Topographic Measurement of Water Surface by Inclined Grid Moire Topography and Three-Dimensional Color Image Display Technique.

Nowadays, there is a growing trend in smart cities. Therefore, Terrestrial and Internet of Things (IoT) enabled Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (TWSNs and IoT-UWSNs) are mostly used for observing and communicating via smart technologies. For the sake of collecting the desired information from the underwater environment, multiple acoustic sensors are deployed with limited resources, such as memory, battery, processing power, transmission range, etc. The replacement of resources for a particular node is not feasible due to the harsh underwater environment. Thus, the resources held by the node needs to be used efficiently to improve the lifetime of a network. In this paper, to support smart city vision, a terrestrial based “Away Cluster Head with Adaptive Clustering Habit” (ACH) 2 is examined in the specified three dimensional (3-D) region inside the water. Three different cases are considered, which are: single sink at the water surface, multiple sinks at water surface,, and sinks at both water surface and inside water. “Underwater (ACH) 2 ” (U-(ACH) 2 ) is evaluated in each case. We have used depth in our proposed U-(ACH) 2 to examine the performance of (ACH) 2 in the ocean environment. Moreover, a comparative analysis is performed with state of the art routing protocols, including: Depth-based Routing (DBR) and Energy Efficient Depth-based Routing (EEDBR) protocol. Among all of the scenarios followed by case 1 and case 3, the number of packets sent and received at sink node are maximum using DEEC-(ACH) 2 protocol. The packets drop ratio using TEEN-(ACH) 2 protocol is less when compared to other algorithms in all scenarios. Whereas, for dead nodes DEEC-(ACH) 2 , LEACH-(ACH) 2 , and SEP-(ACH) 2 protocols’ performance is different for every considered scenario. The simulation results shows that the proposed protocols outperform the existing ones.

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Use of a three-dimensional model to predict heavy metal (copper) fluxes in the Oujiang estuary

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2014.037 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 69 (6) ◽

pp. 1334-1343 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Shasha Lu ◽

Ruijie Li ◽

Xiaoming Xia ◽

Jun Zheng

Keyword(s):

River Discharge ◽

Water Surface ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Measured Data ◽

Dimensional Model ◽

Three Dimensional Model ◽

Pollutant Concentrations ◽

Suspended Sediment Concentrations ◽

Adsorption Desorption ◽

Good Agreement

Measuring pollutant concentrations in major tributaries is the standard method for establishing pollutant fluxes to the sea. However, this method is costly and difficult, and may be subject to a great deal of uncertainty due to the presence of unknown sources. This uncertainty presents challenges to managers and scientists in reducing contaminant discharges to water bodies. As one less costly method, a three-dimensional model was developed and used to predict pollutant fluxes to the sea. The sorptive contaminant model was incorporated into hydrodynamic and sediment models. Adsorption–desorption of copper by sediments in the Oujiang estuary were described using Henry's law. The model was validated using measured data for water surface elevations, flow velocity/direction, suspended sediment concentrations, and the proportion of copper sorbed to sediment. The validated model was then applied to predict fluxes of copper. Combined with the measured data, the copper concentration in the Oujiang River discharge was calculated as 13.0 μg/L and copper fluxes were calculated as 52 t in 2010. This copper flux prediction was verified using measured dissolved copper concentrations. Comparisons between the modeled and measured results showed good agreement at most stations, demonstrating that copper flux prediction in the Oujiang estuary was reasonably accurate.

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Key Technologies Research on Color Contour Map of 3D Injection Molding Simulation Results

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.217-219.1998 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 217-219 ◽

pp. 1998-2001

Author(s):

Tie Geng ◽

Qing Hai Ren ◽

Wei Qing Tu ◽

Dan Dan Liu

Keyword(s):

Injection Molding ◽

Color Image ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Physical Field ◽

Contour Map ◽

Image Rendering ◽

Color Range ◽

Key Technologies ◽

Injection Molding Simulation ◽

Simulation Results

According to the color contour map of the 3D injection molding simulation results, the commonly used color contour map drawing algorithm was researched, and a three-dimensional color image rendering algorithm which based on the "physical field values and color range mapping" was given too. And the key technologies of the algorithm which was used to draw 3D color contour map were introduced in detail. In the end, an example was given.

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Numerical modeling of the hydraulic impact of riparian vegetation

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/20184400194 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 00194

Author(s):

Krzysztof Wolski ◽

Tomasz Tymiński ◽

Grzegorz Chrobak

Keyword(s):

Numerical Modeling ◽

Riparian Vegetation ◽

Water Surface ◽

Numerical Models ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Careful Examination ◽

Impact Structure ◽

Hydraulic Impact ◽

Vegetation Zones ◽

Maximal Shear Stress

This paper presents results of numerical modelling of riverbed segment with riparian vegetation performed with use of CCHE2 software. Vegetation zones are places where dynamic of water flow increases. Therefore, there is a need of careful examination of hydraulic impact structure of such zones. Accurate research is necessary and should be performed with use of physical or numerical models, two or three dimensional. Paper presents distribution of velocity and area of water surface for two variants of vegetation deposition acquired in CCHE2D software and modelled for riverbed with distinctive riparian vegetation. Results point to significant (30–40%) increase of maximal velocities in riverbed with riparian vegetation, while directly near the vegetation there were zones with very low velocities. Local damming occurs before vegetal zone. Maximal shear stress in zones with increased velocity is significantly augmented compared to conditions with no vegetation, which can cause more intensive erosion in those zones

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Clinical application of three-dimensional anisotropy contrast magnetic resonance axonography

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/jns.1999.90.4.0791 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 90 (4) ◽

pp. 791-795 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

Tsutomu Nakada ◽

Naoki Nakayama ◽

Yukihiko Fujii ◽

Ingrid L. Kwee

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Healthy Volunteers ◽

Clinical Application ◽

Color Image ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Cerebral Peduncle ◽

Imaging Method ◽

Medial Lemniscus ◽

Diffusion Weighted Images ◽

Diffusion Weighted

✓ The utility of three-dimensional anisotropy contrast (3DAC) magnetic resonance (MR) axonography, a method sensitive to neuronal fibers and their directionality, was investigated in the clinical setting using a 3-tesla MR imaging system based on a General Electric Signa platform. The study focused on healthy volunteers and patients with common structural central nervous system disorders, namely chronic infarction, brainstem cavernous hemangioma, supratentorial meningioma, and astrocytoma. Three orthogonal anisotropic diffusion-weighted images were first obtained. Three primary colors were each assigned to a diffusion-weighted image, respectively, and the images were subsequently combined into a single-color image in full-color spectrum (3DAC MR axonography image). Fiber-tract definition in the cerebral peduncle of the midbrain of healthy volunteers showed intersubject variation, with two general patterns recognized: dispersed (60% of cases) and compact (40% of cases). Pathological alterations in the fiber tracts were readily identified in cases involving wallerian degeneration of the pyramidal tract, as illustrated in the cases of chronic infarction. Displacement of major tracts, such as the medial lemniscus or corticospinal tract, as well as fiber directionality, was also easily recognized in cases of mass lesions. As an imaging method uniquely capable of providing information regarding axonal connectivity, 3DAC MR axonography appears to have promising potential for routine clinical application.

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983 A novel three-dimensional image display system for transurethral surgery

European Urology Supplements ◽

10.1016/s1569-9056(15)60971-x ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. e983-e983b

Author(s):

S. Yoshida ◽

T. Fukuyo ◽

M. Ito ◽

M. Tatokoro ◽

M. Yokoyama ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Image Display ◽

Display System ◽

Dimensional Image

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A Study of Water Surface Deformation Due to Tip Vortices Wing-in-Ground Effect

Journal of Ship Research ◽

10.5957/jsr.2007.51.2.182 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 51 (02) ◽

pp. 182-186

Author(s):

Tracie J. Barber

Keyword(s):

Water Surface ◽

Surface Deformation ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Ground Effect ◽

Aerodynamic Performance ◽

The Body ◽

Vehicle Design ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Tip Vortices ◽

Wing Tip

The accurate prediction of ground effect aerodynamics is an important aspect of wing-in-ground (WIG) effect vehicle design. When WIG vehicles operate over water, the deformation of the nonrigid surface beneath the body may affect the aerodynamic performance of the craft. The likely surface deformation has been considered from a theoretical and numerical position. Both two-dimensional and three-dimensional cases have been considered, and results show that any deformation occurring on the water surface is likely to be caused by the wing tip vortices rather than an increased pressure distribution beneath the wing.

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Security of Digital Images Based on 3D Arnold Cat Map and Elliptic Curve

International Journal of Image and Graphics ◽

10.1142/s0219467821500066 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 2150006

Author(s):

Anand B. Joshi ◽

Dhanesh Kumar ◽

D. C. Mishra

Keyword(s):

Elliptic Curve ◽

Color Image ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Mapping Method ◽

Digital Data ◽

Arnold Cat Map ◽

Image Pixels ◽

Dual Encryption ◽

Digital Image Encryption ◽

Encryption Method

Security of digital data is an important task in the present era. In this paper, we propose a new scheme of digital image encryption and decryption method based on three-dimensional (3D) Arnold cat map (ACM) and elliptic curve. In this proposed encryption method, we have applied 3D ACM on the digital color image which performs the dual encryption first, it performs the permutation and second, it performs the substitution of image pixels. After that, elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is used to encrypt the image, for this a mapping method is proposed to convert the pixels of the image as points on the elliptic curve. Further, a mapping inverting method is proposed for decryption and then 3D inverse Arnold cat map (iACM) is applied to get the original image. The statistical and security analyses are done on various images and the experimental results show the robustness of the proposed method.

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