scholarly journals Suscripción a la prensa digital como contención a los discursos de odio

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
María-Antonia Paz-Rebollo ◽  
María-Dolores Cáceres-Zapatero ◽  
Isabel Martín-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
Political Polarization ◽  
Economic Crises ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Political News ◽  
Business Opportunity ◽  
Media Professionals ◽  
Digital Newspapers

User discussions on digital media usually include offensive comments. This kind of content has become more frequent and intense because of political polarization and the health and economic crises associated with Covid-19. Little is known about the journalists who moderate these forums, how they approach this task in such difficult circumstances, and their opinion about their role in the democratic public debate. To improve understanding of this phenomenon, we carried out 12 semistructured open interviews with moderators from several types of Spanish digital newspapers: generalist, local, and sports. The aim was to ascertain the strengths and weaknesses of moderation filters against hate speech in readers’ comments. The results show that the introduction of paywalls in many Spanish newspapers has reduced the intensity of such hate speech, although it has not completely disappeared. These moderation systems are limited mainly to ruling out insults and swearing. There is consensus among the interviewed journalists that most hate speech comments relate to political news. The most frequent topics are racism, xenophobia, misogyny, and homophobia. Several journalists presented the banning of offending users as a possible solution. However, others see this as a business opportunity and proposed solutions ranging from creating specialized moderators to controlling the activity history or trying to educate those users how to participate in a democratic forum. This research contributes to the ongoing debate about moderation systems among media professionals. Resumen Los comentarios de los usuarios en los medios digitales contienen con frecuencia alusiones incívicas, que se han incrementado por la polarización política y las crisis sanitaria y económica provocadas por la Covid 19. Se sabe poco sobre cómo los periodistas encargados de moderar estos foros se enfrentan a esta situación y cuál es su punto de vista acerca de los mismos y de su importancia en el debate democrático. Se han realizado doce entrevistas abiertas de tipo semiestructurado a estos responsables de la prensa digital española: generalista, regional y deportiva. Se analizan estos materiales para valorar las fortalezas y las debilidades de los sistemas de moderación de los discursos de odio que afloran en los comentarios de los lectores. Los resultados muestran que la introducción de la suscripción en la mayoría de los periódicos digitales ha reducido la presencia de comentarios con odio, aunque no han desaparecido. Los sistemas empleados para controlar estos comentarios filtran básicamente insultos y palabras soeces. Los entrevistados coinciden en señalar que una parte muy importante de los comentarios de odio se produce en la sección de política. El racismo, la xenofobia, la misoginia y la homofobia se citan como los temas más recurrentes en estos discursos. Algunos periodistas plantean la eliminación de la participación de los usuarios. Otros ven ventajas desde el punto de vista del negocio y proponen desde crear equipos especializados para ejercer la moderación, controlar a los autores a través del historial de sus actividades o sencillamente educarles para intervenir en foros democráticos. Estos resultados muestran que el debate sobre los sistemas de moderación permanece abierto entre los profesionales.

scholarly journals Advancing Research into Dark Participation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-214
Author(s):  
Oscar Westlund
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Media Literacy ◽  
Emerging Technologies ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Thematic Issue ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Online Harassment ◽  
The Public ◽  
Media Manipulation

Dark participation is and should be an essential concept for scholars, students and beyond, considering how widespread disinformation, online harassment, hate speech, media manipulation etc. has become in contemporary society. This commentary engages with the contributions to this timely thematic issue, which advance scholarship into dark participation associated with news and misinformation as well as hate in a worthwhile way. The commentary closes with a call for further research into four main areas: 1) the motivations that drive dark participation behaviors by individuals and coordinated groups; 2) how these individuals and groups exploit platforms and technologies for diverse forms of dark participation; 3) how news publishers, journalists, fact-checkers, platform companies and authorities are dealing with dark participation; and 4) how the public can advance their media literacy for digital media in order to better deal with dark participation. Authorities must advance and broaden their approaches focused on schools and libraries, and may also use emerging technologies in doing so.

How Datafication Drives Legacy Newspapers to Change Their Advertising Model for Business Survival

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-74
Author(s):  
Luis Sangil
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
Business Survival ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Revenue Models ◽  
Advertising Model ◽  
Digital Newspapers

Technological advances have introduced changes in digital media business and funding models. Traditional “legacy” newspapers are reacting to the superior business performance of digital intermediaries such as Google and Facebook, which capture a big part of total digital advertising revenues. This work describes the change of focus of the Unidad Editorial, publisher of a set of leading digital newspapers in Spain, including elmundo.es. The company ceased perceiving other digital newspapers as its competitor and tried to learn from the advertising revenue models of major players in the digital arena. This study argues that the management of big data is deeply transforming legacy newspapers' advertising regime. Their advertising model is increasingly based on more sophisticated segmentation tools and programmatic advertising techniques. It finds that a strategy to attract revenue based on learning from competitive models of big platforms is efficient and logical. Hence, the ability to market the value of individual users in real-time is a key factor in the success of this model.

Out loud: The experience of literature in the digital space

Book 2 0 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Warner
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Electronic Media ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Present Climate ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Digital Space ◽  
The World ◽  
The Web

In the present climate of discouragement that threatens all of us who hold the Humanities dear, one of the worst threats, or so it seems, has been the dumbing down consequent on digital media and the rise of hate speech on digital platforms. I want to offer some countervailing reflections and hopes, and explore the activity and the potential of the World Wide Web as a forum for literature; in spite of the instinctive recoil and bristling horror I feel for social media as currently used, it is possible to consider and reframe the question of reading on the web. Doing so leads to the questions, what is literature and can literature be found beyond the printed book? It is my contention – perhaps my Candide-like hope – that the internet is spurring writers on to creating things with words that are not primarily aimed at silent readers but at an audience that is listening and viewing and feeling, and maybe also reading all at the same time, participating in word events channelled through electronic media.

scholarly journals Understanding the delivery of Islamophobic hate speech via social media in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-270
Author(s):  
Kastolani Kastolani
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Identity Politics ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Christian Faith ◽  
Political Polarization ◽  
The Impact

Various prior studies on Islamophobia had largely utilized Western perspectives.This occurred on account of Islam and Muslims being a minority group that is considered as a threat to the majority. This article discusses the delivery of Islamophobic hate speech via social media in the context of Indonesia, where the majority of the population are Muslims. This study found that the delivery of hate speech concerning via social media in the Indonesian context can be understood in three different manners, namely: First, Islamophobia is a reaction to religious sermons delivered by Muslim pundits discrediting other religions, particularly the Christian faith. Second, Islamophobia is a form of freedom of expression for netizens in Indonesia’s current democratic climate. Third, Islamophobia is a form of identity politics for netizens on social media due to the impact of religious based political polarization. Subsequently, this study contributes a new understanding of Islamophobia within the context of Muslims as the majority and of netizens’ activities on social media in Indonesia. The research data were obtained by observing Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, and Twitter timelines containing Islamophobic hate speech that had gone viral on social media. Berbagai penelitian sebelumnya tentang Islamophobia sebagian besar telah memanfaatkan perspektif Barat. Artikel ini mendiskusikan penyampaian ujaran kebencian Islamophobia melalui media sosial dalam konteks Indonesia sebagai negara yang mayoritas penduduknya penganut agama Islam (muslim). Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa penyampaian ujaran kebencian tentang Islamophobia melalui media sosial dalam konteks Indonesia dapat dibaca sebagai tiga hal, yaitu: Pertama, Islamophobia merupakan reaksi terhadap ceramah keagamaan dari kalangan agamawan muslim yang mendiskreditkan agama lain, terutama keyakinan agama Kristen. Kedua, Islamophobia merupakan bentuk kebebasan berekspresi bagi netizen dalam iklim demokrasi di Indonesia saat ini. Ketiga, Islamophobia merupakan bentuk politik identitas netizen di media sosial karena dampak polarisasi politik berbasis keagamaan. Sehingga, penelitian ini berkontribusi terhadap pemahaman baru tentang Islamophobia dalam konteks muslim sebagai mayoritas dan aktivitas netizen di media sosial di Indonesia. Data penelitian diperoleh dari pengamatan terhadap media social seperti facebook, Instagram, YouTube dan Twitter yang memuat ujaran kebencian tentang Islamophobia yang viral di media social.

scholarly journals Digital Media Ethics

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Ess
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Moral Agent ◽  
Applied Ethics ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Media Ethics ◽  
Everyday Lives ◽  
Computing Technologies ◽  
The People

Since the early 2000s, Digital Media Ethics (DME) has emerged as a relatively stable subdomain of applied ethics. DME seeks nothing less than to address the ethical issues evoked by computing technologies and digital media more broadly, such as cameras, mobile and smartphones, GPS navigation systems, biometric health monitoring devices, and, eventually, “the Internet of things,” as these have developed and diffused into more or less every corner of our lives in the (so-called) developed countries. DME can be characterized as demotic—of the people—in three important ways. One, in contrast with specialist domains such as Information and Computing Ethics (ICE), it is intended as an ethics for the rest of us—namely, all of us who use digital media technologies in our everyday lives. Two, these manifold contexts of use dramatically expand the range of ethical issues computing technologies evoke, well beyond the comparatively narrow circle of issues confronting professionals working in ICE. Three, while drawing on the expertise of philosophers and applied ethics, DME likewise relies on the ethical insights and sensibilities of additional communities, including (a), the multiple communities of those whose technical expertise comes into play in the design, development, and deployment of information and communication technology (ICT); and (b), the people and communities who use digital media in their everyday lives. DME further employs both ancient ethical philosophies, such as virtue ethics, and modern frameworks of utilitarianism and deontology, as well as feminist ethics and ethics of care: DME may also take, for example, Confucian and Buddhist approaches, as well as norms and customs from relevant indigenous traditions where appropriate. The global distribution and interconnection of these devices means, finally, that DME must also take on board often profound differences between basic ethical norms, practices, and related assumptions as these shift from culture to culture. What counts as “privacy” or “pornography,” to begin with, varies widely—as do the more fundamental assumptions regarding the nature of the person that we take up as a moral agent and patient, rights-holder, and so on. Of first importance here is how far we emphasize the more individual vis-à-vis the more relational dimensions of selfhood—with the further complication that these emphases appear to be changing locally and globally. Nonetheless, DME can now map out clear approaches to early concerns with privacy, copyright, and pornography that help establish a relatively stable and accepted set of ethical responses and practices. By comparison, violent content (e.g., in games) and violent behavior (cyber-bullying, hate speech) are less well resolved. Nonetheless, as with the somewhat more recent issues of online friendship and citizen journalism, an emerging body of literature and analysis points to initial guidelines and resolutions that may become relatively stable. Such resolutions must be pluralistic, allowing for diverse application and interpretations in different cultural settings, so as to preserve and foster cultural identity and difference. Of course, still more recent issues and challenges are in the earliest stages of analysis and efforts at forging resolutions. Primary issues include “death online” (including suicide web-sites and online memorial sites, evoking questions of censorship, the right to be forgotten, and so on); “Big Data” issues such as pre-emptive policing and “ethical hacking” as counter-responses; and autonomous vehicles and robots, ranging from Lethal Autonomous Weapons to carebots and sexbots. Clearly, not every ethical issue will be quickly or easily resolved. But the emergence of relatively stable and widespread resolutions to the early challenges of privacy, copyright, and pornography, coupled with developing analyses and emerging resolutions vis-à-vis more recent topics, can ground cautious optimism that, in the long run, DME will be able to take up the ethical challenges of digital media in ways reasonably accessible and applicable for the rest of us.

scholarly journals Złożoność zjawiska mowy nienawiści w pozaprawnym aspekcie definicyjnym

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-135
Author(s):  
Michał Urbańczyk ◽  
Ewelina Rogalska
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
Starting Point

THE COMPLEXITY OF THE HATE SPEECH PHENOMENON IN TERMS OF ITS NON-LEGAL DEFINITIONAL ASPECTThe starting point is thinking that the modern political debate manifests in the degradation of the culture of discussion. One of the issues that can be observed next to this phenomenon is the brutalization of the language of public debate — hate speech is becoming more and more common. The aim of the paper is the description and the characteristic of vital aspects which appear in accordance to the designation of hate speech and its manifestations in public sphere.

scholarly journals Of Pandemics, Politics, and Personality: The Role of Conscientiousness and Political Ideology in Sharing of Fake News

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asher Lawson ◽  
Hemant Kakkar
Keyword(s):  
Political Ideology ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Political Polarization ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Political News ◽  
National Importance ◽  
General Desire

Sharing of misinformation can be catastrophic, especially during times of national importance. Typically studied in political contexts, sharing of fake news has been positively linked with conservative political ideology. However, such sweeping generalizations run the risk of increasing already rampant political polarization. We offer a more nuanced account by proposing that the sharing of fake news is largely driven by low conscientiousness conservatives. At high levels of conscientiousness there is no difference between liberals and conservatives. We find support for our hypotheses in the contexts of Covid-19 and political news across 7 studies (six pre-registered; one conceptual replication) with 4,149 participants and 84,556 unique participant-news observations. Furthermore, our findings suggest the inadequacy of fact-checker interventions to deter the spread of fake news, and that a general desire for chaos drives the interactive effect of political ideology and personality on the sharing of fake news. This underscores the challenges associated with tackling fake news, especially during a crisis like Covid-19 where misinformation threatens to exacerbate the pandemic even further.

scholarly journals In/visibility in Social Media Work: The Hidden Labor Behind the Brands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brooke Erin Duffy ◽  
Megan Sawey
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Emotional Labor ◽  
Technical Communication ◽  
Cultural Industries ◽  
The Media ◽  
Marginal Status ◽  
Media Professionals ◽  
Media Work ◽  
Depth Interviews

Despite the staggering uptick in social media employment over the last decade, this nascent category of cultural labor remains comparatively under-theorized. In this paper, we contend that social media work is configured by a visibility paradox: while workers are tasked with elevating the presence—or visibility—of their employers’ brands across Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and more, their identities—and much of their labor—remains hidden behind branded social media accounts. To illuminate how this ostensible paradox impacts laborers’ conditions and experiences of work, we present data from in-depth interviews with more than 40 social media professionals. Their accounts make clear that social media work is not just materially concealed, but rendered socially invisible through its lack of crediting, marginal status, and incessant demands for un/under-compensated emotional labor. This patterned devaluation of social media employment can, we show, be situated along two gender-coded axes that have long structured the value of labor in the media and cultural industries: 1). technical-communication and 2). creation-circulation. After detailing these in/visibility mechanisms, we conclude by addressing the implications of our findings for the politics and subjectivities of work in an increasingly digital media economy.

Methods for Assessing Visual Images and Depictions of Climate Change

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Visual Communication ◽  
Environmental Communication ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
Cultural Construction ◽  
Communication Research ◽  
Climate Change Research ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The 1960S

Visual representation has been important in communicating and constructing the environment as a focus for public and political concern since the rise of environmentalism in the 1960s. As communications media have themselves become increasingly visual with the rise of digital media, so too has visual communication become key to public debate about environmental issues, no more so than in public debate and the politics of climate change. This chapter surveys the methods, approaches, and frameworks deployed in emerging research on public-mediated visual communication about climate change. Research on the visual mediation of climate change is itself part of the emerging field of visual environmental communication research, defined as research concerned with theorizing and empirically examining how visual imagery contributes to the increasingly multimodal public communication of the environment. Focused on a sociological understanding of the contribution that visuals make to the social, political, and cultural construction of “the environment,” visual environmental communication research analytically requires a multimodal approach, which situates analysis of the semiotic, discursive, rhetorical, and narrative characteristics of visuals in relation to the communicative, cultural, and historical contexts and in relation to the three main sites—production, content, and audiences/consumption—of communication in the public sphere.

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