scholarly journals Teaching in the Early Years of Soviet Power: Ideological Transformation

2021 ◽  
pp. 122-133
Author(s):  
Ekaterina V. Metel ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Early Years ◽  
Soviet Power ◽  
Ideological Transformation

The Soviet drifting station SP-3, 1954–55

Polar Record ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 8 (54) ◽  
pp. 222-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Treshnikov
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
European Part ◽  
Early Years ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Soviet Power ◽  
Arctic Seas ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Barents And Kara Seas

In the early years of Soviet power, expeditions to the Barents and Kara Seas were organized, and this laid the foundations of navigation between the European part of the Soviet Union and the Siberian rivers Ob' and Yenisey. In the course of these voyages great quantities of goods were carried across the Arctic seas, which were to become important in the country's economy.

scholarly journals "Release 10 Billion": On the Issue of Financing Soviet Holidays and Anniversaries

2020 ◽  
pp. 529-539
Author(s):  
Elena V. Barysheva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Trade Unions ◽  
Central Committee ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Contemporary History ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Spiritual Values ◽  
Soviet Power ◽  
Soviet State ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Red Army

The article, based on the materials of the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History and the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, explores the history of financing Soviet state holidays, beginning with the first anniversaries of the October Revolution. The Bolsheviks, realizing the importance of public holidays as an effective tool for legitimizing Soviet power and promoting new spiritual values, allocated significant amounts for their organization even during the economically difficult period of the Civil War. In the early years of the Soviet power, the decoration of cities and demonstrations was rather ascetic, and the money allocated for the holidays was to be used to maintain the authority among the Red Army soldiers. Later, the decoration of cities for the festivities on November 7 and May 1 became more varied. Preparation began in advance, decoration of cities and columns of workers was paid for by the city and district party organizations and by the trade unions. In 1925, among the anniversaries that were planned on a grand scale, was the 20th anniversary of the 1905 Revolution. The article shows how the issue of its financing was resolved. Subsequently, the economic support of festive events, primarily on November 7 and May 1, was assigned to the enterprises. At the same time, the question of expediency of such significant expenses on decorating cities, holiday stands, and columns of workers has been repeatedly raised not only by the holiday organizers, but also by the demonstrations participants. They said that some institutions and senior executives got carried away by enthusiasm for anniversaries, ceremonies, and banquets. The Decree of the Politburo of the Central Committee “On Anniversaries” (1928) peremptorily prohibited organization of anniversaries and celebrations without special permission. In 1938, the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On Prevention of Spending Unnecessary Funds in Celebrating May 1, 1938” finally determined the procedure and sources of financing of the Soviet state holidays. This Decision became the basis for all subsequent decisions on financing holiday events.

Completion or Beginning. G. Shpet’s Historical Philosophy as the Foundation of the Institute of Philosophy

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-67
Author(s):  
Vladimir V. Sidorin ◽  
◽  
Anatoliy V. Chernyaev ◽  
Tatiana G. Shchedrina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Soviet Power ◽  
Intellectual Culture ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Modern Management ◽  
Scientific Philosophy ◽  
Intellectual Labor

One of the most interesting pages in the creative biography of G.G. Shpet is his leadership in the Institute of Scientific Philosophy (1921–1923) – the topic which is only indicated, but not yet sufficiently researched today. The article at­tempts to characterize the intellectual and organizational efforts of G.G. Shpet as director of the Institute of Scientific Philosophy and demonstrate the importance of his activities for preserving the tradition of Russian philosophical culture in the early years of Soviet power. The relevance of his historical experience lies in the fact that he skillfully combined managerial duties and scientific leader­ship. The analysis of this experience allows us today to ponder about the effec­tiveness of modern management strategies, which often separate management from the content of scientific activity in various intellectual and cultural institu­tions, guided by the productivity of the idea of “division of intellectual labor”. Meanwhile, leadership functions have significantly influence on the develop­ment of thematic priorities in science, as evidenced by the experience of Shpet’s directorship. His activities as director of the Institute of Scientific Philosophy are considered in the context of the socio-cultural situation of that time, as well as taking into account the intellectual and existential heritage of the philosopher: his reflections on the very essence of philosophical knowledge, on the historical fate of domestic intellectual culture; in particular, in the context of the draft of the summary of the report “What is philosophy” published below, which he read at a meeting of the institution headed by him on October 20, 1922.

scholarly journals NATIONAL SCHOOL AND TRAINING OF TEACHERS IN KAZAKHSTAN (20th-30th ХХ century)

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-69
Author(s):  
Sh. M. Mukhtarova ◽  
◽  
A. S. Musraunova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Teacher Training ◽  
Native Language ◽  
The State ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Soviet Power ◽  
Educational Provision ◽  
National School ◽  
And Training

Based on historical, pedagogical and archival sources, the article analysed the state of national schools and the problem of training of pedagogical personnel in Kazakhstan in the 20-30 years of the 20 century. The authors reveal difficult and contradictory conditions for the formation and development of national schools in the early years of Soviet power. The general difficulties in the organization and operation of national schools were the weak educational and methodological provision of education in the native language for students, the scarce educational and material base and the acute shortage of national pedagogical personnel. The article highlights the development of the ethnic component in the content of the education of national schools and in the system of teacher training, as well as the problem of their educational provision. The authors of the article analyzed archival sources, which contain information on the content of teacher training for national schools KazPI named after Abai, the first forge of pedagogical personnel with higher education, described the network of training of national pedagogical personnel in Kazakhstan and beyond in the 20th30th years of the 20 century.

scholarly journals Способы и этапы комплектования музейного фонда: законная экспроприация в Советской России (1917–1920-е годы)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.E. Rybak
Keyword(s):  
Banking Sector ◽  
Precious Metals ◽  
The State ◽  
Cultural Property ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Soviet Power ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
Art Collections ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Starting Point

Статья посвящена особенностям комплектования государственного музейного фонда в первые годы советской власти. Методологию составили историко-правовой, формально-юридический методы, метод юридического толкования. Материалами явились нормативные акты советской власти, архивные документы, исследования юристов и историков права. Изучены национализация банковской сферы, передача культурных ценностей Украине, Польше и Литве. Исследованы вопросы комплектования музеев за счет изъятого церковного имущества. Проанализированы отдельные нормативные акты о национализации крупных собраний культурных ценностей и уникальных произведений искусства. Рассмотрены полномочия Наркомпроса, связанные с обращением культурных ценностей в пользу государства. Сделан вывод о том, что массовый экспорт этих ценностей, производившийся после 1922 г., способствовал возникновению лакун в собраниях музеев, что привело к перераспределению ценностей по структуре музейной сети, которое продолжалось в 1930-е гг. и позднее.The article is devoted to the study of the features of the acquisition of the state museum fund in the early years of Soviet power. The methodology included historical legal, formal legal methods, a method of legal interpretation combined with a set of methods used in historical science. The materials were the regulatory acts of the Soviet government issued in the period from 1917 to 1922 and related to the expropriation of cultural and other values, archival materials, studies of lawyers and historians of law. The starting point of the study was a detailed analysis of the definitions of forms and methods of expropriation of property, common in the early years of Soviet power. The factography of the events that make up the stages of the nationalization of the banking sector is disclosed, the actions of the Bolshevik leadership aimed at revising banking cells, mastering the reserves of precious metals are examined in detail. The transfer of cultural property to Ukraine, Poland, and Lithuania, which took place in the first years of Soviet power, was studied, and the range of values subject to such transfer was identified. The first steps of the Soviet government related to the acquisition of museums at the expense of seized church property are investigated, the categories of this property are determined, and the procedure for determining its value is considered. The content of individual regulatory acts on the nationalization of large collections of cultural property and unique works of art, in particular, art galleries, conservatories, private art collections, estates, individual valuable paintings, etc., has been studied in detail. The measures of the Soviet state on the nationalization of musical workshops, theater and circus property are described in sequence. Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of the powers of the Peoples Commissariat for Education in matters related to the turning of cultural property into the property of the state. The mechanisms of alienation of objects of art in the case of careless treatment or in the absence of proper protection are examined, measures regarding the registration of objects of art are analyzed. The actions of the state to identify objects of art that could be used for export purposes are analyzed. The author concludes that the massive sale of cultural property abroad, done after 1922, led to the appearance of gaps in museum collections. This caused a redistribution of values along the structure of the museum network, which continued into the 1930s and beyond.

scholarly journals THE NATIONAL PROBLEM AND THE PROBLEM OF WOMEN’S MOVEMENT ACTIVATION IN THE CHUVASH AUTONOMOUS REGION ON THE EXAMPLE OF LIFE OF TATAR WOMEN OF BATYREVSKY UYEZD IN THE FIRST YEARS OF THE SOVIET POWER

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 106-113
Author(s):  
Valentina I. Sokolova ◽  
Olga N. Galosheva ◽  
Igor V. Kallin
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
National Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Soviet Power ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Youth Movement ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
Communist Ideology

The article examines the national policy of the Soviet state in the early years of the Soviet power. It shows as well the importance of this issue for the state, the attention paid to it by supreme management bodies. The basic principles and directions of activity carried out by the Communist Party of Bolsheviks for implementing the national policy in the regions of the country are noted; successes and failures in implementing the Communist ideology are shown. The authors of the article indicate that the leadership of the state understood that success in building a new world can be achieved only due to the rise of the culture among the representatives of national minorities to the level of Russian regions inhabitants. It pursued this goal, structuring the policy in the sphere of national-state building. The authors examine the issues of improving tolerant ideas in the international relations on the example of women and youth movement activation in the Chuvash autonomous region in the first half of the 1920s. The analysis of the final materials of the report made by the RC of the ACP (b) representative, Bikchantaev, seconded to Batyrevsky uyezd to establish women’s social movement, shows the efforts of the party apparatus to promote the ideas of equality and freedom among Tatar women. It shows as well the importance of this issue for the state, the attention paid to it by supreme management bodies.

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