scholarly journals Analysis of Coreference between Subjects of Main and Subordinate Clauses for Japanese NODE and KARA Complex Sentences

1996 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-72
Author(s):  
HIROSHI NAKAGAWA
Keyword(s):  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Subordinate Clauses

scholarly journals Coordinate and subordinate clauses in the Slavic languages

2008 ◽  
pp. 189-197
Author(s):  
Snjezana Kordic
Keyword(s):  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Complement Clauses

This article provides a survey of major findings on complex sentences in the Slavic languages. It treats coordinate and subordinate clauses, together with their conjunction. As for the subordinate clauses, it deals with complement clauses.

scholarly journals Verbalization of indirect speech in the epistolary discourse of Lesya Ukrainka

2021 ◽  
pp. 91-106
Author(s):  
Nataliia Torchynska
Keyword(s):  
Common Features ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Linguistic Means

The article deals with the specifics of constructions with indirect speech in the epistolary of Lesya Ukrainka in terms of the structure of syntactic units and semantics of introductory verb tokens. In addition, attention is drawn to the syncretism of constructions with indirect speech, due to the peculiarities of the epistolary style. In the process of expressing opinions, Lesia Ukrainka used various forms of transmission of another’s speech, including indirect speech and its peripheral version – free indirect speech, the design and structure of which differs from indirect. Compound sentences with an explanatory part and complex sentences with several subordinate clauses, representing homogeneous subordination or consecutive subordination, are quantitatively predominant in constructions with indirect speech. Sentences-microtexts, built on the schemes «text – the author’s words – indirect speech», «text – the author’s words – indirect speech – text», «author’s words – indirect speech – text» are the next group. Sentences with double indirect speech, where the thoughts of one speaker, which testified by introductory verbs, or two speakers, or sometimes several, are highlighted separately. Indirect speech in letters is introduced using verbs of speech and thinking or their equivalents. Among the neutral verbatives-introductory words that represent live speech, the most productive are the tokens to speak, to think, to write, and among the implicit introductions – to be afraid and to hear. In addition, a number of implicit tokens that introduce indirect speech into the epistolary are highlighted. Thus, the epistolary style, although it has a number of common features with colloquial and artistic speech, but in the field of representation stands out among others with a bright set of linguistic means.

scholarly journals Sentences with the meaning of irreal condition in K. G. Paustovsky's The Tale of Life

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (26) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Inessa G. Rodionova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Main Part ◽  
Complex Sentence ◽  
Semantic Type ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Grammar System ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
The One ◽  
Lexical Content

The purpose of the article is to identify and describe structural, semantic and functional features of irreal-conditional complex sentences with the conjunction «если» (if) in the autobiographical Tale of Life by K. G. Paustovsky. In the introduction, the author notes the important role of syntactic units in expressing the author's intention in autobiographical text, and points out the constant scientific interest in studying the functioning of complex subordinate sentences with conditional meaning in texts of different styles in both synchronic and diachronic aspects. The main part of the article defines the irreal condition and notes that a formal indicator of its semantics in a complex sentence is the presence of the form with the particle «бы» (would) in the main and subordinate clauses. Attention is drawn to the complication of the irreal condition meaning with various connotations: desirability, supposition, possibility, concession, comparison, as well as a phatic aspect. Each structural-semantic type of sentences is analyzed in terms of specific semantics, structure, ways of expressing the main sentence parts, and lexical content. The author names the means of strengthening the semantics of the irreal condition, including particles, interjections, exclamatory intonation, etc. The conclusion is made that the use of sentences of this type in an autobiographical text, on the one hand, allows the author to convey the message of the work as accurately as possible, to express his perception of events and the characters' thoughts and intentions. On the other hand, the use of sentences with the conjunction «если» (if) with the meaning of irreal condition, with different semantic connotations, shows the capacity of the modern Russian grammar system, which allows the speaker or writer to convey the finest shades of meaning in portraying objective reality.

scholarly journals COMPLEX SENTENCES IN TEXTS OF INFORMED CONSENT FOR DENTAL TREATMENT: STRUCTURAL, SEMANTIC, COMMUNICATIVE AND DISCOURSIVE ASPECTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 135-147
Author(s):  
Victoria Kostenko ◽  
Olena Bieliaieva ◽  
Iryna Solohor
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Medical Information ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Adverbial Clauses ◽  
Communicative Strategy ◽  
Patient’S Perception

This article presents investigation of the structural and semantic characteristics of complex sentences and their contribution to implementing communicative strategies in the texts of informed consent for dental treatment. Informed consent is a bilateral document that provides a sufficient amount of specific information about the character of dental intervention, records the communication between doctor and patient in order to enable patients to make voluntary decisions concerning the exposure to potentially dangerous procedures. Complex sentences have been found out as one of the most common types of sentences in the texts studied. Although there is a wide range of complex sentences of different formal and semantic-syntactic types in the informed consent, some types are more prevalent than others. The two most common types of subordinate clauses have been identified: noun clauses as a direct object and adverbial clauses of condition. Complex sentences with objective clauses often contain cognitive or volitional verbs in the independent clause and are characterized by semantic and structural incompleteness, while the subordinate clause is a semantic center, which reveals, explains or complements the scope of the main clause. This type of complex sentences serves as one of the means to implement the communicative tactics guiding and controlling the patient’s perception of medical information. Conditional sentences specifying the circumstances and in particular those demonstrating the cause-effect relationship in the form of implicitation reasoning formulae are applied to implement the information communicative strategy. The considerable number of explanatory constructions (concretization, description, addition, clarification) serves to facilitate clearer understanding of the special information, thus implementing the information communicative strategy. The complex sentences are to increase the density of information and to focus on the addressee’s attention to the most relevant segments of the sentence and text. The predominance of complex sentences demonstrates the interaction of two tendencies: to compress the ramified logical relationship between phenomena, processes, situations within a sentence on the one hand, and to provide additional and sometimes redundant information in order to reduce the chance that a message will be misinterpreted, on the other hand. These tendencies incorporated on the syntax level by complex sentences are important preconditions for effective communication in giving / obtaining voluntary informed consent for dental treatment.

Translingualism and transculturalism beyond fiction works (based on articles and book reviews by Olga Grushin)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 273-279
Author(s):  
Ekaterina S. Lebedeva ◽  
◽  
Zoya G. Proshina
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Fiction Writing ◽  
Home Culture ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Non Fiction ◽  
American Author ◽  
Creative Writings ◽  
Individual Style

The article discusses the literary creative works of the Russian-American author Olga Grushin in the framework of translingual and transcultural transformations typical of this author and her language. The author’s individual style has been influenced by two cultures — Russian, the home culture in which the author has grown and which she absorbed, and American culture in which Olga Grushin succeeded as a writer and whose language she uses in her creative writings. The goal of our research is to analyze linguistic features of Grushin’s short essays and book reviews written for international magazines. The research revealed that translingual and transcultural changes that the author has undergone are reflected not only in her fiction but also in other genres where the author’s creativity and imagination might be somewhat restricted. Grushin’s translingualism is evident on the lexical level, embracing words borrowed from Russian. The author introduces them into her English text in many ways. The syntax of her book reviews and essays is definitely different from that of her novels but its cultural traces and author’s individual features are retained: complex sentences with a variety of coordinate and subordinate clauses, numerous homogeneous parts of the sentence, participial phrases, attributes, and abundance of parallel constructions are typical of Grushin’s non-fiction writing. The structure of her language reveals the tradition of Russian classics, the love for expressive syntax that facilitates the author in creating a certain image and brings in thoughts and feelings shared by the author.

Head-initial/head-final parameter in adult Chinese L2 acquisition of English

1985 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Flynn ◽  
I. Espinal
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Parameter Setting ◽  
Head Direction ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Japanese Speakers

In this study, we investigate the role of the head-initial/head-final parameter in adult second language (L2) acquisition of English. Sixty Chinese speaking adults were tested in their elicited production of complex sentences which involved pre-and postposed adverbial subordinate clauses both with and without pronoun anaphors. Results obtained in this study match those reported earlier for Japanese speakers learning English (Flynn, 1981; 1983a; 1983b; 1984; in press). Both Japanese and Chinese are head-final languages (Kuno, 1973; Huang, 1982). Findings are used to argue for the role of the head-initial/head-final parameter in adult L2 acquisition of pronoun anaphora. They are also used to argue for a model of grammar in which parameters associated with head-direction are differentiated from parameters associated with word order (Travis, 1983; 1984). Results also provide additional empirical support for the parameter setting model of L2 acquisition currently proposed by Flynn (1983a; 1983b, in press; forthcoming).

scholarly journals Ultimate attainment of anaphora resolution in L2 Chinese

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Xia Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Judgment Task ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
Subject Position ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
L2 Chinese ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Null Element ◽  
External Interface ◽  
Discourse Interface

The current study tests the Interface Hypothesis through forward and backward anaphora in complex sentences with temporal subordinate clauses in highly proficient English-speaking learners’ second-language (L2) Chinese. Forward anaphora is involved when the overt pronoun ta ‘he/she’ or a null element appears in the subject position of the main clause, whereas backward anaphora is involved when it is in the subject position of the temporal clause, because the main clause always follows the temporal clause in Chinese. Specifically, the article tests the syntactic and discourse constraints in the interpretation and representation of ta and the null element in complex sentences. Ta is constrained by the syntactic cyclic-c-command condition. Thus it is possible for ta to refer to the other sentential subject in forward anaphora, but not in backward anaphora in Chinese. Unlike English, Chinese allows a null element in subject positions of finite subordinate and main clauses. It is proposed in the article that the null element in these positions is a Øtopic, a syntax–discourse interface category. Results from an acceptability judgement task and a picture judgment task indicate that Øtopic at the external interface has been acquired, whereas the cyclic-c-command condition within narrow syntax is fossilized in L2 Chinese.

scholarly journals Syntactic Traits of Russian Complex Sentences with Subordinate Clauses with Reverse Subordinative Relations and Ways of Their Translation into Korean

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 56-64
Author(s):  
Wongnam Li
Keyword(s):  
Russian Language ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
Subordinate Clause ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
The Russian Language

Russian complex with reverse subordinative relations between clauses are characterized by asymmetric relations between their form and content: the main clause is formed as a subordinate one because it includes the relation marker, namely the subordinate conjunction or conjunction-like word; the formally subordinate clause is in reality the main one according to its meaning. In the Russian language, this serves as syntactic means of expressiveness (sudden and unexpected change in circumstances, etc.), implicit modus meanings, or actualization of various relations. To preserve these meanings, various expanded means of expression of all meanings are used to translate such sentences into Korean: implicit modus meanings are made explicit with the help of independent predicative units, relations of immediate consecution are expressed via special lexical units, and some parts of Russian complex sentences may sometimes be represented as separate sentences in Korean in order to actualize the rhematic parts.

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