Regional Tourism Sustainable Adaptation Framework with a case study of climate change vulnerability in Mombasa, Kenya

Tourism and Hospitality Research ◽

10.1177/1467358418791353 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 56-71

Author(s):

Joseph Muiruri Njoroge ◽

Beate MW Ratter ◽

Lucy Atieno ◽

Innocent M Mugabe

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Adaptation To Climate Change ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Weak Institutions ◽

Regional Tourism ◽

Regional Dynamics ◽

The City ◽

Adaptation Options

This paper attempts to provide an empirical application of the enhanced Regional Tourism Sustainable Adaptation Framework using a case study of Mombasa Kenya. Climate variability is a challenge to tourism destinations, especially coastal and Island destinations, categories under which Mombasa, our study site falls under. Mombasa has limited capacity to adapt to climate change considering its socio economic conditions and weak institutions, thus making it necessary to explore the possible sustainable pathways for the city using the enhanced Regional Tourism Sustainable Adaptation Framework. Earlier frameworks for tourism adaptation to climate change lacked focus on regional dynamics as well as sustainability aspects, and their implementation pose the risk of mal adaptation to some extent. Using secondary data and data from interviews with tourism stakeholders in Mombasa, the enhanced Regional Tourism Sustainable Adaptation Framework guides our assessment of vulnerability and resilience of the destination, as well as identification of region specific adaptation options for the city within the context of sustainable practice. Based on climate change perceived impacts, risks and vulnerability various adaptation options are presented and discussed as provided in literature. The usefulness of the framework in guiding regional tourism destination managers and policy makers in their pursuit for a regional adaptation options within the tourism sector in order to reduce destinations vulnerability, increase resilience and take advantage of opportunities presented by climate change is underscored.

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Principles and process for developing participatory adaptation pathways in the primary industries

Elem Sci Anth ◽

10.1525/elementa.2020.00175 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nicholas A. Cradock-Henry ◽

Paula Blackett ◽

Justin Connolly ◽

Bob Frame ◽

Edmar Teixeira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

New Zealand ◽

Data Sources ◽

Assessment Practice ◽

Multiple Data ◽

Methodological Advance ◽

Adaptation Options ◽

Over Time ◽

Impacts Of Climate Change

Adaptation pathways is an approach to identify, assess, and sequence climate change adaptation options over time, linking decisions to critical signals and triggers derived from scenarios of future conditions. However, conceptual differences in their development can hinder methodological advance and create a disconnect between those applying pathways approaches and the wider community of practitioners undertaking vulnerability, impacts, and adaptation assessments. Here, we contribute to close these gaps, advancing principles, and processes that may be used to guide the trajectory for adaptation pathways, without having to rely on data-rich or resource-intensive methods. To achieve this, concepts and practices from the broad pathways literature is combined with our own experience in developing adaptation pathways for primary industries facing the combined impacts of climate change and other, nonclimatic stressors. Each stage is guided by a goal and tools to facilitate discussions and produce feasible pathways. We illustrate the process with a case study from Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand, involving multiple data sources and methods in two catchments. Resulting guidelines and empirical examples are consistent with principles of adaptive management and planning and can provide a template for developing local-, regional- or issue-specific pathways elsewhere and enrich the diversity of vulnerability, impacts, and adaptation assessment practice.

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Responses of Indigenous People to the Climate Changes: A Case Study of the Surels of Dolakha District of Nepal

Patan Pragya ◽

10.3126/pragya.v9i02.42028 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (02) ◽

pp. 99-114

Author(s):

Hari Prasad Bhattarai

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Water Management ◽

Climate Changes ◽

Environmental Changes ◽

Community Organization ◽

Seasonal Migration ◽

Cropping Pattern ◽

Weather Patterns ◽

Indigenous Group

This paper has examined the way the Surels, an indigenous group inhabiting in Suri village of Dolakha district, perceive climate change and also has attempted to document their adaptive strategies to the changes brought about by climate change and global warming. These peoples have developed uniquely insightful ways of observing, interpreting, and responding to the impacts of climate changes through interacting and closely linking their lives with their surroundings. They clearly linked climate change with the changes in the weather patterns over the years indicating erratic rainfall patterns, advancing monsoon, advancing summer and spring, shorter and warmer winter, drier and hotter summer. This paper argues that these people observe and encounter climate and environmental changes immediately and use traditional knowledge and survival skills to adapt to these changes as they occurred. They have devised, though it is not well documented, useful coping mechanisms—modifying cropping pattern and crop types, community-based afforestation and forest management initiatives, improve water management, involvement of community organization in water management and seasonal migration to India- to respond and reduce climate induced risks and impacts which have enabled them to achieve stable livelihoods in their environment.

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Cape Town’s “Day Zero” Drought: Notes on a Future History of Urban Dwelling

Space and Culture ◽

10.1177/1206331221997695 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 120633122199769

Author(s):

Nick Shepherd

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Cape Town ◽

Urban Life ◽

Complex Object ◽

Economic Interests ◽

Natural Systems ◽

Water Wars ◽

History Of

Taking the events of Cape Town’s “Day Zero” drought as a case study, this article examines the politics and poetics of water in the Anthropocene and the implications of Anthropogenic climate change for urban life. It argues that rather than being understood as an inert resource, fresh drinking water is a complex object constructed at the intersection between natural systems; cultural imaginaries; and social, political, and economic interests. The extraordinary events of Day Zero raised the specter of Mad Max–style water wars. They also led to the development of new forms of solidarity, with water acting as a social leveler. The article argues that events in Cape Town open a window onto the future, to the extent that they tell us something about what happens when the added stresses of climate change are mapped onto already-contested social and political situations. They also underline the precarious nature of many of our urban arrangements. This sense of the precarious is likely to extend beyond the case of Cape Town and to be an abiding feature of urban life as we journey deeper into the Anthropocene/Capitalocene.

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Climate change and socio-ecological transformation in high mountains: an empirical study of Garhwal Himalaya

Change and Adaptation in Socio-Ecological Systems ◽

10.1515/cass-2015-0005 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Vishwambhar Prasad Sati

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Driving Forces ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Garhwal Himalaya ◽

Cropping Pattern ◽

Land Capability ◽

Cropping Patterns ◽

Household Level ◽

Secondary Sources

AbstractMountain regions are highly vulnerable to climate change, as they are ecologically fragile, tectonically and seismically active, and geologically sensitive. The main objectives of this study are to examine socio-ecological transformations and to illustrate the major driving forces - climate change, education and waves of modern civilization - in the Garhwal Himalaya. Data on socio-ecological systems and their patterns of change were accumulated from primary and secondary sources and through participatory rural appraisal. We present a case study where household level surveys were conducted in two villages. A total of 37 households were surveyed. Additionally, marginal farmers and extension workers were interviewed. Questions on population, migration, cropping pattern and livestock were answered by the head of the surveyed households. Population size was decreasing due to out-migration. The whole Garhwal region experienced 15.3% out-migration, while migration from the two villages was observed at 50% during the period 1990-2014. Similarly, changes in land use and cropping patterns and in the livestock population were observed. There was a decrease in the extent of land under cereals (24%) and fruits (79%), a decrease in fruit production (75%), and a decrease in the number of livestock (76%). Climate change was observed as a major driver of the decrease in production and productivity of cereals and fruits, leading to land abandonment. Education, on the other hand, was a major driver of out-migration. Further, extreme events through climate change happened more frequently and changed the landscape. This study reveals that an increase in infrastructural facilities to create jobs and sustainable land management can control out-migration and can enhance land capability.

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Making Sense of “Day Zero”: Slow Catastrophes, Anthropocene Futures, and the Story of Cape Town’s Water Crisis

Water ◽

10.3390/w11091744 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 1744 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Shepherd

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Urban Life ◽

Complex Object ◽

Water Crisis ◽

Economic Interests ◽

Natural Systems ◽

Making Sense ◽

Water Wars

What form do the current and future catastrophes of the Anthropocene take? Adapting a concept from Rod Nixon, this communication makes a case for the notion of slow catastrophes, whose unfolding in space and time is uneven and entangled. Taking the events of Cape Town’s Day Zero drought as a case study, this paper examines the politics and poetics of water in the Anthropocene, and the implications of Anthropogenic climate change for urban life. It argues that rather than being understood as an inert resource, fresh drinking water is a complex object constructed at the intersection between natural systems, cultural imaginaries, and social, political and economic interests. The extraordinary events of Day Zero raised the specter of Mad Max-style water wars. They also led to the development of new forms of solidarity, with water acting as a social leveler. The paper argues that the events in Cape Town open a window onto the future, to the extent that it describes something about what happens when the added stresses of climate change are mapped onto already-contested social and political situations.

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