Evaluation of Preharvest Aflatoxin Contamination in Several Potentially Resistant Peanut Genotypes1

Abstract Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is susceptible to aflatoxin contamination when pods are developing under drought conditions in the field. The development of cultivars which resist preharvest aflatoxin contamination would be advantageous, but has been limited by the lack of genes for resistance. Several genotypes have been suggested as potential sources of resistance. Conflicting results have been reported on how useful this resistance may be, and some of these sources have never been specifically examined for resistance to preharvest aflatoxin contamination. The objective of this study was to evaluate aflatoxin contamination under drought stressed conditions in potentially resistant peanut genotypes. Twelve peanut genotypes were planted in a randomized complete-block design in field plots in Yuma, AZ in 1991 and 1992. Ten of these genotypes were also planted in a randomized complete-block design in field plots in Tifton, GA in 1992. All plots were inoculated with Aspergillus inoculum and were subjected to 40 to 50 d of drought stress immediately prior to harvest. After harvest, aflatoxin contamination (ppb) of seed was measured. None of the genotypes included in this study were more resistant (P≤0.05) to preharvest aflatoxin contamination than Florunner. The results of this study indicate that it would be desirable to identify higher levels of resistance to preharvest aflatoxin contamination in peanut.

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Daya Hasil Galur-Galur Kacang Tanah (Arachis hypogaea L.) Tahan Penyakit Bercak Daun di Kecamatan Ciranjang Kabupaten Cianjur Provinsi Jawa Barat

Buletin Agrohorti ◽

10.29244/agrob.1.1.45-53 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 45

Author(s):

Yudiwanti Wahyu ◽

Dede Rosyana Budiman

Keyword(s):

Key Words ◽

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Leaf Spot ◽

Block Design ◽

High Yield ◽

West Java ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Resistant Lines ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design

<p style="text-align: justify;">This research was aimed to evaluate the yield of 16 peanut leafspot resistant lines derived from cross between Gajah variety and GPNC-WS 4 line with four check varieties of peanut. The four check varieties of peanut consist of Gajah, Jerapah, Zebra Putih, and Sima. The experiment was carried out at Ciranjang District, Cianjur Regency, West Java, from February to May 2011. This research was arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. Result showed that GWS 39 D, GWS 110 D, GWS 18 A1, GWS 79 A, and GWS 110 A2 were identified as lines with high yield. GWS 74 D, GWS 39 B, GWS 79 A, GWS 73 D, GWS 18 A1, GWS 134 A1, and GWS 110 A1 were identified as lines with high resistant level to leafspot of peanut. Two of sixteen lines had high yield and high resistant level to leafspot, they were GWS 79 A and GWS 18 A1.</p><p>Key words : peanut, yield evaluation, leaf spot resistant</p>

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An F2 Yield Trial in Peanuts1

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/i0095-3679-8-1-14 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 53-56 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ray O. Hammons ◽

W. D. Branch

Keyword(s):

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Seed Weight ◽

Quantitative Traits ◽

Block Design ◽

Performance Characteristics ◽

Meat Content ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Yield Trial ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

100 Seed Weight

Abstract An F2 yield trial in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) was conducted in 1978 to evaluate 25 entries in a six replicate randomized complete block design. Entries included progenies from sixteen intrasubspecific cross combinations and their representative parents: seven component lines of two U. S. cultivars, ‘Florunner’ and ‘Florigiant’, and two peanut introductions, ‘Makulu Red’ and ‘486 GKP’. Progeny and parental performances were determined for eight quantitative traits: yield, fancy pods, meat content, total sound mature kernels, other kernels, extra large kernels, damaged kernels, and 100 seed weight. Hybridization between adapted and unadapted genotypes led to a reduction in performance characteristics. However, cross populations were identified as having selection potential for improving yield and grade.

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Reaction of Peanut Genotypes under Drought Stress to Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus1

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/i0095-3679-16-2-12 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 109-113 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

H. A. Azaizeh ◽

R. E. Pettit ◽

O. D. Smith ◽

R. A. Tabef

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Drought Stress ◽

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Aspergillus Flavus ◽

Aflatoxin Contamination ◽

Stress Conditions ◽

Moisture Regime ◽

Greenhouse Experiments ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Peanut Shells

Abstract Seven peanut genotypes (Arachis hypogaea L.) were tested in greenhouse and microplot experiments during two consecutive years to determine peanut peg colonization by Aspergillus flavus and to determine the effect of two drought stress treatments on the susceptibility of peanut shells and kernels to Aspergillus colonization and aflatoxin contamination. Moisture tensions within the soil and temperatures of the soil and air were monitored during these experiments. Colonization of peanut pegs was inconsistent among genotypes and between years. In general, low soil moisture tension enhanced colonization of peanut shells and kernels. Shells of most genotypes were highly colonized after harvest from each moisture regime. Kernels of all genotypes were more susceptible to A. flavus and A. parasiticus colonization under both long and short drought stress conditions compared to non-stressed conditions. However, no significant differences were obtained in the degree of Aspergillus infestation of kernels from PI 337409, Starr, and J-11 in the greenhouse experiments. Under microplot conditions, acomparison of several genotypes revealed that kernels from plants of genotypes TX811956 and TX798736 (short stress treatments) contained significantly lower Aspergillus infestation and kernels from the genotypes PI 337409 and TX811956 and TX798736 contained significantly less aflatoxin.

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Response of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to Different Levels and Time of Phosphogypsum Nutrition

Legume Research - An International Journal ◽

10.18805/lr-4631 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sheri Vaishnav ◽

M.R. Ananda ◽

H.M. Atheekur Rehaman ◽

C. Seenappa ◽

H.C. Prakasha

Keyword(s):

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Block Design ◽

Additional Source ◽

Yield Attributes ◽

Oilseed Crops ◽

Sulphur Nutrition ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Field Unit ◽

Different Levels ◽

Sulphur Uptake

Background: Groundnut is one of the most important oilseed crops of India. Improving productivity of groundnut to meet the domestic vegetable oil demand through balanced fertilization is the prime challenge lying before the agronomists in the country. With the aim of evaluating phosphogypsum as a source of sulphur nutrition in groundnut, a field experiment entitled “Response of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to different levels and time of phosphogypsum nutrition” was conducted at Agronomy field unit, University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, during kharif-2019. Methods: Experiment was laid out in randomised complete block design (RCBD) with eleven treatments, of which eight have different combinations of phosphogypsum applied as basal and in split (30 DAS) and one with gypsum as basal alone. Whereas, the remaining two treatments, without any additional source of sulphur are included for comparison. Result: Among eleven treatments, application of phosphogypsum @ 125 kg S eq ha-1 in split recorded highest yield attributes, pod yield (2063 kg ha-1), kernel yield (1418 kg ha-1) and sulphur uptake (11.33 kg ha-1). Which were on par with 100 kg S eq ha-1 in split (2014, 1380 and 10.39 kg ha-1, respectively). All other treatments recorded lower values with lowest in treatments without any additional sulphur source.

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Effect of Iron on Yield of Corn (Zea mays L.) in Drought Stress

Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova ◽

10.2478/cerce-2019-0004 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

pp. 34-43

Author(s):

K. Rafsanjani ◽

A. Madani ◽

F. Vazin

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Arid Regions ◽

Block Design ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Pan Evaporation ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Four Levels ◽

Number Of Seeds

Abstract In hot and arid regions, drought stress is considered as one of the main reasons for yield reduction. To study the effect of drought stress, iron spray on the yield and yield components of corn, an experiment was carried out during the crop seasons of 2013 on research Farm in Faizabad of Iran, as a split plot within randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots with irrigation factor and four levels were considered: level A) 50 ml evaporation from pan evaporation; level B) 100 ml evaporation from pan evaporation; level C) 150 ml evaporation from pan evaporation and level D) 200 ml evaporation from pan evaporation. Sub plots were considered with iron spray in three levels, included level A) 80 g/ha, level B) 130 g/ha and level C) 180 g/ha. The drought stress reduced seed yield, the 1000-kernels weight (TKW), the number of seeds per ear, the number of seeds per row in ear, the number of rows per ear about 39%, 6%, 31%, 14% and 27% less than control treatment, respectively. Using iron, as compared with control treatment, causes the increase of 1000-kernels weight from 295 to 311 g and the increase of seed yield from 5188 to 7078. The results obtained from the present research showed that iron spray has fairly improved the effects caused by drought stress.

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Screening for Drought Tolerance through Root Morphology and Yield Characters of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Genotypes

International Journal of Plant & Soil Science ◽

10.9734/ijpss/2021/v33i2330723 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 95-105

Author(s):

K. Manoj Kumar ◽

S. Vincent ◽

A. Mothilal ◽

M. Raveendran ◽

R. Anandham ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drought Tolerance ◽

Root System ◽

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Block Design ◽

Root Trait ◽

Abiotic Factor ◽

Worldwide Production ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Drought Resistant ◽

Yield Character

Drought affects the rainfed groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) at different phases of development and it is the serious threats on groundnut productivity causing losses than any other abiotic factor under rainfed agriculture. In the world's semiarid regions, groundnut accounts for 90% of worldwide production. Drought mainly affects the pace and pattern of nutrient and water intake from the soil, affecting the architecture of the groundnut root system. Plant selections with desirable root trait have been a major focus in developing drought resistant Groundnut cultivars. In 2019, 60 groundnut genotypes were cultivated in root block design with two different soil water treatments, as well as in the field during the year under same circumstances. The purpose of this study was to see how different groundnut cultivars fared in terms of yield, yield contributing features, root characters, and their relationships with drought tolerance. Drought resistant genotypes had thicker roots, larger roots, and a deeper root system than susceptible genotypes. Recent series in groundnut genotypes of 60 numbers were sown during kharif 2019 (july-september) under rainfed condition (It includes life irrigation and rainfall received during cropping season). Groundnut genotypes were semi spreading with the duration of 110-120 days. Observation on root morphological character viz., roots length, root volume after 20 days of stress imposition of the crop and yield parameters were observed at the harvest. Among the 60 genotypes, 20 genotypes (VG 17008, VG 17046, VG 18005, VG 18102, VG 18077, VG 19572, VG 19709, VG 18111, VG19561, VG19576, VG 19620, VG 19681, VG 19688 etc.,) similarly, yield character were observed for 60 genotypes and all the genotypes given above recorded higher value in Total number of pods per plant, Number of double seeded pods per plant, Pod yield per plant, Harvest index and Total dry matter production. The methods used in this study identified correlation between yield character and root characters. Groundnut genotypes by assessing yield metrics and their relationship with root trait. These findings lay the groundwork for future study aimed at deciphering the molecular pathways underpinning Groundnut drought resistance.

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Identification and expression analysis of WRKY gene family under drought stress in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0231396 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. e0231396 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nannan Zhao ◽

Meijing He ◽

Li Li ◽

Shunli Cui ◽

Mingyu Hou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Gene Family ◽

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Expression Analysis ◽

Wrky Gene ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L

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Association of a Burrower Bug (Heteroptera: Cydnidae) with Aflatoxin Contamination of Peanut Kernels

Journal of Entomological Science ◽

10.18474/0749-8004-39.1.71 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 71-83 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jay W. Chapin ◽

Joe W. Dorner ◽

James S. Thomas

Keyword(s):

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Food Supply ◽

Aflatoxin Contamination ◽

Feeding Sites ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Aflatoxin Concentration

Aflatoxin contamination of peanut kernels, Arachis hypogaea L., was associated with feeding by a burrower bug, Pangaeus bilineatus (Say). Kernel samples were divided into three grade categories: total sound mature kernels (TSMK), other kernels (OK), and damaged kernels (DK); and each of these grade categories was subdivided based on evidence of burrower bug feeding. Within TSMK, 100% of detectable aflatoxin contamination was associated with burrower bug kernel feeding, and kernels with feeding sites had a significantly higher concentration of aflatoxin than kernels without feeding sites (7.5 vs 0.0 ppb). Within the OK grade category, differences in aflatoxin contamination were not significant due to the inability to conclusively examine these kernels for feeding sites. Within the DK grade category, aflatoxin concentration was significantly higher in kernels with feeding sites than in kernels without observable feeding sites (286.5 vs 0.4 ppb), and 99.9% of contamination was associated with burrower bug feeding. Across all grade categories, aflatoxin levels were 65X higher in kernels with observable burrower bug feeding, and 98% of all aflatoxin contamination was associated with burrower bug feeding. The DK grade category had the highest concentration of aflatoxin and accounted for 45% of total contamination. Burrower bug-induced aflatoxin contamination of the TSMK grade category is particularly significant because this source would be most difficult to remove from the food supply. Contamination of the DK category is also economically significant because this grade component is specifically examined for Aspergillus at the buying point, and growers are severely penalized for detection.

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