scholarly journals Legal aspects of the use of bioenergy in the European Union

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Holub Svitlana ◽  
◽  
Shynkaruk Nataliia ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Final Energy ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Final Energy Consumption ◽  
The Eu

The article explores the features of the legal regulation of bioenergy in the European Union, analyses the concepts of bioenergy and biofuels in Ukrainian and European legislation and highlights the main provisions of the European Union Directives, concerning the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, including biomass. In particular, bioenergy has been identified in the EU as the leading source of renewable energy for heating and cooling (88 per cent of all RES), representing 16 per cent of the total European final energy consumption in this sector. Consequently, in view of the demand for and the need to use such a resource, the EU legislative framework contains a number of principles (bases) and mandates for regulating the relationship in the area of manufacturing, handling and decontamination of waste biofuels as a primary feedstock for bioenergy. In particular, the fundamental principles of the EU bioenergy legislation are, first, the principle of sustainable production and consumption of biomass, and second, the prevention of reduction of negative impacts from the use of this resource, Third, increasing the share of alternative energy sources to 75 % of final energy consumption by 2050. Keywords: bioenergy, permanence, alternative energy sources, biofuels

scholarly journals Comparison of Consumption and Renewable Sources of Energy in European Union Countries—Sectoral Indicators, Economic Conditions and Environmental Impacts

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3714
Author(s):  
Anna Komarnicka ◽  
Anna Murawska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Final Energy ◽  
Final Energy Consumption ◽  
The Eu

The use of energy is a precondition for global economic and civilisational development. However, the growing demand for energy is depleting traditional energy resources and, most importantly, causing environmental pollution, mainly through the emission of greenhouse gases. As energy is necessary for the functioning of all sectors of the economy, such as industry, services, transport as well as households, these sectors are the largest contributors to energy consumption. Renewable energy sources are an alternative to generating energy from conventional fossil fuels. The main objective of this paper was to determine and compare the level, trends and variation in energy consumption by different economic sectors in countries of the European Union in 2010–2019. An analysis of the share of renewable energy consumption in different economic sectors was also carried out, as well as an assessment of the relationship of these indicators with the level of economic development of the countries and environmental impacts in the form of greenhouse gas emissions from energy consumption. To explore the topics under discussion, a dozen of indicators have been considered in the article. The source of empirical data collected was the European Statistical Office. The researched period covered the years 2010–2019. The empirical data was statistically analysed. The article considers changes in the values of the studied indicators, differentiation between countries and the results of correlation and regression analysis. As shown by the data from 2010–2019, the countries of the European Union vary significantly in respect of primary and final energy consumption. The highest final energy consumption occurs in the transport sector, followed by slightly lower consumption in the industrial sector and households sector and the lowest but also significant consumption in the commercial and public services sector. Since 2010, total primary and final energy consumption has decreased in the EU (27) countries. Total energy consumption and consumption by individual sectors in modern economies of the EU (27) countries are reflected on the one hand in economic development and on the other—in exacerbation of adverse climate changes. Therefore, all EU Member States, aware of their energy consumption and their own contribution to environmental pollution, should take effective and sustainable corrective action in this area as soon as possible.

scholarly journals Changes in Energy Consumption in Agriculture in the EU Countries

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1570
Author(s):  
Tomasz Rokicki ◽  
Aleksandra Perkowska ◽  
Bogdan Klepacki ◽  
Piotr Bórawski ◽  
Aneta Bełdycka-Bórawska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Research Hypothesis ◽  
The Eu

The paper’s main purpose was to identify and present the current situation and changes in energy consumption in agriculture in the European Union (EU) countries. The specific objectives were the determination of the degree of concentration of energy consumption in agriculture in the EU countries, showing the directions of their changes, types of energy used, and changes in this respect, establishing the correlation between energy consumption and changes in the economic and agricultural situation in the EU countries. All member states of the European Union were deliberately selected for research on 31 December 2018 (28 countries). The research period covered the years 2005–2018. The sources of materials were the literature on the subject, and data from Eurostat. Descriptive, tabular, and graphical methods were used to analyze and present materials, dynamics indicators with a stable base, Gini concentration coefficient, concentration analysis using the Lorenz curve, coefficient of variation, Kendall’s tau correlation coefficient, and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. A high concentration of energy consumption in agriculture was found in several EU countries, the largest in countries with the largest agricultural sector, i.e., France and Poland. There were practically no changes in the concentration level. Only in the case of renewable energy, a gradual decrease in concentration was visible. More and more countries developed technologies that allow the use of this type of energy. However, the EU countries differed in terms of the structure of the energy sources used. The majority of the basis was liquid fuels, while stable and gaseous fuels were abandoned in favor of electricity and renewable sources—according to which, in the EU countries, the research hypothesis was confirmed: a gradual diversification of energy sources used in agriculture, with a systematic increase in the importance of renewable energy sources. The second research hypothesis was also confirmed, according to which the increase in the consumption of renewable energy in agriculture is closely related to the economy’s parameters. The use of renewable energy is necessary and results from concern for the natural environment. Therefore, economic factors may have a smaller impact.

scholarly journals Evolution and Forecasting of the Renewable Energy Consumption in the Frame of Sustainable Development: EU vs. Romania

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 10327
Author(s):  
Anca Mehedintu ◽  
Georgeta Soava ◽  
Mihaela Sterpu ◽  
Eugenia Grecu
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Renewable Energy Consumption ◽  
Final Energy ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Final Energy Consumption ◽  
The Eu

This article is part of the concerns generated by the need to increase the consumption of renewable energy, so that in the European Union (EU) countries, its share in the final energy consumption, to reach 32% by 2030, increases. In the context in which, in the specialized literature, the analysis of renewable energy consumption by activity sectors is approached very little, such an analysis has high utility. The variables of interest are the share of renewable energy in the final energy consumption, and the share of renewable energy sources in the final energy consumption in transport, electricity, and heating and cooling. The study performs a comparative analysis of the evolution of these indicators for the period 2004–2019 for Romania and the EU, an empirical estimate of the evolution of indicators using time regression and autoregressive models, a forecast of the share of renewable energy consumption in the final energy consumption and by the main sectors (transport, electricity, and heating and cooling) for the 2030 horizon, providing appropriate scenarios for achieving the EU established goals, as well as an analysis of the interdependence between the indicators. Through the results obtained, the paper can contribute to improving the framework for the sustainable development of energy consumption.

scholarly journals Prospects for development of Ukraine and EU in the field of renewable energy sources

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 01008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mykola Khomenko ◽  
Kateryna Pryakhina ◽  
Kostyantyn Latyshev
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Small Hydropower ◽  
The Eu

In article assessment of tendencies and prospects of cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union in the field of renewable energy sources was carried out. Over the past decades, the theme of climate change, especially caused by human activity, has become one of the most acute and most exploited in scientific disputes. Today, the problem of finding new sources of energy is more than acute, with a special place occupy non-traditional ones. The reduction of Ukraine's energy dependence on traditional fuel resources is possible only through the development and use own alternative energy, which uses local resources – bioenergy as a fuel or does not require a fuel component at all – solar, wind and small hydropower. The European Union is one of the leaders in the implementation of alternative energy and renewable energy sources and initiates the creation of many organizations that finance alternative energy projects. Ukraine should ensure the effective convergence of its own legislation with the European Union, since it defined the European integration vector as a priority area of foreign policy development. At the same time, within the framework of the Union, the mechanism of environmental protection and progressive approaches to the implementation of energy policy, including in the field of renewable energy, can serve as the most constructive benchmarks for Ukraine's development in this area. Ukraine signed the Paris Agreement, and undertook certain commitments, namely: in accordance with the National Action Plan on alternative energy up to 2020, the objective was to reach 11% of RES in gross final energy consumption. Achieving this goal is possible only in the case of international cooperation with the EU in the field of alternative energy. However, today, the study of the prospects of cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in this field is not developing sufficiently and there is a certain vacuum in solving strategic problems in this context, which determines the relevance of the topic.

scholarly journals Implementation of the 2030 sustainable development goals - affordable and clean energy in the European Union

2021 ◽  
Vol 906 (1) ◽  
pp. 012017
Author(s):  
Aurelia Rybak ◽  
Ewelina Wlodarczyk
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Information Criteria ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Final Energy ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
The World ◽  
Final Energy Consumption

Abstract One of the most important goals of the European Union is to provide citizens of the Member States security and stability in fuel and electricity sectors. The United Nations has defined 17 goals and 169 actions to achieve sustainable development of the world. The goals were to improve the quality of life, reduce the level of poverty, inequalities in the world and sustainable development in terms of climate and environmental protection. The article presents an analysis of the implementation of one of the assumed goals, i.e., sustainable development in the field of Affordable and clean Energy in the European Union. This goal is to ensure that every citizen has access to stable, sustainable, and modern energy at an affordable price. Among others, indicators such as energy import dependency, energy productivity, share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption, final energy consumption in households per capita were analysed. The authors analysed the trends of the above-mentioned indicators in the European Union, with particular emphasis on Poland. In order to be able to predict how the analysed phenomena will develop until 2030, the authors built forecasts. For this purpose, among others, ARIMA models were used. The authors created several dozen models, from among which model with the smallest ex post errors and the lowest value of information criteria were selected. The models allowed to determine the degree of achievement of the set goals. They also allowed the designation of scenarios for the potential development of the analysed indicators.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION: A PANEL STUDY OF THE WESTERN BALKANS AND THE EUROPEAN UNION

2020 ◽  
pp. 055
Author(s):  
Jelena Petrović ◽  
Žarko Dimitrijević
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
International Tourism ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Final Energy ◽  
Final Energy Consumption ◽  
The Impact

During the 21st century, international tourism has recorded a steady increase and a growing importance for the economic growth and development of many countries. Yet, tourism in general and international tourism in particular require a vast amount of energy for products and services that are needed to satisfy tourists` needs and wants. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of international tourism on the final energy consumption in the Western Balkans and the European Union (EU) countries in the period from 2007 to 2017. The results of regression analysis indicate that the impact of the number of foreign tourists on final energy consumption depends on the level of international tourism development. Concurrently, the results indicate that population and GDP per capita have an important impact on the final energy consumption in the EU and the Western Balkans countries.

scholarly journals LEGAL REGULATION OF WIND ENERGY

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Oleksii Piddubnyi ◽  
Yevhenii Kokoshko
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Global World

The development of alternative energy sources in general and wind energy (including marine) in particular has become increasingly active in recent years. More and more countries around the world are seeking to incorporate the use of renewable energy into their daily lives to meet their international commitments and tasks. Among such tasks are global world policy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, decarbonize the economy, production, and industry. The best and easiest way to achieve this goal has been the largescale implementation of legal regulation of non-traditional energy sources at both the international and national levels. Such implementation has greatly facilitated and made it possible to achieve the ambitious climate goals that were named in Paris in 2015 and subsequently reflected in the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. The article examines the main program of the European Union on the policy of decarbonization of the European Green Deal, its goals, and aspirations. Attention is paid to a derived regulation for a more detailed understanding of this policy, namely European Climate Law. The legal regulation of wind energy is studied on the example of the Republic of Ukraine, the Republic of Poland, the United States of America, the Republic of Colombia, and the Federal Republic of Brazil. The legal regulation of wind energy in each of the studied countries is unique. At one time, this was influenced by global crises and national ideas, plans and strategies.

scholarly journals Renewable Energy and Solar Business in the European Union

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Noncho Dimitrov
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Trade Barriers ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Pricing Policies ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Safety Regulations ◽  
Public Pressure

The solar business faces major challenges related to the constantly changing regulatory framework, corporate interests and public pressure. Successful adaptation to the high requirements of regulators and competitive alternative energy sources is needed. The solar business is one of the levers with which the European Union has consistently underlined its commitment to international cooperation and the fight against the effects of greenhouse gas emissions. The formation of the internal market in the energy sector requires the elimination of many barriers and trade barriers, the approximation of tax and pricing policies, norm and standards measures, and environmental and safety regulations. This requires the development and implementation of successful strategies by solar energy producers, traders and consumers.

scholarly journals Use of Renewable Energy Sources in the European Union and the Visegrad Group Countries—Results of Cluster Analysis

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5680
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Kacperska ◽  
Katarzyna Łukasiewicz ◽  
Piotr Pietrzak
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Renewable Energy Consumption ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
The Eu

Increasing the use of renewable energy sources is one of the strategic objectives of the European Union. In this regard, it seems necessary to answer the question: which of the member countries are the most effective in its implementation? Therefore, the main goal was to distinguish groups of European Union countries, including the Visegrad Group, differing in the use of renewable energy sources in transport, electricity, heating and cooling (based on cluster analysis). All members of the EU were determinedly selected for research on 1 February 2020 (27 countries). The research period embraced the years 2009–2019. The sources of materials were the literature on the topic and data from Eurostat. Descriptive, tabular, graphical methods and cluster analysis were used in the presentation and analysis of materials. In 2019 wind and hydro power accounted for two-thirds of the total electricity generated from renewable sources. In 2019, renewable energy sources made up 34% of gross electricity consumption in the EU-27. Wind and hydro power accounted for two-thirds of the total electricity generated from renewable sources (35% each). Moreover, it was determined that there were 5 clusters that differed in their use of renewable energy sources. The highest average renewable energy consumption in transport, heating and cooling in 2019 was characterized by a cluster consisting of Sweden and Finland. In contrast, the highest average renewable energy consumption in electricity was characterized by a cluster consisting of countries such as: Austria, Croatia, Denmark, Latvia and Portugal. Finally, in a group that included countries such as Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands and the entire VG (Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia and Poland), renewable energy consumption rates (in transport, electricity, heating and cooling) were lower than the EU average (27 countries).

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