Morphology Detection in Archaeological Ancient Sites by Using UAVs/Drones Data and GIS techniques

Today, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or Drones are a valuable source of data on inspection, surveillance, mapping and 3D modelling matters. Drones can be considered as the new alternative of classic manned aerial photography due to their low cost and high spatial resolution. In this study, drones were used to study archaeological sites. The archaeological Nineveh site, which is a very famous site located in heart of the city of Mosul, in northern Iraq, was chosen. This site was the largest capital of the Assyrian Empire 3000 years ago. The site contains an external wall that includes many gates, most of which were destroyed when Daesh occupied the city in 2014. The local population of the city of Mosul has also largely overtaken the central part of this archaeological site, while the northern and southern parts are still uninhabited. The awareness of the existence of unchanged surface and ground forms in the northern or southern parts led us to prepare an urgent study to interpret the outer surface of those parts and to analyze any discovery in the surface morphology. So, drone data and GIS technologies were used in this study to find any discovery that could aid in understanding the original surface of this ancient site. Visual and digital interpretations of satellite images, drone images, and Digital Surface Models (DSMs) were used to analyze and study the data. As a final result, certain morphological features were identified in the southern parts of the ancient site which could be a new archaeological and compositional discovery with reference to the earlier activities of the ancient society during the Assyrian empires, represented by the ditches and building lands used by the ancient inhabitants. Small modern tunnels penetrated the ancient wall were also discovered in addition, to a drainage canal and a motorway newly constructed during the occupation of the city that had penetrated the archaeological land.

What Space Is This Time? Historiography in the Space of History

In asking the question embedded in the title, this article explores the tension between inertia and change in cultural historical studies. Inertia in this context does not mean inactive or inert (i.e., without active properties), but the structural constraints that are revealed when codes, forms, practices, roles, etc., contest. What kinds and forms of socio-cultural knowledge, values, or structures are maintained, developed, or abandoned across geographies and throughout a system’s history? Rather than thinking in terms of core and margin and related binaries of difference and “othering,” inertia and change as historiographical strategies focus on the dynamics that affect social systems and structures, preserving some systems to conserve energy while introducing or forsaking others. In the process of exploring these spaces in historiographical time, this article draws historical examples from attempts among scholars and performers in the United States in the latter nineteenth century to stage “American” histories that stored, rejected, and created past and contemporaneous historical spaces at such sites as Lewis Henry Morgan’s view of Ancient Society (1877), the Columbian Exposition of 1893, and Buffalo Bill’s Wild West.

Sound in Udmurt Rituals

This article is dedicated to the Udmurt’s understanding of the world of sounds, their norms of behaviour towards sound in the acoustic community. The Udmurt sound worldview has been formed under the influence of the surrounding landscape. The peculiar sound of the Forest, that the Udmurt see and hear in their particular way, causes a particular sound reaction and musical approach. According to tradition, the voice of a singing person must fit into the natural soundscape in order to respect acoustic balance. Within the hunting and fishing cults, singing has received the particular function of a magic incantation. The texts of incantatory songs in hunting and in honey producing, are characterised by incantation formulas as well as by different kinds of sound imitations. The collective community ritual singing is one of the most important elements that organise the Udmurt’s soundscape. The acoustic code is integrated in a whole system of ritual practices; it sanctifies the surrounding cultural and natural landscape. The spring-summer half of the year is characterised by a particularly strong intensity of sounds, as in the most significant calendar holiday, the beginning of the agricultural year, Akashka / Byddzh’ym nunal. The rituals of welcoming have their own aesthetics of sound behaviour. According to the Udmurt community’s mentality, the voice of the singing person is not supposed to stand out of the general sound field. Everywhere, the skilful singer occupies a peculiar position on the Udmurt society: they are valued and respected. At the same time, the belief according to which those who are able to sing well are deeply unhappy in life is very widespread. Taking into account that human voice and singing, in the representations of the Udmurt, possessed a huge force and influence on the surrounding world, we may infer that the singer (the skilful singer!) in the ancient society, who mastered this complicated art, had particular authority. It is even possible that at some moments, he/she fulfilled the function of a mediator between the worlds. And similarly to the shaman, the good singer, usto kyrdzh’as’ could not refuse to practice his/her art, this art given him/her by fate. Thus, the Udmurt’s sound worldview is encompassed into an ontological worldview, which sets the rules of behaviour. It requires a proper sound behaviour inside the natural space as well as in the socio-cultural one, and determines the Udmurt’s behaviour not only in their natural environment but also in the urban space.

Traceological Analysis of Stone Tools of Miners and Metallurgists from Zhezkazgan Copper Deposits

This article presents the results of a traceological study of two collections of stone tools – tools of miners from the Kresto-Center quarry and metallurgists from the Milykuduk settlement, located in the zone of Zhezkazgan copper deposits in the Zhezkazgan-Ulytau Mining and Metallurgical Center (MMC). Structural and raw materials, typological, technological, functional, and contextual analyses were used to study the collection, which consists of 63 items. As a result of the research, it was found that the settlement of Milykuduk was engaged in ore processing, and the Kresto Center quarry was engaged in its extraction. The metallurgical specialization of the population of Zhezkazgan-Ulytau MMC was dictated by the richest deposits of oxidized and sulfide copper ore. Region Saryarka was one of the largest centers of mining and ancient metallurgy for the entire Northern Eurasia during the Late Bronze Age. Mining and metallurgical production was an important and complex production process of antiquity, the level of which was an indicator of the development of the productive forces of ancient society.

ORIGIN OF HEAD CROWNS IN ANCIENT AESTIA AND PRUSSIANS

The archaeological material of the south-eastern Baltic States contains several rare specimens of typeset head corollas for the antiquities of the Western Balts. The conclusions obtained as a result of the analysis of the head corollas of the Western Balts of the I-XIV centuries can be presented as follows: 1. Northern European masters at the beginning of our era created their own versions of head wreaths, based on examples of ancient votive wreaths. The latter were used both in triumphal events and at the burial of notable members of ancient society. It remains unclear under what conditions the Scandinavians could adopt the idea of a votive wreath, reworking it in the form of head corollas. 2. In phase B1, individual representatives of the northern tribes appear on Sambia, who brought crowns with them to the Amber Coast as part of the matrimonial "import", which were attached in especially solemn (cult ?) in cases of head covering. 3. In Roman times, head crowns did not find their place in the material culture of the population of the western outskirts of the Baltic world. In the early Middle Ages, through the mediation of master jewelers of south-eastern Europe, the tradition of wearing corollas made using Byzantine traditions spread in the Baltic States. It is possible that these traditions came to the Baltic States with groups of artisans along the Vislin trade route – the ancient Great Amber Road.

A Research on The Articles Published in The ‘Thenakam’ Tamil Magazine During The Period 1993 – 2017

The “Thenakam” magazine is published from 1993 as an annual magazine by the Manmunai North Divisional Secretariat, which is among the 14 Divisional Secretariats in the Batticaloa District. The research study is carried out based on the contents, analysis perspective and description perspective on the articles published in the“Thenakam” magazine. All these articles are categorized as History, Art, performance, Literature, Folklore, Society, Individual Personality, Education and others. History related articles are categorizedas History of Batticaloa, Ancient Society History of Batticaloa, Historical Icons of Batticaloa, Arts related articles are categorized asBatticaloa’s Unique Traditional Art of “Kooththu”, Drama, Dance, Art, and others are categorized as Arts Aspects Music, Astrology, “Kalikambu”, Building, “Silambu”, “Manthirikam” (Magic), Literature related articles are categorized as Books, Poems, Small Stories, Novels, Magazine, Folklorerelated articles are categorized as Vocal Songs, Stories, Traditional of Batticaloa, Society related articles are categorized as “Burgers”, “Muslims”, “Mukkukar”, “Parayar”, and individual personality related articles of “Master Sivalingam”, “SwamyVipulananthar”, “Rajaparathy”, “D.G.Somasundaram”, “Neelavaanan”, “M.Sivapalan”, “V.Ananthan”, “Supathiran”, “Anthonipillai”, “Thiraviam”, “Tambimuthu” “Pithan” are categorized.

Hippias’s “Collection” — a handbook for a man of wisdom

Despite the obvious revival of interest in the First Sophistry in recent decades, Hippias of Elis is poorly considered in the con-text of the history of ancient education. Evidences about his phil-osophical views are not investigated as something significant in the development of ancient philosophy. Usually Hippias is inter-preted as a representative of the nascent genre of doxography. Meanwhile, there is an opportunity to consider evidence of his work, teaching, genre of his texts as an element of the history of the “higher” levels of ancient education, intended for successful and self-sufficient members of ancient society. This social type was formed precisely in the era of the First Sophistry. The cen-tral subject of this paper is the «Collection» of Hippias. Despite the minimum of information about this text available to a mod-ern scholar, there is a steady tendency to associate a number of evidences about the work of Hippias with this text. I will try to show that the hypothetical content of the “Collection” is in good agreement with the available information about the wisdom of Hippias. First of all, it corresponds to his belief in the diversity and plurality of being. This is the origin of the sophist's multi-scholarship — the multiplicity of being (the bodies of beings) forces us to develop a variety of knowledge concerning the most diverse aspects of life, its various manifestations. The methodol-ogy of his work was connected with this: Hippias singled out the most important and “homogeneous”. It allowed him to classify the material in full accordance with the tasks facing him. As a re-sult, firstly, this text was an attempt to systematize human knowledge about existence in its most important sections (the beginning of everything, the gods, history, the experience of re-markable people). Secondly, it was a teaching guide that allowed not only to learn various facts, but also helped to formulate judgments about the past so that it became a source of experience for the present. And thirdly, it was an auxiliary mnemonic tool, important for the process of writing speeches or rhetorical im-provisation.

Upbringing and education of children in context letters of Pythagorean woman philosophers

The article reveals in detail the understanding of raising children in the context of two pseudo-epigraphic letters of Pythagorean wonan thinkers – Theano and Myia of Crotone. Based on these letters, it was found that pedagogical issues were important in general for the whole Pythagorean tradition. In fact, we can say that this early Greek philosophical school was the first to systematically and comprehensively approach the problem of upbringing and education in ancient society. It is hypothesized that this topic is not accidentally in the center of attention of these philosophers, because their authority was the greatest among all other representatives of this philosophical school. The author’s position is proved that Theano of Crotone letter to Eubule focuses on moderation in education, which is aimed at avoiding luxury, fulfilling all children’s whims, comfort. This is the purpose of hardening in difficult circumstances in order to withstand with dignity all the potential difficulties of adult life. Accordingly, if you do not raise a child in certain restrictions, then, according to Theano, it may well be unprepared for certain trials that may occur. The thesis is substantiated that the key task of upbringing and education, according to Myia of Crotone letter, is moderation, prudence and balance, which is based on both archaic elements and Hellenistic plots, which testifies to the skill of writing this letter. It is revealed that the Pythagorean principles of education, according to both philosophers, have no gender difference. This is because both girls and boys, if they grow up in luxury, comfort and do not know the limitations, can potentially become dangerous both for themselves and for society as a whole. It is emphasized that according to the style of writing, these letters are not so much moral and ethical as paraenetic epistolary genre, ie they act as advice on the upbringing and education of the younger generation. Because of this, these letters are such sources of ancient culture, which are one of the few that are devoted to the philosophical understanding of upbringing and education.

Introduction

This Introduction presents a study of Latin vocabulary for solitude as background for replacing bipartite divisions of Roman life (e.g., otium and negotium, “public” and “private”) with a tripartite model comprising public, private, and solitary spheres. It outlines this model’s applicability to Greek literature and philosophy, Roman religion, and Roman law, leading to a discussion of the Roman bedroom (cubiculum) and the solitary reading and writing to which it could be home. Reviewing the history of scholarship on Roman society, religion, and literature from antiquity through the present, it demonstrates how and why solitude has been written out of the study of Roman culture, and how the problem of solitude relates to the question of the individual in ancient society. Finally, it explores the relationship of literature to Rome’s solitary sphere in the age of Virgil, addressing problems of periodization, the relationship between literary criticism, philosophy, and literary production.