Air Pollution and Survival within the Washington University– EPRI Veterans Cohort: Risks Based on Modeled Estimates of Ambient Levels of Hazardous and Criteria Air Pollutants

2009 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick W. Lipfert ◽  
Ronald E. Wyzga ◽  
Jack D. Baty ◽  
J. Philip Miller
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Criteria Air Pollutants ◽  
Washington University ◽  
Ambient Levels

Gridded Emission Inventory of Criteria Air Pollutants for National Capital Territory, Delhi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Chaurasia ◽  
Manju Mohan
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Road Density ◽  
Criteria Air Pollutants ◽  
National Capital

<p>The megacities of the world are experiencing a punishing level of air pollution where primary sources of emissions are industrial, residential and transportation. Delhi is also no exception and had been worst performing in terms of air quality and air pollution. In this backdrop, a high-resolution emission inventory becomes an essential tool to predict and forecast pollutant concentration along with the assessment of the impact of various government policies. This study aims to prepare a high-resolution gridded emission inventory (1km*1km) of criteria air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2 </sub>and CO) for Delhi-NCT (National Capital Territory).  The bottom-up gridded emission inventory has been prepared taking account of population density, land use pattern and socio-economic status. The emission from all the primary sectors has been taken into accounts such as transport, residential burning, industries, power plants, and municipal solid waste burning.  The emissions are estimated using emission factors and activity data for each sector. The emission factor for various fuel type burning is taken from CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) reports and previous literature. Data corresponding to various sectors such as the amount of fuel consumed, population density, road density, traffic congestion points, industrial location, unauthorized colonies, slums, and total solid waste generation has been acquired from various government bodies, reports, and literature. The result reveals that the total estimated emissions from transportation, industries and domestic sector contribute nearly 72%, 60%, 52% of NOx, SO2 and PM10 emission respectively.  The transport sector has been found as the bulk contributor towards CO and NOx emissions. Domestic sector and Power plant emission have been found to be a bulk contributor of CO and SO2. Later, the spatial distribution of the emission is done using GIS technique (Arc-GIS). For spatial distribution of emission, district-wise population data, road density data, power plant location and digitization of the road network was carried out.</p>

scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Variations of Six Criteria Air Pollutants in Fujian Province, China

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 2846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weicong Fu ◽  
Ziru Chen ◽  
Zhipeng Zhu ◽  
Qunyue Liu ◽  
Cecil van den Bosch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variations ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Fujian Province ◽  
Criteria Air Pollutants

Air pollution has become a critical issue in the urban areas of southeastern China in recent years. A complete understanding of the tempo-spatial characteristics of air pollution can help the public and governmental bodies manage their lives and work better. In this study, data for six criteria air pollutants (including particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3)) from 37 sites in nine major cities within Fujian Province, China were collected between January 2015 to December 2016, and analyzed. We analyzed the spatial and temporal variations of these six criteria pollutants, as well as the attainment rates, and identified what were the major pollutants. Our results show that: (1) the two-year mean values of PM2.5 and PM10 exceeded the Chinese National Ambient Air Quality Standard (CAAQS) standard I levels, whereas other air pollutants were below the CAAQS standard I; (2) the six criteria air pollutants show spatial variations (i.e. most air pollutants were higher in the city center areas, followed by suburban areas and exurban areas, except for O3; and the concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, NO2, O3 were higher in coastal cities than in inland cities); (3) seasonal variations and the no attainment rates of air pollutants were found to be higher in cold seasons and lower in warm seasons, except for O3; (4) the most frequently present air pollutant was PM10, with PM2.5 and O3 being the second and third most frequent, respectively; (5) all the air pollutants, except O3, showed positive correlations with each other. These results provide additional information for the effective control of air pollution in the province of Fujian.

scholarly journals Modeling air pollution in Beijing for the 2008 Olympic Summer Games

SURG Journal ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-34
Author(s):  
Jenni Vanos
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Athletic Competition ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Ozone Concentrations ◽  
Difficult Time ◽  
Very High ◽  
Ambient Levels

High levels of ambient oxidant air pollution, such as ozone, have been associated with negative health effects in elite athletes. The photochemical model OzCalc was used to calculate ozone concentrations as a function of time in Beijing for the 2008 Olympic Summer Games. By making use of the data obtained in Hastings, Ontario in August 1993, the model was adjusted for Beijing with respect to radiation geometry and ambient levels of primary air pollutants. Ozone concentrations were calculated using three scenarios: keeping pollution levels constant, a moderate success in pollution clean-up, and a high success in pollution clean-up. Results of ozone obtained with the model predicted very high levels associated with Scenario’s 1 and 2, while Scenario 3 showed acceptable levels for athletic competition, in accordance with WHO and Chinese Standards. A high NO-to-NO2 concentration ratio showed less ozone formation, which displayed the dependence of ozone on the variable levels of NO2 and NO. The level of the hydroxyl radical formation was closely related to that of ozone. The overall results suggest that Beijing will have a difficult time bringing pollution down to an acceptable level; athletes will have to deal with an added negative physiological response.

scholarly journals Trend Analysis of Air Quality Index (AQI) and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions in Taiwan and Their Regulatory Countermeasures

Environments ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Wen-Tien Tsai ◽  
Yu-Quan Lin
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Air Quality Index ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
Criteria Air Pollutants

A reduction in the energy-related emissions of air pollutants would not only mitigate climate change but would also improve local air quality and public health. This paper aimed to analyze the trends of air quality index (AQI) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Taiwan by using the latest official statistics. In addition, this study also summarized regulatory measures for controlling air pollution from the energy sector with relevance to sustainable development goals (SDGs). With the joint efforts by the public and private sectors, the change in the total GHG emissions did not vary much with the exception of 2009, ranging from 250 to 272 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent from 2005 through 2019. Based on the data on AQI, the percentage of AQI by station-day with AQI > 100 has decreased from 18.1% in 2017 to 10.1% in 2020, indicating a decreasing trend for all criteria air pollutants. On the other hand, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) lockdown, in 2019, has positively impacted Taiwan’s urban air quality, which was consistent with those observed in other countries. This consistent situation could be attributed to the climate change mitigation policies and promotional actions under the revised Air Pollution Control Act and the Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Management Act of 2015. In response to the SDGslaunched by the Taiwan government in 2018, achieving the relevant targets by 2030 can be prospective.

scholarly journals Interaction of Air Pollution with Snow and Seasonality Effects

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 490
Author(s):  
Yevgen Nazarenko ◽  
Parisa A. Ariya
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Environmental Surfaces ◽  
Abundance And Distribution

Interactions with environmental surfaces significantly affect the abundance and distribution of air pollutants [...]

scholarly journals The modification effect of temperature on the relationship between air pollutants and daily incidence of influenza in Ningbo, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Zhang ◽  
Yujie Meng ◽  
Hejia Song ◽  
Ran Niu ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Modification Effect ◽  
Incidence Risk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Although exposure to air pollution has been linked to many health issues, few studies have quantified the modification effect of temperature on the relationship between air pollutants and daily incidence of influenza in Ningbo, China. Methods The data of daily incidence of influenza and the relevant meteorological data and air pollution data in Ningbo from 2014 to 2017 were retrieved. Low, medium and high temperature layers were stratified by the daily mean temperature with 25th and 75th percentiles. The potential modification effect of temperature on the relationship between air pollutants and daily incidence of influenza in Ningbo was investigated through analyzing the effects of air pollutants stratified by temperature stratum using distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM). Stratified analysis by sex and age were also conducted. Results Overall, a 10 μg/m3 increment of O3, PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 could increase the incidence risk of influenza with the cumulative relative risk of 1.028 (95% CI 1.007, 1.050), 1.061 (95% CI 1.004, 1.122), 1.043 (95% CI 1.003, 1.085), and 1.118 (95% CI 1.028, 1.216), respectively. Male and aged 7–17 years were more sensitive to air pollutants. Through the temperature stratification analysis, we found that temperature could modify the impacts of air pollution on daily incidence of influenza with high temperature exacerbating the impact of air pollutants. At high temperature layer, male and the groups aged 0–6 years and 18–64 years were more sensitive to air pollution. Conclusion Temperature modified the relationship between air pollution and daily incidence of influenza and high temperature would exacerbate the effects of air pollutants in Ningbo.

scholarly journals Relationship between Air Pollutant Exposure and Gynecologic Cancer Risk

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5353
Author(s):  
Qiwei Yu ◽  
Liqiang Zhang ◽  
Kun Hou ◽  
Jingwen Li ◽  
Suhong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Gynecological Cancer ◽  
Gynecologic Cancer ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Increased Risk

Exposure to air pollution has been suggested to be associated with an increased risk of women’s health disorders. However, it remains unknown to what extent changes in ambient air pollution affect gynecological cancer. In our case–control study, the logistic regression model was combined with the restricted cubic spline to examine the association of short-term exposure to air pollution with gynecological cancer events using the clinical data of 35,989 women in Beijing from December 2008 to December 2017. We assessed the women’s exposure to air pollutants using the monitor located nearest to each woman’s residence and working places, adjusting for age, occupation, ambient temperature, and ambient humidity. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were examined to evaluate gynecologic cancer risk in six time windows (Phase 1–Phase 6) of women’s exposure to air pollutants (PM2.5, CO, O3, and SO2) and the highest ORs were found in Phase 4 (240 days). Then, the higher adjusted ORs were found associated with the increased concentrations of each pollutant (PM2.5, CO, O3, and SO2) in Phase 4. For instance, the adjusted OR of gynecological cancer risk for a 1.0-mg m−3 increase in CO exposures was 1.010 (95% CI: 0.881–1.139) below 0.8 mg m−3, 1.032 (95% CI: 0.871–1.194) at 0.8–1.0 mg m−3, 1.059 (95% CI: 0.973–1.145) at 1.0–1.4 mg m−3, and 1.120 (95% CI: 0.993–1.246) above 1.4 mg m−3. The ORs calculated in different air pollution levels accessed us to identify the nonlinear association between women’s exposure to air pollutants (PM2.5, CO, O3, and SO2) and the gynecological cancer risk. This study supports that the gynecologic risks associated with air pollution should be considered in improved public health preventive measures and policymaking to minimize the dangerous effects of air pollution.

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