scholarly journals DARWINISME SOSIAL DAN KEAMANAN INTERNASIONAL: SEBUAH ANALISIS RINGKAS

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 334
Author(s):  
Ariesani Hermawanto
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Biological Theory ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Social Darwinism ◽  
Economic Competition ◽  
Survival Of The Fittest ◽  
New Millennium

The development of socio-biology science brings changes to the security of humansocial life. The biological theory about evolution made discussion that was identified as Social Darwinism. This thought was based on assumptions that human life through natural selection and always in conflict by competition to fight for life, keep the existence, and also survival of the fittest. Social Darwinism in its history produced ideology like Fascism and has made tragedies in the eras of World Wars I and II. As a thought, Social Darwinism still continues today.The competition between countries in the new Millennium era, both in the arms race and economic competition, are reflection of Darwinist thougt.

Social Darwinism

Sociology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Bowler
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Social Darwinism ◽  
Free Enterprise ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
The Social ◽  
Survival Of The Fittest

Social Darwinism is a complex and controversial topic, a package of ideologies supposedly inspired by biological evolutionism that is of interest to scholars of both the life and the social sciences. In principle it includes any political system inspired by the view that human nature and social activity are driven by our biological nature, especially as defined by the process of evolution. The complexity of the topic derives from the fact that the term social Darwinism has been applied to a number of different (and to some extent incompatible) ideologies. The key feature is supposed to be the influence of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection, in which the “struggle for existence” determines the “survival of the fittest,” thereby ensuring that the species adapts to new conditions—although it is widely assumed that the process also guarantees progress toward higher levels of complexity. The classic image is of the proponents of unrestrained free-enterprise capitalism justifying their policy by appealing to the “survival of the fittest.” But the term has also been applied to justifications of militarism and imperialism (national or racial struggle) and to the eugenics movement’s efforts to replace natural selection with a process of artificial selection by restricting the reproduction of the “unfit.” The term has also been applied to more or less any claim that human nature is fixed by hereditary factors, especially those linked to social class or race. The topic is contentious because social Darwinism is almost always used in a pejorative sense—the opponents of these ideologies use it to define positions they reject, and this becomes particularly sensitive when applied to areas such as Nazi racial policies and the Holocaust. Most forms of social Darwinism are associated with right-wing ideologies, despite the fact that scholars can point to many left-wing writers who were also inspired by Darwin. The problem of interpretation is compounded by the fact that historians of both the biological and the social sciences are involved, bringing very different interpretive frameworks to bear. Scholars interested in the social world tend to equate social Darwinism with any ideology based on the struggle for existence, whether or not there is evidence of inspiration from biological Darwinism. Historians of science may be well aware that the term refers to a much wider range of ideologies than those inspired directly by Darwin, but they do expect the analysis to respect the fact that other biological ideas and, indeed, other evolutionary mechanisms were involved.

Darwinism

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ruse
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
General Term ◽  
Evolutionary Change ◽  
Social Darwinism ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Mendelian Genetics ◽  
Thomas Henry Huxley ◽  
Foundational Work

The modern usage of the term Darwinism dates from the publication of On the Origin of Species, by Charles Darwin, in which he argued for evolution through natural selection. Very soon after the appearance of the Origin (in 1859), Darwin’s great supporter Thomas Henry Huxley introduced the term Darwinism. The term—together with the related terms Darwinian and Darwinist—took root. The codiscoverer of natural selection, Alfred Russel Wallace, used the term as the title of a book expounding evolution: Darwinism: An Exposition of the Theory of Natural Selection, with Some of Its Applications. Note that there seems to be a fuzziness about the term. Some identify Darwinism with evolution through natural selection. Others suggest that the essence of Darwinism is not selection per se but change or variation. Late in the 19th century, George Romanes coined the term neo-Darwinism to cover those for whom natural selection is basically the only significant cause of change. In 1930 Ronald A. Fisher, in his Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, argued that the newly developed theory of Mendelian genetics offered the required foundation for a perspective that made natural selection the central force of evolutionary change. Although the British were happy to call the Darwin-Mendel synthesis neo-Darwinism, in America the synthesis was known as the synthetic theory of evolution. This reflects that in the New World it was Sewall Wright who did the foundational work in bringing Mendelian genetics into the evolutionary picture and that he never thought of natural selection as being the force that Fisher took it to be. For Wright and his followers, especially Theodosius Dobzhansky, genetic drift was always a major component of the evolutionary picture, and as Fisher pointed out nonstop, this is about as non-Darwinian a notion as it is possible to have. By 1959 professional evolutionists (on both sides of the Atlantic) agreed that Darwin had been right about natural selection: it is the major cause of evolutionary change. Neo-Darwinism fell into disuse, as everyone now used the term Darwinism for evolution through natural selection. Mention should also be made of so-called social Darwinism, the application of Darwinism to persons and groups within society. The earliest use apparently was during Darwin’s own lifetime, by a historian discussing land tenure in Ireland. However, it was not a popular or general term, coming into widespread use only in the 1940s, with the publication of the American historian Richard Hofstadter’s book Social Darwinism in American Thought.

Frank Bridge and The Land Without Music

Tempo ◽  
1977 ◽  
pp. 7-11
Author(s):  
Hugh Wood
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Musical Evolution ◽  
Survival Of The Fittest

Why the work of one composer survives and another doesn't remains a little mysterious. I myself incline on the whole to a Darwinian view of musical posterity: it is quality that chiefly determines the survival of the fittest, and some process of natural selection upon this criterion that ensures that the best are sorted out in the end. (If one throws in the other bit of evolutionist jargon—adaptation to one's environment—the limits to pursuing this metaphor become obvious). But temperamentally I distrust the endless discovery of Unjustly Neglected Composers. When the writer Mr. X is spoken of as ‘the persuasive advocate for’ composer Mr. Y, the phrase itself suggests the lawyer doing too good a job, and that the client so skilfully defended is in fact guilty—of lack of distinction anyway, if not lack of talent. There are so many Justly Neglected Composers. Every now and then, though, you make a discovery that upsets the comfortable applecart of this non-revisionist view of musical evolution.

An evolutionary perspective on gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep

2011 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Stear ◽  
D. Singleton ◽  
L. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Fundamental Theorem ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Host Parasite Relationship ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Host Parasite

AbstractThe purpose of this paper was to discuss from an evolutionary perspective the interaction between domestic sheep (Ovis aries)and their gastrointestinal nematodes. Although evolution is the central theme of biology, there has been little attempt to consider how evolutionary forces have shaped and continue to shape the relationships between domestic animals and their parasite community. Mathematical modelling of the host–parasite relationship indicated that the system is remarkably robust to perturbations in its parameters. This robustness may be a consequence of the long coevolution of host and parasites. Although nematodes can potentially evolve faster than the host, coevolution is not dominated by the parasite and there are several examples where breeds of cattle or sheep have evolved high levels of resistance to disease. Coevolution is a more equal partnership between host and nematode than is commonly assumed. Coevolution between parasites and the host immune system is often described as an arms race where both host immune response genes and parasite proteins evolve rapidly in response to each other. However, initial results indicate that nematode antigens are not evolving rapidly; the arms race between the immune system and nematodes, if it exists, is happening very slowly. Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection states that genes with positive effects on fitness will be fixed by natural selection. Consequently, heritable variation in fitness traits is expected to be low. Contrary to this argument, there is considerable genetic variation in resistance to nematode infection. In particular, the heritabilities of nematode-specific IgA and IgE activity are moderate to high. The reasons for this apparent violation of the fundamental theorem of natural selection are not clear but several possible explanations are explored. Faecal nematode egg counts increase at the beginning of the grazing season – a phenomenon known as the periparturient rise. This increase benefits host and parasite and appears to be a consequence of coevolution. In conclusion, an evolutionary perspective can shed light on many aspects of the host–parasite relationship in domestic animals.

scholarly journals Inborn errors of immunity to infection

2005 ◽  
Vol 202 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Laurent Casanova ◽  
Laurent Abel
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Human History ◽  
Inborn Errors ◽  
Inborn Errors Of Immunity ◽  
Human Life Span

The immune system's function is to protect against microorganisms, but infection is nonetheless the most frequent cause of death in human history. Until the last century, life expectancy was only ∼25 years. Recent increases in human life span primarily reflect the development of hygiene, vaccines, and anti-infectious drugs, rather than the adjustment of our immune system to coevolving microbes by natural selection. We argue here that most individuals retain a natural vulnerability to infectious diseases, reflecting a great diversity of inborn errors of immunity.

scholarly journals The Driving Force and Progressive Mechanisms of Evolution Deduced from Thermodynamics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Ming Chen
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Sympatric Speciation ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Animal Group ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Group Evolution ◽  
Survival Of The Fittest

Studies on evolution have made significant progress in multiple disciplines, but evolutionary theories remain scattered and controversial. Here we deduce that, thermodynamically, many carbon-based entities (CBEs) on the Earth tend to absorb energy from widespread relatively temperate heat streams on the Earth flowing from the solar, geothermal, and other energy sources, to form higher-hierarchy CBEs (HHCBEs). This has been the driving force of evolution leading to accumulation of HHCBEs for billions of years. We further deduce three progressive mechanisms of evolution including natural selection from the driving force. We hence establish the CBE evolutionary theory (CBEET) which reinterprets the major aspects of evolution in a comprehensive and comprehensible way. The CBEET provides novel explanations for natural selection, origin of life (abiogenesis), macroevolution, sympatric speciation, and evolutionary tempos. It suggests that evolution is driven hierarchy-wise by thermodynamics and favors fitness and diversity. It elucidates that altruism, collaboration, and obeying rules with balanced freedom are important throughout the CBE evolution which includes chemical evolution, biological evolution, and animal group evolution. The CBEET refutes several erroneous views including negative entropy and survival of the fittest. It integrates with research advances in multiple disciplines and links up laws of physics, evolution in biology, and harmonious development of human society.

scholarly journals Escalation and constraints of antagonistic armaments in water striders

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonin Jean Johan Crumière ◽  
David Armisén ◽  
Aïdamalia Vargas-Lowman ◽  
Martha Kubarakos ◽  
Felipe Ferraz Figueiredo Moreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Antagonistic Coevolution ◽  
Water Striders ◽  
Mating Performance ◽  
Sexually Antagonistic Coevolution

AbstractSexual conflict may result in the escalating coevolution of sexually antagonistic traits. However, our understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of antagonistic traits and their role in association with sex-specific escalation remains limited. Here we study sexually antagonistic coevolution in a genus of water striders called Rhagovelia. We identified a set of male grasping traits and female anti-grasping traits used during pre-mating struggles and show that natural variation of these traits is associated with variation in mating performance in the direction expected for antagonistic co-evolution. Phylogenetic mapping detected signals of escalation of these sexually antagonistic traits suggesting an ongoing arms race. Moreover, their escalation appears to be constrained by a trade-off with dispersal through flight in both sexes. Altogether our results highlight how sexual interactions may have shaped sex-specific antagonistic traits and how constraints imposed by natural selection may have influenced their evolution.

scholarly journals Campus Interviews – Gateway to Future

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-69
Author(s):  
V Usha ◽  
L R S Kalanithi
Keyword(s):  
Charles Darwin ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Human Values ◽  
College Level ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Survival Of The Fittest

Education paves way to sustain human life. Its chief focus is to teach the human values, develop Education paves way to sustain human life. Its chief focus is to teach the human values, developintellect, emotions, empathy, extricate opportunities to rise to the occasion and contribute to theoverall growth of the society. Ultimately this should provide an individual, an all-round developmentt o observe, understand and to be a part of the larger community. This education is obtained formally, non-formally and informally. Informal learning occursin a variety ofplaces, such as athome, work and through daily interactions and shared relationships among members of society. For many learners, this includes language acquisition, cultural medians and manners. Formal learningis commonly divided into different stages such as Pre-School, Elementary School, High School, Higher Secondary School and then College/University orApprenticeship through various industries.The School Education systemin India has 4 distinct levels such as Lower Primary (ages 6-10) Upper Primary (age 11 & 12) High (13 – 15) and Higher Secondary (17 &18). Then we have the Tertiary Education which is the threshold to employment. This Tertiary level includes 3 years of Under Graduation and 2 years of Post-Graduation and then Research Activities which are optional. All these lay foundation to one’s career for sustenance or “Survival of the Fittest” as told by theAll these lay foundation to one’s career for sustenance or “Survival of the Fittest” as told by the English Naturalist Charles Darwin (1809-1882) in his Origin of Species Theory. The college-level focused education in due course determines the career prospects of the young graduates. After 1990s there is a paradigmatic shift in the employment in India, that instead of the candidates running helter-skelter for employment, the employers knock at the door of Higher Institutions. Campus Interviews bridge the gap between the Employers and the prospective Employees. In ourcontext, the final year UG/PG students are the Prospective Employees who are eligible for Campus Interviews. Campus Interviews offer final year UG/PG students a great opportunity to get a suit-able job during the course of their academic pursuits and provide them a secure future before the completion of their course itself. This process includes the various stages such as: Pre-Placement Talk, Aptitude Test, Technical Test, Group Discussion, HR Interview and Personal Interviews. This paper purports the role of various Employing Agencies who consistently contact the colleges/Universities through Campus Interviews to select their prospective employees. Also it brings tolimelight the various top notch companies in Chennai which absorb the creamy layer among theeligible students.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document