scholarly journals Distribution and quantitative assessment of world crude oil reserves and resources

1983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles D. Masters ◽  
David H. Root ◽  
William D. Dietzman
1986 ◽  
pp. 491-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles D. Masters ◽  
David H. Root ◽  
William D. Dietzman

1958 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 100-102
Author(s):  
Everett G. Trostel
Keyword(s):  

2019 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 02015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Olkuski ◽  
Adam Szurlej ◽  
Barbara Tora ◽  
Miłosz Karpiński

Almost all crude oil used in Poland is imported. The domestic production meets less than 4% of needs; therefore, to ensure the security of supplies, Poland relies heavily on imports. It is worth mentioning, however, that Poland has crude oil resources oil fields are located in the Carpathians, Polish Lowlands, and in the economic zone of the Baltic Sea. For years, crude oil is imported mainly from the East, however, a significant change in this approach, leading to an increase in seaborne oil supplies, has been observed in recent years. In 2017, 77.3% of crude oil was imported from Russia, while the rest was supplied from Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Norway, and Kazakhstan. Increasing the diversification of supplies is, of course, a very positive phenomenon, because it allows reducing the dependence on one supplier, which is beneficial from the point of view of energy security. Taking into account a high dependence on oil imports, the article also discusses important factors affecting the global oil market: low investment in the upstream sector, a drastic decline in oil production in Venezuela, the impact of the U.S. embargo on Iran, or depleting oil reserves.


2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tongshan Wang ◽  
Ansng Geng ◽  
Xia Li ◽  
Hongjun Wang ◽  
Zecheng Wang ◽  
...  

The prediction of oil cracked gas resources is necessary and urgent in the gas exploration of these basins at high to over stage in China. A marine crude oil sample was pyrolyzed using sealed gold tubes system in our study. The pyrolysates including gas, liquid, and solid were quantitatively analyzed. Based on the pyrolysis data and kinetic calculation, the yield correlativity among gas, liquid, and solid products was regressed with high correlative coefficients to establish a prediction model suitable for the resource estimation of oil cracked gas. The verification formula for this model was also established on the principle of mass conservation. The affecting factors and the application preconditions of this model were discussed. Finally the model was extrapolated to the prediction of oil cracked gas resources of Feixianguan formation in NE Sichuan basin, SW China. The prediction value of oil cracked resources is about 6.84×1012 m3, and generation intensity of oil cracked gas is about 97.5×108 m3/km2, and the paleo-oil reserves is about 97×108 t. The verifying value for this prediction is approximately equal to 1, indicating the model is reliable in the resource estimation of oil cracked gas.


1963 ◽  
Vol 15 (09) ◽  
pp. 915-921
Author(s):  
Morris Muskat
Keyword(s):  

2021 ◽  
Vol 2118 (1) ◽  
pp. 012013
Author(s):  
G R Conde-Rodríguez ◽  
J A Sanabria-Cala ◽  
R A Mancilla Estupiñán ◽  
D A Laverde Cataño ◽  
M C Núñez Castañeda

Abstract Petrochemical industry has suffered great economic impact due to light crude oil reserves reduction, so refineries have been processing high acidity heavy crude oils. Studies of corrosion caused by naphthenic acids are interfered by presence of other corrosive agents contained in real crude oils, so naphthenic phenomenon must be isolated using synthetic crude oils. For this reason, in present work two high purity mineral oils were used to evaluate their efficiency as synthetic crude oil matrices in AISI/SAE–1020 steel naphthenic corrosion study. Temperature levels evaluated were 200 °C, 250 °C, and 300 °C, while exposure times evaluated were 5, 10 and 15 hours. Surface morphological characterization of AISI/SAE–1020 steel was carried out using scanning electron microscopy and X–ray diffraction. Gravimetric tests showed that AISI/SAE–1020 steel naphthenic corrosion rate increases with temperature and exposure time for one of the synthetic crude oils. However, results obtained for the other synthetic crude oil did not show increasing behaviour due to presence of sulfur traces in the oil, which caused an interference with AISI/SAE–1020 steel naphthenic corrosion study, reducing the reliability of gravimetric results so they cannot be extrapolated to operating conditions in distillation units.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritesh D Lokhande ◽  
Krishna Chimmani Vamsi

Abstract The country population is increasing rapidly and the needs to make lives easier daily. Some of the essential needs for this generation are crude oil and electricity. India unfortunately does not possess any oil reserves to meet the needs of the country’s demands. So, India is importing oil from other countries. Whenever there are situations like war, pandemic (COVID-19) and other emergencies, the natural oil reserved countries cannot export the oil to other countries which will lead to great chaos in the country. To avoid this situation storing the crude oil is necessary. Building surface giant structures for storing the oil is difficult and won’t be economical. So, India is constructing giant underground structures called caverns, which will reserve the oil. The present study is focused on the stability of the underground cavern structure and understanding the importance of water curtaining system. To analyze the stresses and displacement 2D modelling has been done. In this, wet and dry models are prepared and analysed based on the available geological and geo-technical data to determine the stresses around the cavern and the displacement which will reach on surface due to excavation.


Author(s):  
J. M. Madu ◽  
A. I. Ogbonna ◽  
C. I. C. Ogbonna

Background of the Study: A quantitative assessment of different enzymes that produce the best of hydrolyses of starch, skim milk, carboxymathlcellulose (CMC) and groundnut oil which were further assessed for the production of extracellular enzyme.  Aim: The study aimed at assessing some of the fungal isolates for their abilities to produce the following hydrolytic enzymes; amylase, protease, cellulase and lipase using different medium. Material and Methods:  About 19 fungal species associated with crude oil impacted soil ecosystem. Soil parameters taken were pH, organic matter, water holding capacity and moisture content. Analysis of variance were used to test the effects at statistical significance of P ≤ 0. 05 among the treatments and tukey post hoc tests were used to rank the means. Results: A. fumigatus, A. niger, A.terreus and Basipetospora has the highest frequency of occurrence. A. fumigatus 2 has the highest amylase activity (80mm) while A. clavatus recorded the least (10mm) amylotic activity. A. fumigatus 2 recorded the highest hydrolytic zone of 66.67 mm, followed by A. fumigatus 3 (65 mm) and Curvularialunata which recorded 60mm, respectively. It was revealed that pH of polluted soil sample from the three plots were more acidic than the control (non-polluted soil) 4.81 and 5.72 for plot 1, 5.58 and 6.08 for plot 2 and 5.15 and 6.57 for plot 3 respectively. The water holding capacity, organic matter and moisture content in the polluted soil ranged from 15.02-17.27%, 7.34-8.99 mgkg-1 and 1.23-4.60%, respectively. Conclusion: It was concluded that aspergillus species exhibited maximum hydrolytic potentials of the fungal isolates using different media formulations and these results could provide basic data for further investigations on molecular characterization of fungal extracellular enzymes.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-362
Author(s):  
Joshua L. Baker ◽  
Ryan Mahoney

Oil and gas output in California has declined as the industry faces increasing regulatory and market headwinds. However, California remains a major oil and gas producing jurisdiction at the present. California is the seventh-largest producer of crude oil in the United States and contains the fifth-largest crude oil reserves.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document