scholarly journals Ontological Foundations of Conceptualization of Art Institutions

2021 ◽  
pp. 171-176
Author(s):  
Anna Luhovska
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
History Of ◽  
Entire History ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article describes the stages of formation and the main reasons for the transformation of the current art institutional system. Its characteristics, conventional to Europe at the end of the 18th century, became common to most countries by the second half of the 19th century. Globalization processes that accompany the entire history of the previous century are the key factor of the rapid changes in society, including the art sphere. The role of global economic changes with the orientation on the society of consumption, on the growing importance of art market, commercialization of culture in general, emergence of new technologies and changes in attitudes to contemporary art in all its manifestations were observed. The reasons for shifting the emphasis and rethinking the role of artist, curator and spectator in the modern mode of existence of art institutions were analyzed. The conditions for updating existing and new forms of art representation, as well as expanding the concept of an artwork and the difference in understanding its value in historical and commercial terms that do not always coincide, were described.

scholarly journals Irrigation in the Ili River Basin of Central Asia: From Ditches to Dams and Diversion

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Pueppke ◽  
Qingling Zhang ◽  
Sabir Nurtazin
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Ili River Basin ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Made In

Central Asia’s Ili River is fed by mountain streams that flow down into an isolated and arid basin that today is shared by Kazakhstan and China. Agriculture in the basin is dependent upon irrigation, which was practiced as long ago as the Iron Age, when early pastoralists constructed ditches to channel water from streams onto nearby fields. Irrigation had become much more common by the 18th century, when the region was controlled by the Dzungarian Khanate. The khanate was toppled by the Qing Chinese in the 1750s in the first of a series of confrontations that destroyed and then rebuilt the basin’s agricultural economy. The region has since been dominated by a succession of Chinese and Russian (and later Soviet and independent Kazakh) governments, each of which recognized the essential role of irrigated agriculture in maintaining control. Thus every cycle of destruction led to reclamation of new lands, resettlement of farmers and upgrading of infrastructure to expand irrigation. This allowed an impressive diversity of fruits, vegetables and field crops to be grown, especially on loess soils of the more fertile upper basin, where tributaries could be easily tapped by gravity flow. Many of these tributaries were entirely diverted by the 19th century, so that they no longer reached the Ili. Large scale irrigation commenced in the 1960s, when the Soviets built Kapchagai dam and reservoir in the lower part of the basin and installed pumps to raise water from the Ili River onto nearby reclaimed sierozem soils, mostly for cultivation of rice. China later constructed a cluster of small- and medium-sized dams that enabled expansion of agriculture in the upper part of the basin. Many irrigated areas along the lower reaches of the Ili in Kazakhstan have been abandoned, but irrigation in the upper basin continues to expand. Declining soil fertility, salinization, pollution, insufficient inflows and adverse economic conditions currently challenge irrigation across the entire basin. Investments are being made in new technologies as a means to sustain irrigated agriculture in the basin, but it remains to be seen if these strategies will be successful.

scholarly journals Karmicielki świata. Mamki mleczne w świetle reprodukcji życia społecznego

Wielogłos ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Szopa
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

[Feeders of the World. Wet Nurses and Social Reproduction] The article is an attempt to outline the history of wet-nursing on the example of France from the late 18th century until the beginning of the 20th century. The main aim of the article is to highlight the social and economic changes undergone by the profession of wet-nursing. This study explores the process in which increasing industrialisation and urbanisation leads to wet nurses becoming gradually subjected to what Karl Marx described as formal subsumption of labour under capital. Wet-nursing was one of the most important functions contributing to societies’ survival and reproduction, which is why at the turn of the 19th century it was commodified and transformed into one of the most alienated types of labour. These processes were accompanied by a series of changes in the social and cultural perception of wet nurses, notably by the so-called rabble discourse typical for the 19th-century means of racialising working class people.

The Institutionalization of Philosophy: Victor Cousin and Hegel’s Legacy in France

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 145-172
Keyword(s):  
Educational Policy ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Institutional Arrangement ◽  
Philosophical Education ◽  
Meta Position ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article points out patterns in the institutionalization of philosophy during the first half of 19th century when French education was revamped by Victor Cousin and the school of eclecticism as part of the educational policy of the doctrinaire political faction. Cousin’s public statements and correspondence stating his views about how to properly conduct education in philosophy and what obligations that education had toward the political forces of the 1830s and 1840s are interpreted in the context of the structure of the French educational system, changes in the socio-political situation, the lingering influence of Jesuit colleges after they had been banned in the 18th century, the continuity of the administrative and personnel structure of secondary and higher schools, and the Napoleonic reforms. The main focus of the article is on how institutionalization influenced the spread of Hegelian studies and Hegelianism in France and on the inertia in the system that was introduced to maintain the canon of works and figures selected for France’s philosophers to study. The features of the French system of philosophical education that Cousin devised are analyzed, the role of the competitive agrégation in philosophy from the 19th to the 21st century is examined, and the advantages and problematic aspects of institutionalized philosophy are explained. The immediate conclusion reached is that Cousin’s educational policy had a direct and long-lasting impact on the development of Hegel studies and Hegelianism in France from the middle of the 19th century through the first third of the 20th century. That impact came in the form of a wide-ranging abandonment of translating, studying and teaching certain material, and the German idealist’s legacy was the most affected by it. The author also argues that this example reveals more than the role played by a person who pursued well-intentioned goals under particular circumstances with considerable success, although that success came at a cost for the study of the history of philosophy. The example illustrates how the outcome of philosophical studies depends on the institutional arrangement for training and selecting qualified consumers and producers of philosophical knowledge, and this brings up the question of the meta-position of philosophy.

Protestant Pioneers in Sanskrit Studies in the Early 18th Century

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 99-144
Author(s):  
Toon Van Hal
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Unpublished Manuscript ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Early 18Th Century

Summary Sanskrit has played a notable role in the history of the language sciences. Its intensive study at the turn of the 19th century went hand in hand with the institutionalization of linguistics as an independent academic discipline. This paper endeavours to trace the earliest Sanskrit studies conducted by Protestant missionaries in Tranquebar (present-day Tharangambadi in Tamil Nadu) under the auspices of the Dänisch-Hallesche Mission from 1706 onwards. In contrast to some of their Jesuit colleagues, the Protestant missionaries did not leave us full-blown manuscript grammars. However, this does not imply that the Tranquebar missionaries had no interest in the sacred language of the Hindus. It was, of course, the primary concern of all missionaries to spread the word of Christ among the indigenous people. Hence, they placed an extremely high value on a firm command of the local vernacular languages. In the case of the Tranquebar missionaries, the study of both Portuguese and Tamil was, therefore, prioritized. In a second stage, however, many of the Tranquebar missionaries, once they had mastered the local vernaculars, gained interest in Sanskrit, which they frequently styled ‘Malabaric Latin’. Partly on the basis of unpublished manuscript sources, this paper (a) investigates why the Tranquebar missionaries were interested in Sanskrit in the first place, (b) surveys the numerous problems they had to overcome, and (c) studies their interaction with scholars working in Europe, from whom they received many incentives. In so doing, the paper investigates to what extent this 18th-century interest in Sanskrit reflects a fascination with the original traditional culture and religion of South India. In conjunction with this, the paper also examines to what extent this largely overlooked chapter in early Sanskrit philology may shed an indirect light on the specific role of Sanskrit in the institutionalization of linguistics.

scholarly journals The Formularies of Unity and the Dutch Reformed Church: A preliminary survey

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Britz
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Dutch Reformed ◽  
Reformed Church ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Sixth Decade ◽  
The Church ◽  
Dutch Reformed Church

This article undertakes a survey of the application of the Formularies of Unity by the Dutch Reformed Church, covering its history from the 18th century to approximately 1935. Although these Formularies were the accepted confessional basis of the church, it did not prevent additional theological accommodation during the 18th century. During the first part of the 19th century an institutional concept of the church put forward a subscribing formula. The confession became important. In principle the way was opened for an institutional and contractual enforcement of the Formu­laries. This happened when the church was involved in the wide-ranging li­beral struggle during the sixth decade. Even before the 20th century a new approach in which the role of the Formularies was seen more dogmatically and confessionalistically came to the fore. And, when the church was once again entangled in a struggle (viz. the well-known 'Du Plessis case' of the 1930's) the dogmatic point of departure played into the hands of a con­fessional fundamentalism. In the history of the Dutch Reformed Church, the Formularies thus gained in ecclesiological emphasis and value and its application was conditioned by the context and theological influence. Most importantly, the underlying problem of its historicity on the one hand, and its scriptural context and intent on the other hand, remained an unpaid account.

scholarly journals SEEING THE INVISIBLE. ANALYTICAL DRAWINGS BY CONSTRUCTION HISTORY PIONEERS. RESEARCH FIELD OVERVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 03-18
Author(s):  
Javier Giron ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Research Field ◽  
General Picture ◽  
Visual Model ◽  
History Of Construction ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Geographical Scope

Introduction: The history of construction is a discipline that began to take shape in the mid-18th century and throughout the 19th century. We as researchers need to pay particular attention to how drawing facilitated progress during this period. This article attempts to provide an overview of the above, which is currently lacking. Methods: In this study, two lines of investigation intersect: the history of construction and the history of drawing, specifically drawing for scientific and technical representation. The main goal is to identify the sources (authors, lines of investigation) relevant to this field, as well as to characterize the role of drawing in the authors’ work, and to describe the spread of drawing as nonverbal thinking. Results: We have identified a number of relevant authors, described their lines of research, and listed the functions fulfilled by drawing in each case. The functions include: hypothesizing about hidden structures, visualizing the construction processes, and providing a virtual definition for elements that make up a vault. We also review how some drawings acted as a visual model of the constructive reality, or how parallel drawings served as a reflection of the different buildings’ size and scale. Discussion: This overview adjusts some points of reference for a general picture. For having a complete understanding of the subject, it will be necessary to identify more sources and to extend the geographical scope of this search in the future. There is still much research to be done on the spread of the drawings in question.

The Portrayal of Islam in Some Early Nigerian Newspapers (1880-1910)

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-328
Author(s):  
Salahudeen Yusuf
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Religious Conflict ◽  
Intellectual Honesty ◽  
The People ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
The Press ◽  
External Threat ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

The history of Islam in part of what is known today as Nigeria datesto about the loth Century. Christianity dates to the late 18th Century. Bythe middle of the 19th Century, when Nigerian newspapers began to appearon the streets of Nigeria, both religions had won so many followers and extendedto so many places in Nigeria that very few areas were untouched bytheir influence. The impact of both religions on their adherents not only determinedtheir spiritual life, but influenced their social and political lives aswell. It therefore became inevitable that both religions receive coverage frommost of the newspapers of the time. How the newspapers as media of informationand communication reported issues about the two religions is thetheme of this paper.Rationale for the StudyThe purpose of this study is to highlight the context in which such earlynewspapers operated and the factors that dictated their performance. Thisis because it is assumed that when a society faces external threat to its territory,culture, and independence, all hands (the press inclusive) ought tobe on deck to resist the threat with all might. Were newspapers used as verbalartillery and how did they present each religion? It is also assumed thatin a multireligious society a true press should be objective and serve as avanguard in the promotion of the interest of the people in general and notcreate or foster an atmosphere of religious conflict. The study also aims atfinding out whether the papers promoted intellectual honesty and fosteredthe spirit of unity particularly when the society was faced with the encroachmentof the British who posed a threat to their freedom, culture, economy ...

The role of exploratory mechanisms in evolution

1995 ◽  
Vol 349 (1329) ◽  
pp. 297-297
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Instability ◽  
Specific Mechanism ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Neuronal Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Variation And Selection

Many cellular mechanisms use a process of variation and selection to generate specific patterns. Among these, dynamic instability of microtubules has been shown to employ a specific mechanism to intentionally generate variation. In many systems the growth of neurons or neuronal processes is excessive, the final connections being established by stabilization of functional interactions. When changes in neuronal networks take place, such as in metamorphosis, use is made of the plasticity of neuronal connectivity. In the immune system, specific responses are generated by variation and selection. Processes that explore a wide range of conditions and a wide range of structures can be called exploratory processes. These are very robust and capable of responding to damage, variability in the environment and ontogenic changes in the organisms. Such robustness would be useful for adapting to changes that occur during phylogenetic changes as well. Given the extensive history of extinction and radiation in evolution, it may be supposed that these mechanisms have themselves been selected for their capacity to survive rapid changes in the organism and for their ability to generate cellular variation.

Forecasting Research and Technoscience: Contemporary Status, Specifics and Prospects

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyudmila Ivancheva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Social Interests ◽  
The Future ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Contemporary Status

The article emphasizes the role of the advancement of modern science and new technologies in forecasting research as a key factor for making prognoses for the future. It presents the concept of technoscience, developed by the author, as a blend and symbiosis of modern science and technologies, converging on the basis of similar purposes, objects of treatment and outcomes, as well as of the rising engagement with social interests and attitudes. Furthermore, the main kinds of forecasting research with their specifics, advantages and limitations are outlined, pointing out the special role of building foresight scenarios for the future as a prognosis and policy instrument. The tendencies in this field of research are identified, revealing the challenges related to modern technoscience, and the possible solutions.

“Russian” Spengler and the Destiny of World History in Russian Philosophy in the Beginning of the 20th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 115-128
Author(s):  
Vladimir A. Kudryavtsev ◽  
Alexandra I. Vakulinskaya
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Russian Philosophy ◽  
Cultural Revival ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Ideological Influence ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
History Of ◽  
Religious Factor ◽  
In The Beginning

This article deals with the history of Russian philosophers ‘acquaintance with the ideas of O. Spengler, set forth in his work “The Decline of the West”. The authors point out that the initial orientation of Russian thought towards Historiosophy, problems of history and ontology became the key factor of Spengler’s popularity in Russia. The article considers and analyzes critical and methodological approaches to the theory of cultural and historical types by O. Spengler and N. Ya. Danilevsky within the framework of Russian philosophical thought. The authors pay attention to the ideological influence of the United States as the country which adheres to the ideas of the Enlightenment, as well as to German thinkers, who visited this country in the early twentieth century. It is concluded that the global scenario of the human civilization development, that used to be the mainstream of its formation before the events of the beginning of this year, is unsuitable and untenable. The authors insist on the important role of the theory of cultural and historical types supported and developed by Russian emigration representatives, and focus on the importance of the religious factor in the process of cultural revival.

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