scholarly journals Verbalization of indirect speech in the epistolary discourse of Lesya Ukrainka

2021 ◽  
pp. 91-106
Author(s):  
Nataliia Torchynska
Keyword(s):  
Common Features ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Linguistic Means

The article deals with the specifics of constructions with indirect speech in the epistolary of Lesya Ukrainka in terms of the structure of syntactic units and semantics of introductory verb tokens. In addition, attention is drawn to the syncretism of constructions with indirect speech, due to the peculiarities of the epistolary style. In the process of expressing opinions, Lesia Ukrainka used various forms of transmission of another’s speech, including indirect speech and its peripheral version – free indirect speech, the design and structure of which differs from indirect. Compound sentences with an explanatory part and complex sentences with several subordinate clauses, representing homogeneous subordination or consecutive subordination, are quantitatively predominant in constructions with indirect speech. Sentences-microtexts, built on the schemes «text – the author’s words – indirect speech», «text – the author’s words – indirect speech – text», «author’s words – indirect speech – text» are the next group. Sentences with double indirect speech, where the thoughts of one speaker, which testified by introductory verbs, or two speakers, or sometimes several, are highlighted separately. Indirect speech in letters is introduced using verbs of speech and thinking or their equivalents. Among the neutral verbatives-introductory words that represent live speech, the most productive are the tokens to speak, to think, to write, and among the implicit introductions – to be afraid and to hear. In addition, a number of implicit tokens that introduce indirect speech into the epistolary are highlighted. Thus, the epistolary style, although it has a number of common features with colloquial and artistic speech, but in the field of representation stands out among others with a bright set of linguistic means.

scholarly journals Phraseologized components of conditional type in the system of complex sentences

Neophilology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 193-201
Author(s):  
Natalia P. Galkina
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
General Category ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Invariant Features ◽  
Linguistic Means

We consider complex sentences, the subordinate parte of which is formally qualified as conditional, however, the semantics features, as well as a repetitive, reproducible model of con-structing such sentences, indicate the transformation of conditional relation in them. The research is carried out in the context of studying sentences with subordinate conditions, reasons, purposes, concessions, consequences, combined into a general category of dependence. The material under consideration includes conditional complex sentences, selected by the method of continuous sam-pling from works of the book style – scientific and publicistic. Structural and semantic analysis of syntactic constructions is accomplished with taking into account the provisions of communicative linguistics. We show that as a result of a combination of linguistic means result, emotional-expressive nuances, a transformation of meaning, an increment of meaning arise: subordinate clauses lose the semantics of the condition and express different shades of the speaker’s subjective attitude (modus of utterance). We define semantic groups of subordinate clauses in which the meaning of the condition is weakened, transformed or completely lost. We offer a sufficient number of examples to illustrate the invariant features of each group. Structural-semantic and functional properties of the investigated structures allow us to talk about the phraseologization of these structures, through which the communicative potential of the sentence is realized. The described phenomena are noticeably manifested in publicistic speech, which is characterized by information content, evaluativeness, emotionality, accessibility, appeal to the reader.

scholarly journals Coordinate and subordinate clauses in the Slavic languages

2008 ◽  
pp. 189-197
Author(s):  
Snjezana Kordic
Keyword(s):  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Complement Clauses

This article provides a survey of major findings on complex sentences in the Slavic languages. It treats coordinate and subordinate clauses, together with their conjunction. As for the subordinate clauses, it deals with complement clauses.

scholarly journals Comparative and contrastive analysis of French conjunctive expressions «autant que», «d'autant que and d'autant plus que» and their Spanish equivalents

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (25) ◽  
pp. 119-128
Author(s):  
Anna V. Solntseva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Analysis ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Equivalence Condition ◽  
Additional Reason ◽  
Three Components

The article is an attempt of a semantic and syntactic analysis of French complex conjunctions autant que, d'autant que and d'autant plus que. The author undertakes to find out which means of conjunction can be regarded as their equivalents in Spanish. The research is based on the data provided by dictionaries and translations of French fiction and press into Spanish. The article defines the grammatical status and lexical meaning of the conjunctions autant que, d'autant que and d'autant plus que and their Spanish equivalents, analyzes the conditions of their functioning in speech, reveals common features and differences in the fields of syntagmatics and paradigmatics. The conjunction autant que can denote a variety of meanings and their shades: comparison, limitation, equivalence, condition, concession. In Spanish it corresponds to tanto como, como, cuanto, hasta donde, según lo que, en lo que, todo lo que and the combination a más po + infinitive, cuando, por mucho que. French verbless constructions containing autant que can be translated by Spanish constructions containing lo que, lo mismo que, el mismo + noun + que, al mismo tiempo. French conjunctions d'autant plus que and d'autant que correspond in Spanish to tanto más cuanto que, tanto más cuanto, tanto más que. These conjunctions serve to indicate additional motivation for the action described in the mainsentence. They introduce subordinate clauses expressing additional reason and operate within constructions consisting of three components: the motivated message, the main reason, and the additional reason.

scholarly journals Sentences with the meaning of irreal condition in K. G. Paustovsky's The Tale of Life

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (26) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Inessa G. Rodionova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Main Part ◽  
Complex Sentence ◽  
Semantic Type ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Grammar System ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
The One ◽  
Lexical Content

The purpose of the article is to identify and describe structural, semantic and functional features of irreal-conditional complex sentences with the conjunction «если» (if) in the autobiographical Tale of Life by K. G. Paustovsky. In the introduction, the author notes the important role of syntactic units in expressing the author's intention in autobiographical text, and points out the constant scientific interest in studying the functioning of complex subordinate sentences with conditional meaning in texts of different styles in both synchronic and diachronic aspects. The main part of the article defines the irreal condition and notes that a formal indicator of its semantics in a complex sentence is the presence of the form with the particle «бы» (would) in the main and subordinate clauses. Attention is drawn to the complication of the irreal condition meaning with various connotations: desirability, supposition, possibility, concession, comparison, as well as a phatic aspect. Each structural-semantic type of sentences is analyzed in terms of specific semantics, structure, ways of expressing the main sentence parts, and lexical content. The author names the means of strengthening the semantics of the irreal condition, including particles, interjections, exclamatory intonation, etc. The conclusion is made that the use of sentences of this type in an autobiographical text, on the one hand, allows the author to convey the message of the work as accurately as possible, to express his perception of events and the characters' thoughts and intentions. On the other hand, the use of sentences with the conjunction «если» (if) with the meaning of irreal condition, with different semantic connotations, shows the capacity of the modern Russian grammar system, which allows the speaker or writer to convey the finest shades of meaning in portraying objective reality.

The rise of ‘subordination features’ in the history of Greek and their decline

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis Fykias ◽  
Christina Katsikadeli
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Syntactic Theory ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Diachronic Development ◽  
Recurrent Patterns ◽  
Field Of Inquiry

This study is a contribution based on Greek material to a field of inquiry that deals with the diachronic development of formal syntactic devices and their interrelationship with the dichotomy between main and subordinate clauses in Indo-European (Kiparsky 1995, Lühr 2008). First, we focus on some devices signaling indirect speech that emerged in Pre-Classical and Classical Greek, such as the development of a system of complementizers (hóti ‘that.COMP’, hōs ‘that.COMP’) and some characteristic usages of moods (the optative of indirect speech). In Post-Classical Greek, this system of traits that had been employed to code indirect speech collapsed, as evidenced by the disappearance of hōs ‘that.COMP’ and the optative of indirect speech as well as the high frequency of pleonastic hóti ‘that.COMP’. Later in the history of Greek a new subordination system arises. We interpret these developments in the light of contemporary syntactic theory (Emonds 2004, 2012), and try to formulate a hypothesis regarding the cycle-like regularities and recurrent patterns that are followed by (clusters of) traits, that is, the “Indirect Speech Traits Cycle”.

scholarly journals COMPLEX SENTENCES IN TEXTS OF INFORMED CONSENT FOR DENTAL TREATMENT: STRUCTURAL, SEMANTIC, COMMUNICATIVE AND DISCOURSIVE ASPECTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 135-147
Author(s):  
Victoria Kostenko ◽  
Olena Bieliaieva ◽  
Iryna Solohor
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Medical Information ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Adverbial Clauses ◽  
Communicative Strategy ◽  
Patient’S Perception

This article presents investigation of the structural and semantic characteristics of complex sentences and their contribution to implementing communicative strategies in the texts of informed consent for dental treatment. Informed consent is a bilateral document that provides a sufficient amount of specific information about the character of dental intervention, records the communication between doctor and patient in order to enable patients to make voluntary decisions concerning the exposure to potentially dangerous procedures. Complex sentences have been found out as one of the most common types of sentences in the texts studied. Although there is a wide range of complex sentences of different formal and semantic-syntactic types in the informed consent, some types are more prevalent than others. The two most common types of subordinate clauses have been identified: noun clauses as a direct object and adverbial clauses of condition. Complex sentences with objective clauses often contain cognitive or volitional verbs in the independent clause and are characterized by semantic and structural incompleteness, while the subordinate clause is a semantic center, which reveals, explains or complements the scope of the main clause. This type of complex sentences serves as one of the means to implement the communicative tactics guiding and controlling the patient’s perception of medical information. Conditional sentences specifying the circumstances and in particular those demonstrating the cause-effect relationship in the form of implicitation reasoning formulae are applied to implement the information communicative strategy. The considerable number of explanatory constructions (concretization, description, addition, clarification) serves to facilitate clearer understanding of the special information, thus implementing the information communicative strategy. The complex sentences are to increase the density of information and to focus on the addressee’s attention to the most relevant segments of the sentence and text. The predominance of complex sentences demonstrates the interaction of two tendencies: to compress the ramified logical relationship between phenomena, processes, situations within a sentence on the one hand, and to provide additional and sometimes redundant information in order to reduce the chance that a message will be misinterpreted, on the other hand. These tendencies incorporated on the syntax level by complex sentences are important preconditions for effective communication in giving / obtaining voluntary informed consent for dental treatment.

On introducing free indirect speech in Russian translation despite the absence of corresponding structures in the English original

2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 57-65
Author(s):  
A. D. Alimova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Russian Translation ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Speech Patterns

The article analyzes the most typical cases of introducing free indirect speech in the Russian translation where there are no corresponding structures in the English original. Typical non-free-indirectspeech structures and contexts in the source text are explored, such as may materialize as free indirect speech in the target text. The study employs qualitative methods including lexical-semantic, contextual and comparative analysis of the source text and the target text. As for the structure, this paper has been divided into two parts. First, a theoretical background for the problem is established, involving the theories by Ia. I. Retsker and D. V. Psurtsev. The paper then goes on to examine translators’ choices to generate new interference of the narrator’s text and the character’s text. The cases when free indirect speech may arise in the Russian translation are typically based on kindred forms of the character’s speech representation in the English original, long descriptions of a situation where the character acts, complex sentences with content clauses, containing the character’s thoughts and emotions. The analysis suggests that the decision to introduce free indirect speech patterns into translation can be based on the typological differences between the languages in question, or on logical and stylistic “inclinations” of a given fragment. Therefore, the decisions to introduce free indirect speech fall into two groups, obligatory and possible respectively. If such choices by Russian translators constitute a tendency, a certain correlation of syntactic patterns and contexts may be established. The results obtained in the study may be used by translators of literary texts.

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