From the history of the psychological school of Lenin- grad/St. Petersburg University: Nina Albertovna Grishchenko

The article is devoted to the research and life of the scientist-psychologist and teacher Nina Albertovna Grishchenko, who worked for more than 50 years at the Leningrad — St. Petersburg University and is a prominent representative of the psychological school of Boris Ananyev. She created methods for studying the integral structure of the psychomotor organization and studied the patterns of development of psychomotor skills in different periods of ontogenesis, in various types of professional activity. She was the author of the first monograph in Russia devoted to the psychomotor organization of an adult, was the co-author of five monographs and six textbooks for psychology students and practitioners. Grishchenko’s works made a significant contribution to the creation of a psychological service in the education system, the development of psychological foundations and methods of professional orientation and the study of the impact of the effects of radiation pollution on the intellectual potential and development of a person. The results of her research are relevant today for the theory and applied branches of psychology. She successfully combined scientific work with the training and education of students and postgraduates, was a teacher with a capital letter and brought up many generations of psychologists who work in different parts of Russia and abroad. The article presents the memories of Nina Albertovna’s students from different years.

Metacognitive regulation, basic psychological needs and subjective vitality of first year university students

Intellectual performance is influenced by many factors, besides intelligence and cognitive skills, including the type of motivation and metacognitive regulation. The authors of the arti- cle became interested in the question of whether there is a connection between productivity of metacognitive regulation and different types of motivation (extrinsic and intrinsic). Accord- ing to the self-determination theory (SDT), maintaining intrinsic (autonomous) motivation requires satisfying of one’s basic psychological needs. Also, SDT distinguishes the concepts of self-control and self-regulation (a particular case of which is metacognitive regulation) and postulates the existence of a connection between self-regulation and the level of subjective vitality. The aim of the study was to test the following hypothesis: the higher the level of satisfaction of three basic psychological needs and the level of subjective vitality, the higher the level of productivity of metacognitive regulation of intellectual performance. Participants (first-year university students, n = 116, 70 men) completed Russian versions of two questionnaires, created inside the SDT paradigm: “Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale” and “Subjective Vitality Scale”. To assess the productivity of metacognitive regulation of intellectual activity, a new modified version of the questionnaire “Features of intellectual activity” (D.N.Makarova, M.V.Osorina) was used. Multiple regression analysis was performed using SPSS to test the hypothesis. The final model, which explains 31.4 % of the variance of the dependent variable, shows that the higher the level of subjective vitality and the levels of satisfaction of need in autonomy and competence, the higher the level of productivity of metacognitive regulation of intellectual performance. The proposed hypothesis was partly refuted: no relationship was found between the level of satisfaction of the need in relatedness and the level of productivity of metacognitive regulation.

Personal strength in the “VIA” model as a predictor of a teacher’s well-being in the professional sphere

This article examines the “predictive model of personal well-being of a teacher in the professional sphere” developed by the authors based on a study conducted on a wide sample of teachers in the Russian Federation (N=7946). The presented model is based on the VIA (Values in Action) model, one of the key measures in the scientific direction of positive psychology. In the course of the study, 14 personal strengths out of 24 in the original model, which have the greatest multiplier effect of usefulness for personal well-being in the professional sphere of education were identified. Personal well-being in the professional sphere is described as a set of personal factors, including, first of all, high self-efficacy of the individual and the absence of professional burnout, and secondly, the individual’s general psychological well-being represented by life satisfaction and self-esteem. The authors believe that the resulting model can become an effective tool for the practical application of the concepts of positive psychology. On the one hand, it can be applied in the field of vocational guidance of young people. On the other hand, the model can be used as a tool for the development of professional competence of teachers in the field of personal well-being in the professional sphere, for example, in the form of selecting the most effective positive psychological interventions (PPI). The authors con clude that in the future, it is possible to scale the presented concept to other professional areas.

Analysis of caregiver-child interaction when transferring children from a baby home to post-institutional families

The article presents a study of characteristics of the interaction of children with the experience of institutionalization and caregivers both at the departure from a baby home and at different stages of living in post-institutional families, as well as their comparison with characteristics of interaction of parents and children in biological families. Previous studies have shown that the quality of interaction with a caregiver is one of the factors that mitigate the effects of early deprivation. To assess the quality of interaction, the PCERA method was used, based on the analysis of video recordings of a child and his caregiver during free play. A total of 31 cases of interaction between caregivers and children with the experience of institutionalization (IE; average age 29.3 ± 22.9 months) and 51 cases of interaction in biological families (BF; 38.8 ± 17.5 months) were analyzed. It was found that during the transition from a baby home to a post-institutional family, the quality of caregiver-child interaction remains at a relatively low level. In the first 24 months of a child’s residence in a family, foster parents have a lower level of sensitivity, mirroring and involvement in interaction with a child, more unpredictable behavior and negative emotions than parents in BF. After 24 months in a post-institutional family, children show a decrease in emotional stability and compliance and an increase in negative affect, in comparison with the assessment at the departure from an institution and in relation to their peers from a BF. At the same time, the overall total and some child’s indicators improve with increasing age of children in both the IE and BF groups. The results obtained underline the need to create psychological follow-up programs for post-institutional families aimed at supporting the development of interaction and the formation of attachment at the earliest stages after the child is transitioned to a post-institutional family.

Urban capital and the chronotope of the city: A new look at urban everyday life

The article considers various aspects of urban everyday life, its role in the development of motivation and individualization of human life strategies. The concept of urban capital is introduced and its forms, which positively and negatively affect the formation of the features of urban everyday life, are revealed. The levels of urban capital, which allow to explore the individual style of urban socialization are highlighted. Furthermore, the relationship between urban identity and the internal form of the city chronotope is analyzed. It is shown that common to all variants of human positioning in the city space is the identification or attitude to various aspects of urban capital — localization, city status, social and ecological environment. It is proved that the main difference between these concepts is in the focusing of urban identity (as well as in a sharper form of urban capital) on the external parameters of the city environment, while the internal form of the urban chronotope emphasizes the inner feeling of a person, his own experience in certain places and time in a particular cityscape. This difference indicates the role of the personal chronotope, its internal form in the self-development and self-realization of a person and the connection with existence, intentionality of the personality. The similarity of the concepts of individual chronotope and small chronotope is shown; their influence on the development of the plot (in literature) and the structuring of the human world (in psychology) is analyzed. The relationship between individual parameters of the internal form of a personal chronotope as well as places and times in a small chronotope in their role in restructuring the large chronotope of a city into the human world is examined.

Protective and provocative family factors of aggressive behavior in children and adolescents

The article examines the protective and the provocative family factors of aggressive behavior in children and adolescents. The negative influence of aggression on the process of socialization is described as well as possible ways of preventive influence to even out the negative influence. During the analysis of scientific literature, including empirical studies of family factors and their influence on the manifestation of aggressive behavior in children and adolescents, two significant clusters are identified: a family’s socio-demographic factors and intrafamily psychological factors as well as social attitudes. In this article, the authors describe a family’s psychological factors, and social attitudes in terms of their protective or provocative influence on the manifestation of aggressive behavior in children and adolescents, as well as in terms of a possible preventive and/or corrective effect on these factors. The frequent manifestation of acts of aggression, as well as the high level of aggressiveness and hostility of children and adolescents relative to the average indicators of their society, is considered as a consequence of deviations in the process of their socialization. The relationship between aggressive behavior and socialization allow the authors to state the importance of a complex integrated approach to the prevention and correction of the aggressive behavior of children and adolescents from the “risk group” from such “agents” of socialization as family and school. The work also examines current examples of complex preventive impact on the personality of a student with the help of positive psychological interventions (PPI), based on the example of foreign experience in the use of PPI. In addition, it substantiates the need for coordinated interaction between the institution of the family and the educational institution for an effective positive impact on the processes of socialization, as well as for the prevention and/or correction of aggressive behavior of minors.

Features of mothers’ emotional experience during the hospitalization of newborns in connection with hypoxic affection of the central nervous system

Mothers of newborns with central nervous system pathology tend to experience more severe psychological distress and difficulty in forming a favourable relationship to their child than mothers of healthy infants. To provide psychological assistance, there is a need to better understand the features of the experience that parents find stressful and which ones are positive, in order to cope with stress. The objective of the research was to study mothers’ emotional experience during the hospitalization of newborns with hypoxic affection of the central nervous system (CNS). The research included 40 women admitted together with their children to the newborn pathology department: 22 mothers of full-term infants with hypoxic-ischemic injury (grade II and III), 18 mothers of preterm infants (29–34 weeks) with hypoxic-ischemic injury (grade II and III), intraventricular hemorrhage (grade II and III), and combined ischemic and hemorrhagic damage. Women responded to the questions of the original clinical-psychological interview and the data was processed qualitatively and quantitatively. The article describes the factors and content of negative and positive emotions of mothers in the period of hospitalization. The data on the contradictory nature of mothers’ reports of their feelings is presented: answers to direct questions are chiefly of a positive or ambivalent emotional background, while answers to projective questions primarily reflect a negative emotional background. It is shown that with a combination of prematurity and hypoxic affection of the child’s CNS, women have a more negative emotional background than that of the respondents who had delivered a full-term child. Conclusions are made about the effect of attitude on a “socially desirable” response during the description of the emotional experience, about less favorable emotional experience of mothers who delivered children prematurely with the pathology of the CNS.

Memory for the source of solutions in remote associate tasks: The role of generation effect and the Aha!-experience

The aim of the current work is to study the role of the Aha!-experience in remembering the source of solutions, either self-generated or externally presented. In memory studies there are specific source-monitoring errors, which occur whenever a participant claims to have generated an idea that was derived from different sources (unconscious plagiarism). Several previous studies have shown that experiencing the feeling of Aha! during either problem-solving or the presentation of the correct solutions can have a beneficial relationship to the subsequent recall of the material with the processing of which it was associated. However, studies of the Aha!-experience on the source monitoring task (self-generated solutions vs presented solutions) have not been conducted. In the authors’ study, the hypothesis that the feeling of Aha!, associated with the task being solved, can affect source-monitoring accuracy. During the first stage of the experiment, participants (80 people) had to solve Compound Remote Associates Task items and to estimate whether they had a feeling of Aha!, when either generating the solution or being presented with it in case they failed to generate it. At the second stage, conducted a week later, participants had to recall if the solution was generated by themselves or just presented. The results confirm the generation effect, which manifests itself in successfully recalling problems for which a solution was found (sufficient generation) compared to problems with no-solutions found (fail-to-generate). Participants quite accurately recognized the source of the solution a week later, attributing generated solutions to themselves, while attributing fail-to-generate solutions to the presented ones. However, the authors did not find any additional impact of the Aha!-experience on the problem’s recognition, nor on the sourcemonitoring task performance. In the conclusion of the article, the contradictions of different experimental data concerning the influence of the Aha!-experience on long-term memory and further areas of research is discussed.

The role of perfectionism in athletes: Diagnosis and relationship with anxiety, mental images and sports motivation

The article analyzes the results of studying the features of perfectionism and its relationship with anxiety, internal and external motivation, and mental images in athletes. The authors re- lied on R.Frost’s concept of the multidimensional structure of perfectionism and the division of its parameters into adaptive and maladaptive. The study involved 249 athletes (Mage=20,18; SDage=3,13) from different regions of the Russian Federation. As a result, it was shown that trait anxiety is significantly higher in athletes with a higher level of perfectionism. Adaptive parameters of perfectionism (“personal standards and organization”) are positively correlated with all parameters of internal motivation in athletes (“motivation to know”, “experience stimulation” and “motivation toward accomplishments”). In addition, maladaptive parameter such as “doubts about actions” negatively correlate with all parameters of internal motivation. The external motivation parameter “social approval” is significantly associated with all parameters of maladaptive perfectionism (“perceived coach pressure”, “perceived parental pressure”, “concern over mistakes”, “doubts about actions”). In addition, the parameter “personal standards and organization” has a significant impact on the frequency of using all types of mental images.

Psychological well-being in young people who have been infected with COVID-19

The article presents the results of a study that analyzed the features of subjective well-being and the search for sensations in young people who have been infected with the SARSa Corresponding author. Вестник СПбГУ. Психология. 2021. Т. 11. Вып. 3 235 COV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19). 62 convalescents who underwent COVID-19 (men aged 21.84 ± 4.46 years) were examined 90 days after being discharged from the hospital. The main clinical forms (CF) of COVID-19 in this study were inapparent form (20 people — 32.25 %), acute respiratory viral infection (22 people — 35.49 %) and pneumonia without respiratory failure (20 people — 32.25 %). The diagnosis of all clinical cases of COVID-19, examination, treatment and discharge of patients from the hospital were carried out in accordance with the regulatory documents. Psychodiagnostic research was carried out according to the questionnaires “Scale of subjective well-being” and “Scale of the search for sensations”. Voluntary informed consent to take part in the study was received from all participants. The indicators of subjective well-being in all groups were mainly of average values, and indicators of the desire for stimulation in all groups were generally low. The data on the correlation between the scales of methods indicate the direction of possible psycho-prophylactic work with convalescents. The article notes that self-preserving behavior today allows us to combine the psychological and somatic characteristics of the respondents, therefore, their medical and psychological support should be at the proper level in order to timely identify and stop (if necessary) postcovid syndrome.