scholarly journals Historiography and Propaganda in the Royal Court of King Matthias: Hungarian Book Culture at the End of the Middle Ages and Beyond

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-35
Author(s):  
Anna Boreczky
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Royal Court ◽  
Dimensional Image ◽  
Illustrated Books ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Middle Ages ◽  
Book Culture

On the basis of the Chronica Hungarorum of Johannes de Thurocz, the Epitome rerum Hungaricarum of Pietro Ransano, and the Rerum Ungaricarum decades of Antonio Bonfini that were compiled within ten years, between 1488 and 1498, my paper forms a multi-dimensional image of the late 15th-century political and cultural situation in the royal court of Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary (1458–1490). The three chronicles have come down to us in a number of books: manuscripts, incunabula and early prints alike, and many of them contain lengthy cycles of images. My paper investigates the agency of these books with a special emphasis on their illustrations. Through a study of the traditions they followed and the messages their illustrations conveyed, the primary question my paper seeks to answer is whether the cultural and political polarity of the royal court inherent in the texts of the chronicles is also present in the format, style and iconography of the illustrated books that contain them. The comparison of the early copies of the three chronicles shows that the cultural and political diversity of the royal court had an impact on the books that were made and/or used within its walls. Taking into consideration their circulation and reception as well, my paper discusses the role they played in royal propaganda, and the impact they had on the European image of Hungary and the Hungarians.

The Four Paradoxes of Nuclear Strategy

1964 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans J. Morgenthau
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Nuclear War ◽  
Nuclear Strategy ◽  
Nuclear Age ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Modes Of Thought ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Middle Ages

The nuclear age has ushered in a novel period of history, as distinct from the age that preceded it as the modern age has been from the Middle Ages or the Middle Ages have been from antiquity. Yet while our conditions of life have drastically changed under the impact of the nuclear age, we still live in our thoughts and act through our institutions in an age that has passed. There exists, then, a gap between what we think about our social, political, and philosophic problems and the objective conditions which the nuclear age has created.This contradiction between our modes of thought and action, belonging to an age that has passed, and the objective conditions of our existence has engendered four paradoxes in our nuclear strategy: the commitment to the use of force, nuclear or otherwise, paralyzed by the fear of having to use it; the search for a nuclear strategy which would avoid the predictable consequences of nuclear war; the pursuit of a nuclear armaments race joined with attempts to stop it; the pursuit of an alliance policy which the availability of nuclear weapons has rendered obsolete. All these paradoxes result from the contrast between traditional attitudes and the possibility of nuclear war and from the fruitless attempts to reconcile the two.

scholarly journals NATIONALHISTORIE EFTER MODERNISMEN - FOLKEBEGREBET I LYSET AF EUROPAS STORE FORTÆLLINGER

1970 ◽  
Vol 42 (117) ◽  
pp. 159-174
Author(s):  
Michael Böss
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Main Role ◽  
National History ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Middle Ages

WRITING NATIONAL HISTORY AFTER MODERNISM: THE HISTORY OF PEOPLEHOOD IN LIGHT OF EUROPEAN GRAND NARRATIVES | The purpose of the article is to refute the recent claim that Danish history cannot be written on the assumption of the existence of a Danish people prior to 19th-century nationalism. The article argues that, over the past twenty years, scholars in pre-modern European history have highlighted the limitations of the modernist paradigm in the study of nationalism and the history of nations. For example, modernists have difficulties explaining why a Medieval chronicle such as Saxo Grammaticus’s Gesta Danorum was translated in the mid-1600s, and why it could be used for new purposes in the 1800s, if there had not been a continuity in notions of peoplehood between the Middle Ages and the Modern Age. Of course, the claim of continuity should not be seen as an argument for an identity between the “Danes” of Saxo’s time and the Danes of the 19th-century Danish nation-state. Rather, the modern Danishness should be understood as the product of a historical process, in which a number of European cultural narratives and state building played a significant role. The four most important narratives of the Middle Ages were derived from the Bible, which was a rich treasure of images and stories of ‘people’, ‘tribe’, ‘God’, King, ‘justice’ and ‘kingdom’ (state). While keeping the basic structures, the meanings of these narratives were re-interpreted and placed in new hierarchical positions in the course of time under the impact of the Reformation, 16th-century English Puritanism, Enlightenment patriotism, the French Revolution and 19th-century romantic nationalism. The article concludes that it is still possible to write national histories featuring ‘the people’ as one of the actors. But the historian should keep in mind that ‘the people’ did not always play the main role, nor did they play the same role as in previous periods. And even though there is a need to form syntheses when writing national history, national identities have always developed within a context of competing and hierarchical narratives. In Denmark, the ‘patriotist narrative’ seems to be in ascendancy in the social and cultural elites, but has only partly replaced the ‘ethno-national’ narrative which is widespread in other parts of the population. The ‘compact narrative’ has so far survived due the continued love of the people for their monarch. It may even prove to provide social glue for a sense of peoplehood uniting ‘old’ and ‘new’ Danes.

Emotion and the History of Rhetoric in the Middle Ages

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Copeland
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
History Of Rhetoric ◽  
Early Modernity ◽  
Medieval Rhetoric ◽  
Social Contracts ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Aristotelian Rhetoric ◽  
The Middle Ages

Rhetoric is an engine of social discourse and the art charged with generating and swaying emotion. The history of rhetoric provides a continuous structure by which we can measure how emotions were understood, articulated, and mobilized under various historical circumstances and social contracts. This book is about how rhetoric in the West from Late Antiquity to the later Middle Ages represented the role of emotion in shaping persuasions. It is the first book-length study of medieval rhetoric and the emotions, coloring in what has largely been a blank space between about 600 CE and the cusp of early modernity. Rhetoric in the Middle Ages, as in other periods, constituted the gateway training for anyone engaged in emotionally persuasive writing. Medieval rhetorical thought on emotion has multiple strands of influence and sedimentations of practice. The earliest and most persistent tradition treated emotional persuasion as a property of surface stylistic effect, which can be seen in the medieval rhetorics of poetry and prose, and in literary production. But the impact of Aristotelian rhetoric, which reached the Latin West in the thirteenth century, gave emotional persuasion a core role in reasoning, incorporating it into the key device of proof, the enthymeme. In Aristotle, medieval teachers and writers found a new rhetorical language to explain the social and psychological factors that affect an audience. With Aristotelian rhetoric, the emotions became political. The impact of Aristotle’s rhetorical approach to emotions was to be felt in medieval political treatises, in poetry, and in preaching.

scholarly journals Reflections of migration and migrant facts in German history

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 947-967
Author(s):  
Gülcan Yücedağ
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Second World War ◽  
German History ◽  
World War ◽  
Guest Worker ◽  
Refugee Problem ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Middle Ages

After the Second World War in Germany, guest worker migrations came into question. In recent years, the refugee problem in Europe in general and Germany in particular has been attracting attention. However, German history has a much richer content in terms of migration and migrant types. It is possible to say that the content of migration varies according to factors such as the way of migration, the duration of stay in the target country, and distance. Meanwhile, the definition of migrant is also classified in relation to religious, political, national or ethnic identities. This study traces the migration and migrant facts in German history since the Middle Ages. Although Germany received a high rate of migration, until recently it has not called itself as a migration country. Despite that, this paper aims to show that Germany was not independent from the types of migration and migrants also in the past. Therefore, the reflections of migration and migrant facts in German history are researched. In this article, the literature review is done and the data are descriptively analysed. In the Middle Ages, the mobility of the nobility, clergy, students and merchants attracts attention. Forced migration and immigration to America and the impact of industrialization on migration are other important issues. The types of migration and migrants that gained importance during and after the First World War include diversity. Millions of refugees created by the Second World War, guest worker migrations with international treaties after the war, ethnic Germans’ remigration after the Cold War, and the current refugee problem are important reflections in German history related to migration and migrant facts. ​Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. Özet Almanya’da İkinci Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra misafir işçi göçleri gündeme gelmiştir. Yakın zamanda ise genel olarak Avrupa, özel olarak Almanya’da mülteci sorunu dikkat çekmektedir. Bununla birlikte Alman tarihi, göç ve göçmen türleri açısından çok daha zengin bir içeriğe sahiptir. Göçün içeriğinin göç etme biçimi, hedef ülkede kalış süresi, mesafe gibi faktörlere göre değiştiğini söylemek mümkündür. Buna paralel olarak göçmen tanımı da dini, siyasi, ulusal veya etnik kimliklerle ilişkili olarak sınıflandırılır. Bu çalışma, Ortaçağ’dan günümüze kadar Alman tarihinde göç ve göçmen olgularının izi sürmektedir. Almanya, yüksek oranda göç almasına rağmen, yakın zamana kadar kendisini bir göç ülkesi olarak adlandırmamıştır. Bununla birlikte, bu çalışma Almanya’nın, geçmişte de göçlerden ve göçmenlerden bağımsız olmadığını göstermeyi hedeflemektedir. Bu nedenle, göç ve göçmen olgularının Alman tarihindeki yansımaları incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmada literatür taraması yapılarak veriler betimsel analize tabi tutulmuştur. Ortaçağ’da soyluların, din adamlarının, öğrencilerin ve tüccarların hareketliliği dikkat çekmektedir. Zorunlu göçler ve Amerika’ya yönelen göçler ile sanayileşmenin göçe etkisi önem taşıyan diğer konulardır. Birinci Dünya Savaşı ve sonrasında öne çıkan göç türleri ve göçmenlik hâlleri çeşitlilik içermektedir. İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nın yarattığı milyonlarca mülteci, savaş sonrasında uluslararası anlaşmalarla gerçekleşen misafir işçi göçleri, Soğuk Savaş sonrasında etnik Almanların geri göçü ve günümüz mülteci sorunu, göç ve göçmen olgularının Alman tarihindeki önemli yansımalarıdır.

scholarly journals The “Apocryphal” Inscription from Mangup, Crimea, and Rituals of “Exposing the Thief”: Magic and Law from Antiquity to the Middle Ages

Slovene ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-93
Author(s):  
Andrey Yu. Vinogradov ◽  
Mikhail S. Zheltov
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The Middle Ages

The discovery of a Byzantine bread stamp inscribed with the text of Ps 29:8 in the ruins of Mangup Basilica in Crimea allows the authors of this article to revise the entire tradition of the Byzantine magical and folk “recipes” for revealing a thief; it is this context in which this verse is used in combination with a special bread. Prototypes of these recipes and procedures are attested in the late antique syncretic (pagan-Judeo-Christian) magical papyri, in which private persons are advised to detect thieves by means of special spells, used either on their own or in combination with bread and cheese, an image of an eye, birds, bowls of water, and laurel leaves. In middle- and late-Byzantine manuscripts, these procedures are still present but in “Christianized” forms, even to the extent that a bread-and-cheese (or just bread) procedure is sometimes described as a regular liturgical rite, performed in a church. In the meantime, there is evidence indicating that the Byzantine hierarchy had been struggling with this and other instances of using magical procedures under the cloak of the Christian liturgy, and, in particular, bishops had been expelling priests who used bread sortilege to determine guilt. However, in Western Europe, especially in Germany and England, where spells against thieves had also been known since antiquity, the bread ordeal (English: Corsnaed, German: Bissprobe) became an accepted judicial practice, and even found its way into the official law codes of 11th-century England. Quite surprisingly, a similar phenomenon is attested in Russia (Novgorod) in the early 15th century. Taking into account the Crimean bread stamp studied in this article, one can conclude that bread ordeals, prohibited in Constantinople, could have been tolerated in the Byzantine periphery, including Crimea, and that it is from these areas that this practice could have come to some Russian regions as well.

scholarly journals Documentary evidence of droughts in Sweden between the Middle Ages and c1800

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dag Retsö ◽  
Lotta Leijonhufvud
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Impacts ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Documentary Evidence ◽  
Documentary Data ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Instrumental Period ◽  
The Middle Ages

Abstract. This article explores documentary evidence of droughts in Sweden in the pre-instrumental period (1400–1800). The database has been developed using contemporary sources such as private and official correspondence letters, diaries, almanac notes, manorial accounts, and weather data compilations. The primary purpose is to utilize hitherto unused documentary data as an input for an index that can be useful for comparisons on a larger European scale. The survey shows that eight sub-periods can be considered as particularly struck by summer droughts with concomitant harvest failures and great social impacts in Sweden. That is the case with 1634–1641, 1652–1657, 1665–1670, 1677–1684, 1746–1750, 1757–1767, 1771–1776 and 1780–1783 and 1641–1646. Among these, 1652 and 1657 stand out as particularly troublesome. A number of data for dry summers are also found for the middle decades of the 15th century and the 1550s.

scholarly journals The Village of Suzdal Opolye and Changes in the System Resettlement in the Second Half of the 14th – 15th Centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (36) ◽  
pp. 148-163
Author(s):  
Sergey V. Shpolyanskiy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
General Picture ◽  
Settlement Systems ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Small Plot ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Middle Ages

The article substantiates the localization of the medieval village of Yasenye in the Suzdal Opolye, mentioned in sources under 1417, which was previously identified with the village of Torki of the Suzdal Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery. Yasenye existed on the watershed, near the spring of the same name in the second half of the 12th – first half of the 15th centuries. The reason for the disappearance of the village and another large settlement synchronized to it, is the expansion of monastic possessions in the microregion. This is confirmed by documents of the 16th–17th centuries, which record the continuation of disputes over the land near the spring, which is claimed by the monastery and the peasants of the surrounding villages. A small plot of the history of Opolye is well combined with the general picture of the decrease in the number of villages in the region in the 15th century, obtained as a result of the work of the Suzdal expedition (leader N. A. Makarov). This allows us to consider the development of monastic land ownership as a significant factor in the transformation of settlement systems in Opolye at the end of the Middle Ages.

scholarly journals Reprezentacje leksykalne pojęć CHRZEST, CHRZEST JANOWY oraz CHRZEST PAŃSKI w średniowieczu. Analiza onomazjologiczna

2021 ◽  
pp. 185-198
Author(s):  
Bożena Sieradzka-Baziur
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
New Testament ◽  
Lexical Representation ◽  
Christian Initiation ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Middle Ages

In the article, the subject of description included continuous and discontinuous autosemantic lexical units used in the medieval language (until the end of the 15th century) to denote two different religious rites described in the New Testament and the rite of Christian initiation in the New Testament and in the Middle Ages in Poland. They are a lexical representation of the concepts of BAPTISM. JOHN’S BAPTISM. LORD’S BAPTISM in the Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego online [Conceptual Old Polish Dictionary online].

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