NEUROSONOGRAPHIC STUDY OF CHILDREN WITH HYPOXIC-ISCHEMIC BRAIN IJURY

The study is aimed at neurosonographic characteristics of brain injury in newborn patients with perinatal hypoxic-ischemic injury of central nervous system, complicated with inflectional process (meningitis, ventriculitis). It is settled that brain immaturity, hydrocephalic syndrome, ischemia of the brain tissue and intraventricular hemorrhages are found 2 times more often in infants with perinatal hypoxic-ischemic injury of central nervous system, complicated with inflectional process. This fact generally characterizes disorders of the hemato-encephalic barrier and the development of destructive processes in the tissue of the brain.

CX3CL1 Recruits NK Cells Into the Central Nervous System and Aggravates Brain Injury of Mice Caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis Infection

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fcimb.2021.672720 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Rong Zhang ◽

Tingting Miao ◽

Min Qin ◽

Chengsi Zhao ◽

Wei Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Flow Cytometry ◽

Nervous System ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Nk Cells ◽

Brain Tissue ◽

Brain Damage ◽

Adoptive Transfer ◽

Angiostrongylus Cantonensis ◽

The Brain

BackgroundAngiostrongylus cantonensis (A. cantonensis), is a food-borne zoonotic parasite that can cause central nervous system (CNS) injury characterized by eosinophilic meningitis. However, the pathogenesis of angiostrongylosis remains elusive. Natural killer cells (NK cells) are unique innate lymphocytes important in early defense against pathogens. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of NK cells in A. cantonensis infection and to elucidate the key factors that recruit NK cells into the CNS.MethodsMouse model of A. cantonensis infection was established by intragastric administration of third-stage larvae. The expression of cytokines and chemokines at gene and protein levels was analyzed by qRT-PCR and ELISA. Distribution of NK cells was observed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against YAC-1 cells was detected by LDH release assay. The ability of NK cells to secrete cytokines was determined by intracellular flow cytometry and ELISA. Depletion and adoptive transfer of NK cells in vivo was induced by tail vein injection of anti-asialo GM1 rabbit serum and purified splenic NK cells, respectively. CX3CL1 neutralization experiment was performed by intraperitoneal injection of anti-CX3CL1 rat IgG.ResultsThe infiltration of NK cells in the CNS of A. cantonensis-infected mice was observed from 14 dpi and reached the peak on 18 and 22 dpi. Compared with uninfected splenic NK cells, the CNS-infiltrated NK cells of infected mice showed enhanced cytotoxicity and increased IFN-γ and TNF-α production ability. Depletion of NK cells alleviated brain injury, whereas adoptive transfer of NK cells exacerbated brain damage in A. cantonensis-infected mice. The expression of CX3CL1 in the brain tissue and its receptor CX3CR1 on the CNS-infiltrated NK cells were both elevated after A. cantonensis infection. CX3CL1 neutralization reduced the percentage and absolute number of the CNS-infiltrated NK cells and relieved brain damage caused by A. cantonensis infection.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that the up-regulated CX3CL1 in the brain tissue recruits NK cells into the CNS and aggravates brain damage caused by A. cantonensis infection. The findings improve the understanding of the pathogenesis of angiostrongyliasis and expand the therapeutic intervention in CNS disease.

Consequences of Anoxia and Ischemia to the Brain

Mayo Clinic Critical and Neurocritical Care Board Review ◽

10.1093/med/9780190862923.003.0011 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 86-91

Author(s):

Jennifer E. Fugate

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Cerebral Edema ◽

Secondary Injury ◽

Neurologic Manifestations ◽

Ischemic Brain ◽

Electrolyte Disturbances ◽

The Brain

Systemic illness can have an abrupt and sometimes profound effect on the central nervous system. Organ failure and acute electrolyte disturbances may cause neurologic manifestations that are often accompanied by a decline in consciousness. Secondary injury is characterized by demyelination, cerebral edema, and anoxic-ischemic brain injury.

Cytoflavin in the treatment of infants with hypoxic-ischemic injury of the central nervous system in the pre- perinatal period

SOVREMENNAYA PEDIATRIYA ◽

10.15574/sp.2015.65.119 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 119-122

Author(s):

V. Martyniuk ◽

◽

O. Maistruk ◽

O. Nadonenko ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Ischemic Injury ◽

Perinatal Period ◽

Abstract 13824: Computerized Tomography vs Ultrasound Imaging for Detecting Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.144.suppl_2.13824 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 144 (Suppl_2) ◽

Author(s):

Benjamin Karfunkle ◽

Pavitra Kotini-shah ◽

Richard Gordon ◽

Jing Li ◽

Misha Granado ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Brain Injury ◽

Hospital Discharge ◽

Computerized Tomography ◽

Point Of Care ◽

Ischemic Injury ◽

Ct Head ◽

Ct Brain ◽

Initial Imaging ◽

The Brain ◽

Introduction: After an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), the resulting hypoxic-ischemic injury (HII) to the brain remains the main cause of mortality. Standardized approaches for measuring the extent of injury and monitoring of changes are lacking and continue to be a critical barrier to progress in improving neurological survival. Objective: We sought to characterize the prevalence of HII detected on computerized tomography of the brain and its correlation to point-of-care optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measurements as an alternative modality for detecting brain injury. Methods: Adult OHCA patients at an urban academic ED were included in this study on a convenience sample basis from 2018-2019. The patients were grouped by findings of hypoxic-ischemic injury (HII) on both initial and subsequent CT brain imaging performed after ROSC in respective groups. CT Brain findings were compared to ONSD measurements as performed with point-of-care ultrasound by fellowship-trained emergency physicians within one hour of hospital arrival and at 6 hours, after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and to cerebral performance category (CPC) at hospital discharge. Results: 76 patients enrolled in the study had a median age was 59, 49% were female, and 37% survived to hospital discharge. 58 patients had CT head performed, 40 had ONSD measured within one hour, and 27 patients had both. Of that 27, 9 (33%) had evidence of HII on initial imaging and 15 (55%) had evidence of HII on subsequent imaging for a total of 20 unique patients. The average ONSD within 1 hour of ROSC for those with no HII on any imaging was 0.59 cm, and for those without HII on initial imaging but with HII on subsequent imaging was 0.67 cm, and this difference was statistically significant (p< 0.05). Of the 20 patients with HI, 14 (70%) patients died and 6 (30%) survived with a CPC of 4. The average time to first CT head was 4 hours and 45 mins and the average time to subsequent imaging was 97 hours and 45 mins. Conclusion: After an OHCA, early time point ONSD measurements can potentially indicate brain injury within 1 hour of ROSC even in those without initial evidence of HII on CT imaging.

Neuroprotection Against Hypoxic/Ischemic Injury: δ-Opioid Receptors and BDNF-TrkB Pathway

Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry ◽

10.1159/000489808 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

pp. 302-315 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Shiying Sheng ◽

Jingzhong Huang ◽

Yi Ren ◽

Feng Zhi ◽

Xuansong Tian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Opioid Receptors ◽

Ischemic Injury ◽

Mammalian Brain ◽

Ionic Homeostasis ◽

Ischemic Brain ◽

Neuronal Transmission ◽

The Brain ◽

Excitatory Transmitter ◽

Hypoxic Ischemic Injury ◽

Ischemic Stress

The delta-opioid receptor (DOR) is one of three classic opioid receptors in the opioid system. It was traditionally thought to be primarily involved in modulating the transmission of messages along pain signaling pathway. Although there were scattered studies on its other neural functions, inconsistent results and contradicting conclusions were found in past literatures, especially in terms of DOR’s role in a hypoxic/ischemic brain. Taking inspiration from the finding that the turtle brain exhibits a higher DOR density and greater tolerance to hypoxic/ischemic insult than the mammalian brain, we clarified DOR’s specific role in the brain against hypoxic/ischemic injury and reconciled previous controversies in this aspect. Our serial studies have strongly demonstrated that DOR is a unique neuroprotector against hypoxic/ischemic injury in the brain, which has been well confirmed in current research. Moreover, mechanistic studies have shown that during acute phases of hypoxic/ischemic stress, DOR protects the neurons mainly by the stabilization of ionic homeostasis, inhibition of excitatory transmitter release, and attenuation of disrupted neuronal transmission. During prolonged hypoxia/ischemia, however, DOR neuroprotection involves a variety of signaling pathways. More recently, our data suggest that DOR may display its neuroprotective role via the BDNF-TrkB pathway. This review concisely summarizes the progress in this field.

Responses of the central nervous system to acute hypoxic-ischemic injury and related conditions

Forensic Neuropathology ◽

10.1016/b978-012058527-4/50012-2 ◽

2007 ◽

pp. 289-305

Author(s):

Hideo H. Itabashi ◽

John M. Andrews ◽

Uwamie Tomiyasu ◽

Stephanie S. Erlich ◽

Lakshmanan Sathyavagiswaran

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Ischemic Injury ◽

Features of mothers’ emotional experience during the hospitalization of newborns in connection with hypoxic affection of the central nervous system

Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Psychology ◽

10.21638/spbu16.2021.106 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 89-102

Author(s):

Irina Mamaychuk ◽

◽

Julia Milanich ◽

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Emotional Experience ◽

Ischemic Injury ◽

Full Term ◽

Term Infants ◽

Injury Grade ◽

Grade Ii ◽

Mothers of newborns with central nervous system pathology tend to experience more severe psychological distress and difficulty in forming a favourable relationship to their child than mothers of healthy infants. To provide psychological assistance, there is a need to better understand the features of the experience that parents find stressful and which ones are positive, in order to cope with stress. The objective of the research was to study mothers’ emotional experience during the hospitalization of newborns with hypoxic affection of the central nervous system (CNS). The research included 40 women admitted together with their children to the newborn pathology department: 22 mothers of full-term infants with hypoxic-ischemic injury (grade II and III), 18 mothers of preterm infants (29–34 weeks) with hypoxic-ischemic injury (grade II and III), intraventricular hemorrhage (grade II and III), and combined ischemic and hemorrhagic damage. Women responded to the questions of the original clinical-psychological interview and the data was processed qualitatively and quantitatively. The article describes the factors and content of negative and positive emotions of mothers in the period of hospitalization. The data on the contradictory nature of mothers’ reports of their feelings is presented: answers to direct questions are chiefly of a positive or ambivalent emotional background, while answers to projective questions primarily reflect a negative emotional background. It is shown that with a combination of prematurity and hypoxic affection of the child’s CNS, women have a more negative emotional background than that of the respondents who had delivered a full-term child. Conclusions are made about the effect of attitude on a “socially desirable” response during the description of the emotional experience, about less favorable emotional experience of mothers who delivered children prematurely with the pathology of the CNS.

Nonreceptor Protein Tyrosine Kinases

Fyn in Neurodevelopment and Ischemic Brain Injury

Developmental Neuroscience ◽

10.1159/000369995 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 37 (4-5) ◽

pp. 311-320 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Renatta Knox ◽

Xiangning Jiang

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Tyrosine Kinases ◽

Src Family Kinases ◽

Mutant Mice ◽

Protein Tyrosine Kinases ◽

Ischemic Brain Injury ◽

Ischemic Brain ◽

The Brain ◽

The Src family kinases (SFKs) are nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases that are implicated in many normal and pathological processes in the nervous system. The SFKs Fyn, Src, Yes, Lyn, and Lck are expressed in the brain. This review will focus on Fyn, as Fyn mutant mice have striking phenotypes in the brain and Fyn has been shown to be involved in ischemic brain injury in adult rodents and, with our work, in neonatal animals. An understanding of Fyn's role in neurodevelopment and disease will allow researchers to target pathological pathways while preserving protective ones.

Immunomodulation with Human Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells Ameliorates Ischemic Brain Injury – A Brain Transcriptome Profiling Analysis

Cell Transplantation ◽

10.1177/0963689719836763 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 28 (7) ◽

pp. 864-873 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Maple L. Shiao ◽

Ce Yuan ◽

Andrew T. Crane ◽

Joseph P. Voth ◽

Mario Juliano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Umbilical Cord Blood ◽

Ischemic Injury ◽

Ischemic Brain Injury ◽

Ischemic Brain ◽

Brain Transcriptome ◽

Blood Stem Cells ◽

Cord Blood Stem Cells ◽

The Brain

Our group previously demonstrated that administration of a CD34-negative fraction of human non- hematopoietic umbilical cord blood stem cells (UCBSC) 48 h after ischemic injury could reduce infarct volume by 50% as well as significantly ameliorate neurological deficits. In the present study, we explored possible mechanisms of action using next generation RNA sequencing to analyze the brain transcriptome profiles in rats with ischemic brain injury following UCBSC therapy. Two days after ischemic injury, rats were treated with UCBSC. Five days after administration, total brain mRNA was then extracted for RNAseq analysis using Illumina Hiseq 2000. We found 275 genes that were significantly differentially expressed after ischemic injury compared with control brains. Following UCBSC treatment, 220 of the 275 differentially expressed genes returned to normal levels. Detailed analysis of these altered transcripts revealed that the vast majority were associated with activation of the immune system following cerebral ischemia which were normalized following UCBSC therapy. Major alterations in gene expression profiles after ischemia include blood-brain-barrier breakdown, cytokine production, and immune cell infiltration. These results suggest that UCBSC protect the brain following ischemic injury by down regulating the aberrant activation of innate and adaptive immune responses.