scholarly journals The impact of vaccination against influenza and pneumococcal infection on the incidence of acute respiratory viral infections and community-acquired pneumonia in the Central Administrative District of Moscow

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-41
Author(s):  
O. A. Gruzdeva ◽  
T. N. Bilichenko ◽  
M. A. Baryshev ◽  
A. V. Zhukova
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Pneumococcal Infection ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Pneumococcal Infections ◽  
Administrative District ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Official Data ◽  
Great Damage

Background. Acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) and pneumococcal infections (PI) annually cause great damage to the health and working capacity of the population, and lead to economic losses for employers and the state. Aim. To study the impact of influenza and PI vaccination coverage on morbidity of ARVI and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) of the morbidity of population in Central administrative district (CAD) of Moscow. Material and methods. The analysis of official data on monitoring of morbidity from ARVI and CAP was carried out, and information on vaccination of the population against influenza and PI for 2012–2018 was used. Results. In 2018 ARVI accounted for 95.2% of infectious morbidity and the incidence rate was 29853.5 per 100 ths population. Over the period from 2012–2018, the incidence of ARVI and influenza gradually decreased by 2016, but in 2017 the incidence of ARVI was increased to the level of 2012 (+25.3%) however influenza was decreased (-40.9%). In 2018, the incidence of ARVI in adults remained at the level of 2017, and in children there was a decrease (-16.9%). The incidence of influenza in 2018 decreased in both adults (-65.4%) and children (-63.9%). During 2012–2018 the incidence of CAP had a persistent tendency to increase. The coverage of influenza vaccination in CAD population of Moscow has increased annually since 2012 and in 2018 reached 85.5% of children 0–17 years old and 65.5% of adults 18 years and older, and against PI – 46.3% of children and 2.6% of adults. Conclusion. The epidemic circulation of ARVI and influenza had a significant impact on the morbidity of CAD population of Moscow in 2012–2018. Annual vaccination of the population lead to decreasing of influenza incidence but the incidence of pneumonia tended to increase and need to improve prevention.

Effectiveness of protected aminopenicillins in treatment of non-social pneumonia in children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Е.Е. Краснова ◽  
В.В. Чемоданов ◽  
Е.Г. Кузнецова
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Natural Activity ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections

Пневмония – острое инфекционно-воспалительное заболевание легких преимущественно бактериальной этиологии, характеризующееся выраженной в разной степени дыхательной недостаточностью, токсическими и респираторными нарушениями, локальными физикальными симптомами, а также инфильтративными изменениями на рентгенограмме. Заболеваемость внебольничными пневмониями повышается в октябре-декабре, достигая максимума в январе-апреле, коррелируя с сезонным повышением уровня острых респираторных вирусных инфекций. Схожесть симптомов дебюта пневмонии с проявлениями острых респираторных вирусных инфекций может привести к несвоевременной ее диагностике и, как следствие, к отсроченному началу лечения. Поэтому в период сезонной заболеваемости респираторными инфекциями должна повышаться настороженность врачей-педиатров в отношении внебольничной пневмонии. Антибактериальная терапия оказывает решающее влияние на прогноз пневмонии, поэтому при достоверном диагнозе или у больного в тяжелом состоянии с вероятным диагнозом ее следует начать незамедлительно. Выбор антибиотика в каждом случае внебольничной пневмонии проводят индивидуально с учетом природной активности препаратов в отношении предполагаемого возбудителя и их возможной приобретенной резистентности, тяжести и течения заболевания, наличия у пациента противопоказаний к использованию тех или иных антибиотиков. В статье приводятся сведения о диагностических критериях внебольничных пневмоний. Рассмотрены вопросы антибактериального лечения типичной нетяжелой пневмонии у детей разных возрастных групп амоксициллином с клавулановой кислотой и показана его эффективность. Результаты проведенного исследования позволяют заключить, что пероральное использование одного курса защищенного аминопенициллина эффективно при лечении типичной внебольничной нетяжелой пневмонии у детей разного возраста, о чем свидетельствует ликвидация основных клинических проявлений болезни в короткие сроки. Pneumonia is an acute infectious and inflammatory lung disease of predominantly bacterial etiology, characterized by respiratory failure, toxic and respiratory disorders, local physical symptoms, and infiltrative changes on the roentgenogram. The incidence of community-acquired pneumonia increases in October-December, reaching a maximum in January-April, correlating with the seasonal increase in the level of acute respiratory viral infections. The similarity of the symptoms of the onset of pneumonia with the manifestations of acute respiratory viral infections can lead to its untimely diagnosis and, as a consequence, to a delayed start of treatment. Therefore, during the period of seasonal morbidity with respiratory infections, the alertness of pediatricians in relation to community-acquired pneumonia should increase. Antibiotic therapy has a decisive influence on the prognosis of pneumonia, therefore, with a reliable diagnosis or in a patient in serious condition with a probable diagnosis, it should be started immediately. The choice of antibiotic in each case of community-acquired pneumonia is carried out individually, taking into account the natural activity of the drugs in relation to the alleged pathogen and their possible acquired resistance, the severity and course of the disease, the patient's contraindications to the use of certain antibiotics. The article provides information on the diagnostic criteria for community-acquired pneumonia. The issues of antibacterial treatment of typical non-severe pneumonia in children of different age groups with amoxicillin with clavulanic acid are considered and its effectiveness is shown. The results of the study allow us to conclude that the oral use of one course of protected aminopenicillin is effective in the treatment of typical community-acquired non-severe pneumonia in children of different ages, as evidenced by the elimination of the main clinical manifestations of the disease in a short time.

Consensus ‘Interferon therapy for patients with influenza, SARS and COVID19’

2021 ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
N. D. Yushchuk ◽  
I. V. Maev ◽  
A. L. Vertkin
Keyword(s):  
General Practitioner ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Secondary Prevention ◽  
Interferon Therapy ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Outpatient Clinics ◽  
Primary Contact ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections

According to the who, the share of acute respiratory viral infections (амма? and influenza) accounts for about 90–95% of all infectious diseases; in russia, influenza and arvi take up to 40% of the total duration of official disability, which determines the significance of this pathology. At the same time, the primary contact of the overwhelming majority of patients with suspected arvi and influenza occurs with a therapist or general practitioner of polyclinics. The proposed consensus of experts is intended to systematize the known approaches to the diagnosis, treatment and secondary prevention of influenza, acute respiratory viral infections and community-acquired pneumonia for their use at outpatient clinics. The schemes of using interferon therapy for arvi and influenza are considered in detail.

scholarly journals Respiratory Viral Infection Alters the Gut Microbiota by Inducing Inappetence

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen T. Groves ◽  
Sophie L. Higham ◽  
Miriam F. Moffatt ◽  
Michael J. Cox ◽  
John S. Tregoning
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Lung Infection ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Rsv Infection ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Respiratory viral infections are extremely common, but their impacts on the composition and function of the gut microbiota are poorly understood. We previously observed a significant change in the gut microbiota after viral lung infection. Here, we show that weight loss during respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or influenza virus infection was due to decreased food consumption, and that the fasting of mice altered gut microbiota composition independently of infection. While the acute phase tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) response drove early weight loss and inappetence during RSV infection, this was not sufficient to induce changes in the gut microbiota. However, the depletion of CD8+ cells increased food intake and prevented weight loss, resulting in a reversal of the gut microbiota changes normally observed during RSV infection. Viral infection also led to changes in the fecal gut metabolome, with a significant shift in lipid metabolism. Sphingolipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) valerate were all increased in abundance in the fecal metabolome following RSV infection. Whether this and the impact of infection-induced anorexia on the gut microbiota are part of a protective anti-inflammatory response during respiratory viral infections remains to be determined. IMPORTANCE The gut microbiota has an important role in health and disease: gut bacteria can generate metabolites that alter the function of immune cells systemically. Understanding the factors that can lead to changes in the gut microbiome may help to inform therapeutic interventions. This is the first study to systematically dissect the pathway of events from viral lung infection to changes in gut microbiota. We show that the cellular immune response to viral lung infection induces inappetence, which in turn alters the gut microbiome and metabolome. Strikingly, there was an increase in lipids that have been associated with the resolution of disease. This opens up new paths of investigation: first, what is the (presumably secreted) factor made by the T cells that can induce inappetence? Second, is inappetence an adaptation that accelerates recovery from infection, and if so, does the microbiome play a role in this?

Pneumonia: Regional experience with prevention programs

2016 ◽  
Vol 88 (8) ◽  
pp. 87-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
A G Chuchalin ◽  
G G Onishchenko ◽  
V P Kolosov ◽  
O P Kurganova ◽  
N L Tezikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Pneumococcal Infection ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
Efficiency Index ◽  
Amur Region ◽  
Pneumococcal Infections ◽  
Epidemiological Monitoring ◽  
Comparative Statistical Analysis ◽  
Regional Programs

Aim. To generalize the regional experience in implementing a package of organizational and methodical and antiepidemic measures for preventing pneumococcal infections. Materials and methods. How the prevention programs were implemented using the materials and methods of the epidemiological and statistical monitoring of the incidence of pneumonia in the Amur Region was analyzed. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevenar-13) and influenza vaccines were used for immunoprophylaxis against acute respiratory viral and pneumococcal infections. Information on the incidence of acute respiratory viral infections and pneumonia over time in the period 2010 to 2015 must be taken into account. Indicators and special criteria are used to evaluate the efficiency of vaccination. Results. The comparative statistical analysis revealed the high efficiency of regional programs using the methods for immunoprophylaxis against pneumococcal infections: the vaccination prophylactic efficiency index in terms of the incidence of pneumonia might be as high as 75—100%. Pneumonia morbidity rates became 2.3 times lower in the vaccinated population of the region. Conclusion. The results of the investigation suggest that the Program for the clinical and epidemiological monitoring and prevention of community-acquired pneumonias, by using the vaccine against pneumococcal infection in the Amur Region, has a high medical and socioeconomic efficiency.

scholarly journals Respiratory viral infections among children with community-acquired pneumonia and pleural effusion

2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 478-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiana M. Nascimento-Carvalho ◽  
Juliana R. Oliveira ◽  
Maria-Regina A. Cardoso ◽  
César Araújo-Neto ◽  
Aldina Barral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pleural Effusion ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections

scholarly journals Contribution of vaccines to our understanding of pneumococcal disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1579) ◽  
pp. 2790-2798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith P. Klugman
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Pneumococcal Serotypes ◽  
Pneumococcal Infections ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Recent Demonstration

Pneumonia is the leading cause of mortality in children in developing countries and is also the leading infectious cause of death in adults. The most important cause of pneumonia is the Gram-positive bacterial pathogen, Streptococcus pneumoniae , also known as the pneumococcus. It has thus become the leading vaccine-preventable cause of death and is a successful and diverse human pathogen. The development of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines has made possible the prevention of pneumococcal disease in infants, but has also elucidated aspects of pneumococcal biology in a number of ways. Use of the vaccine as a probe has increased our understanding of the burden of pneumococcal disease in children globally. Vaccination has also elucidated the clinical spectrum of vaccine-preventable pneumococcal infections; the identification of a biological niche for multiple pneumococcal serotypes in carriage and the differential invasiveness of pneumococcal serotypes; the impact of pneumococcal transmission among children on disease burden in adults; the role of carriage as a precursor to pneumonia; the plasticity of a naturally transformable pathogen to respond to selective pressure through capsular switching and the accumulation of antibiotic-resistance determinants; and the role of pneumococcal infections in hospitalization and mortality associated with respiratory viral infections, including both seasonal and pandemic influenza. Finally, there has been a recent demonstration that pneumococcal pneumonia in children may be an important cause of hospitalization for those with underlying tuberculosis.

scholarly journals Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Cystic Fibrosis Pulmonary Exacerbations

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shreya Patel ◽  
Misty Thompson ◽  
James Slaven ◽  
Clement Ren
Keyword(s):  
Chart Review ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Pulmonary Exacerbations ◽  
The Impact

​Background and Hypothesis       CF pulmonary exacerbations (PEx) are episodes of decline in respiratory function that can be triggered by a variety of mechanisms, including respiratory viral infections.  The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in school closures and home isolation policies and a potential reduction in exposure to other respiratory viruses.  The goal of this project is to study the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on CF PEx at the Riley Hospital for Children. We hypothesize that the incidence of PEx will be lower during the period of the COVID-19 lockdown from March 1 to May 15 in 2020 compared to the same time interval in 2019.      Methods  We performed a retrospective chart review of children with CF ages 2-12 (N=80) seen at Riley in 2019 and 2020 and collected data within the following timeframes: January 1 to March 15 2019 and 2020, and March 16 to May 15 2019 and 2020.  We collected data on baseline clinical features and details of each PEx event.  Data were analyzed with parametric and non-parametric descriptive statistic tests as appropriate; significance was set at P≤0.05.     Results       The percent of PEx events in the study cohort was significantly lower in 2020 compared to 2019 for January 1 to March 15 (56% vs 42%, P=0.0116) and March 16 to May 15 (35% vs 14%, P<0.0001).  The percent of in-person PEx events was significantly lower during March 16 to May 15 in 2020 compared to 2019 (15% vs 1%, P=0.0066)    Conclusions and Potential Impact        COVID-19 restrictions were associated with a decrease PEx events.  We speculate that this reflects a reduced exposure to respiratory viral infections in general. The decrease in in-person PEx events may reflect a shift towards telehealth during the COVID-19 restrictions.  These results provide a foundation for further research into triggers and prevention of CF PEx.   

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