Thinking and Rethinking Ethnic Economies

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-462
Author(s):  
Antoine Pécoud
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Ethnic Economy ◽  
Ethnic Entrepreneurship ◽  
Ethnic Economies ◽  
Ethnic Businesses

Studies on ethnic entrepreneurship may be reaching a turning point. This is indicated by the high number of reviews of the literature published in the last few years (Barrett, Jones, and McEvoy; Chan and Ong; Rath, “Introduction”; Rath and Kloosterman). There seems to be a felt need for recapitulations of thirty years of fruitful and dynamic research on the topic. Three or four decades ago, there was no such thing as an “ethnic economy”: as a fact, it barely existed; as a concept, the role of ethnicity in contemporary economic life was largely unexplored. The appearance and growth of ethnic businesses, both in North America and in Western Europe, was followed by a large body of research that is today mature and important enough to be surveyed and evaluated, as in this volume, which can also function as an advanced textbook for new researchers.

scholarly journals ‘When one doesn't even exist’: Europeanization, trans* subjectivities and agency in Cyprus

Sexualities ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 131-153
Author(s):  
Nayia Kamenou
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Community Organizing ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Trans People ◽  
Institutional Responses ◽  
Trans Studies

In the context of Europeanization, transnational LGBTI rights and politics discourses and paradigms interact with local ones. However, the effects of this interaction on trans* people in the margins of ‘Europe’ have received little attention. Drawing from participant observation and interviews with trans* respondents, I examine how trans* subjectivities and politics in Cyprus are shaped amidst this process. I show that institutional responses to trans* claims reinforce trans* marginalization. I find that trans* people are marginalized in, and disappointed by the normalization of, the (trans)national LGBTI movement. I argue that these factors induce alternative modes of everyday trans* politics and community organizing outside NGO structures. Therefore, this article helps decentre trans* studies’ typical focus on Western Europe, North America and Australasia, while offering an analysis of the role of Europeanization in Cypriot LGBTI politics.

Greek Attitudes Towards Women: The Mythological Evidence

1984 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Walcot
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Social Relevance ◽  
New Horizons ◽  
Ancient Society ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
Socially Relevant ◽  
Images Of Women

Students today demand that what they are taught or what they discuss is ‘socially relevant’. A topic appears to exhibit social relevance when it is related to some issue currently reckoned important and the subject of controversy. No topic at present is thought more socially relevant than the role of women in society. Extra-mural students can vote with their feet as undergraduates cannot, and it is significant how regularly the brochures of university extra-mural departments in Britain have come to feature courses with titles such as ‘Women's Studies’, ‘New Horizons for Women’, ‘Images of Women’, and ‘Women Speak’. Teachers of Classics have not been reluctant to devise their own courses on women in antiquity, and it is my impression that no university in North America is without a course of this type, while postgraduate seminars covering the same field of interest seem to have become firmly established throughout Western Europe. Books, articles, and notes on women and ancient society abound, and the resultant bibliography grows more and more daunting each year.

Conceptualizing and Mapping Informality

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-50
Author(s):  
Charles B. Roger
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
North America ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Informal Institutions ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Final Part ◽  
World War

This chapter explains how informal organizations are conceptualized in the book. It also maps temporal and geographic trends. It starts by explaining the idea of a formal international organization and uses this idea as a model to illustrate the contrasting features of informal organizations. The chapter then reviews what are called the distinct “functional properties” and “domestic implications” of formal and informal organizations, which are central for understanding the different theories that have been offered. The final part of the chapter explains how the concept of an informal organization has been operationalized and used to generate a database of informal institutions. Descriptive statistics are presented that help scholars to visualize the institutional terrain any theory of informality must explain. These reveal the extraordinary growth of informal organizations since the end of World War II, as well as the central role of states in North America and Western Europe in that growth.

scholarly journals Gentrification of ethnic businesses in Toronto's Little India: an analysis of ethnic business development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taraneh Etemadi
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Ethnic Economy ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Ethnic Business ◽  
Ethnic Economies ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Business Approach ◽  
Ethnic Businesses

Gentrification of ethnic businesses within ethnic economies is a new phenomenon that is vastly affecting Toronto’s Little India. As a result, research focusing on this issue and analysis on the way in which ethnic businesses have been developed is an important problem to investigate. This research will focus on three main research questions; observing the different looks, practices, styles, and tastes prevalent amongst restaurants in Little India, examining if the styles and tastes projected by restaurants’ ethnic habitus have an impact on how ethnic businesses fare, and assessing if entrepreneurs are able or unable to modify their business practices, and styles. The analysis will be conducted through the lens of the Habitus (Bourdieu, 1987) as a theoretical framework, specifically examining the ways in which self-employed migrants develop their businesses and the role that their ethnic background and culture may have in this process. This research will take an ethnographic methodological approach in conducting the research through two steps, beginning with a naturalistic observation of two restaurants and following up with interviews. The findings determined that slight changes made to the business approach and cultural habitus of ethnic businesses can prove successful in attracting the needs of the surrounding clientele and the gentrifying population. Keywords: gentrification, South Asian, Little India, ethnic economy, self-employed migrants

scholarly journals Gentrification of ethnic businesses in Toronto's Little India: an analysis of ethnic business development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taraneh Etemadi
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Ethnic Economy ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Ethnic Business ◽  
Ethnic Economies ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Business Approach ◽  
Ethnic Businesses

Gentrification of ethnic businesses within ethnic economies is a new phenomenon that is vastly affecting Toronto’s Little India. As a result, research focusing on this issue and analysis on the way in which ethnic businesses have been developed is an important problem to investigate. This research will focus on three main research questions; observing the different looks, practices, styles, and tastes prevalent amongst restaurants in Little India, examining if the styles and tastes projected by restaurants’ ethnic habitus have an impact on how ethnic businesses fare, and assessing if entrepreneurs are able or unable to modify their business practices, and styles. The analysis will be conducted through the lens of the Habitus (Bourdieu, 1987) as a theoretical framework, specifically examining the ways in which self-employed migrants develop their businesses and the role that their ethnic background and culture may have in this process. This research will take an ethnographic methodological approach in conducting the research through two steps, beginning with a naturalistic observation of two restaurants and following up with interviews. The findings determined that slight changes made to the business approach and cultural habitus of ethnic businesses can prove successful in attracting the needs of the surrounding clientele and the gentrifying population. Keywords: gentrification, South Asian, Little India, ethnic economy, self-employed migrants

scholarly journals Muslims in Academia. New Stakeholders, Old Institutions, and the Future of Western Islam

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Thomas Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
Research Themes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
State Of Affairs

Based on the observation that a rising number of scholars and students with Muslim background study and teach Islamic studies in Western Europe and North America, we propose the following two broad hypotheses: 1) that this development within academia will bring about changes within the narrow confines of Academia, but 2) will also have wider implications for the development and formation of Islamic thinking/exegesis in Western Europe and North America and perhaps even core-Islamic countries in the Middle East and South East Asia. In order to understand and assess this new state of affairs and its prospects, we set out to identify and analyse the social, religious, national background and role of these new academic stakeholders, their relevant institutions, programmes, research themes and approaches, challenges and opportunities. Based on the premise that Islam is a religion with strong scripturalist roots (among other roots to be sure) we direct particular attention to that field within Islamic studies that deals specifically with Qur’an and hadîth-related studies. This research project, then, investigates two questions. The first one is the most restricted and relates to organizational matters of the contemporary university (human resources, curriculum, funding etc.) and the Forschungsgeschichte and prospects of Islamic/Qur’ânic studies. The second question is more extensive in scope and probes grand-scale theological-exegetical trends, profiles and scenarios of a so-called Western Islam.

Contemporary Machiavellian theses "The strategy of the role of the absurd state as a model"

2020 ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Ali Hussein Hameed ◽  
Saif Hayder AL.Husainy
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Information Revolution ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Area Of Influence ◽  
The Right ◽  
Modern Technologies

In the anarchism that governs the nature and patterns of international relations characterized by instability and uncertainty in light of several changes, as well as the information revolution and the resulting developments and qualitative breakthroughs in the field of scientific and advanced technological knowledge and modern technologies.  All of these variables pushed toward the information flow and flow tremendously, so rationality became an indispensable matter for the decision maker as he faces these developments and changes. There must be awareness and rationality in any activity or behavior because it includes choosing the best alternative and making the right decision and selecting the information accurately and mental processing Through a mental system based on objectivity, methodology, and accumulated experience away from idealism and imagination, where irrationality and anarchy are a reflection of the fragility of the decision-maker, his lack of awareness of the subject matter, his irresponsibility, and recklessness that inevitably leads to failure by wasting time and Effort and potential. The topic acquires its importance from a search in the strategies of the frivolous state and its characteristics with the ability to influence the regional, and what it revealed is a turning point in how to adapt from the variables and employ them to their advantage and try to prove their existence. Thus, the problem comes in the form of a question about the possibility of the frivolous state in light of the context of various regional and international events and trends. The answer to this question stems from the main hypothesis that (the aim which the frustrating state seeks to prove is that it finds itself compelled to choose several strategies that start from the nature of its characteristics and the goals that aim at it, which are centered in the circle of its interests in the field of its struggle for the sake of its survival and area of influence).

Economic resource of ethnic identity in the conditions of current migration processes

2020 ◽  
pp. 72-84
Author(s):  
Maryna Anatol'evna Igosheva
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Commercial Activity ◽  
Ethnic Economy ◽  
Economic Resource ◽  
Ethnic Entrepreneurship

The object of this research is the problem of confrontation between the traditional forms of economic activity of ethnocultural communities and unifying effect of economic integration in the context of migration processes. The establishment of world economic system in the modern conditions of global transformation created an unprecedented level of interdependence of the economies of nation states and general rules of their functioning. At the same time, the traditional forms of economies that are greatly affected by ethnic factor also retain. The author explores such questions as definition of the concepts “ethnic economy” and “ethnic entrepreneurship” within the scientific discourse, the factors of emergence of these economic phenomena, proclivity of particular ethnoses for commercial activity and small business. Special attention is paid to the analysis of ethnic entrepreneurship as a form of economic activity of local communities in the foreign cultural space. It is demonstrated that being in a new social environment and attempting to adjust to it, the representatives of ethnic group occupy free zones in economic system of the country, or create own forms of economic activity related to cultural traditions of the ethnos. The acquires results allow to theoretically substantiate that ethnic identity has a strong economic potential, which manifests in the forms of ethnic economy, ethnic entrepreneurship, and stimulates the process economic adaptation of migrants in the accepting society. Affiliation to a particular ethnocultural community significantly influences economic behavior of the people; its specificity is defined by the set of historical, cultural, and economic and living conditions of the ethnos. Economic potential of ethnic identity is substantiated by a number of factors: historically established forms of organization of economic activity of the ethnos; preservation of economic structure due to localization of life of the traditional communities; reproduction of the tested model of economic behavior; specifics of economic culture with the value orientations of a local ethnic community.

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