How Will the COVID-19 Pandemic Affect Democracy?

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Lauri Rapeli ◽  
Inga Saikkonen
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Governance ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Democratic Institutions ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
The Future ◽  
Established Democracies

In this commentary, we discuss some possible effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in both established and newer democracies. We expect that the pandemic will not have grave long-term effects on established democracies. We assess the future of democracy after COVID-19 in terms of immediate effects on current democratic leaders, and speculate on the long-term effects on support for democratic institutions and principles. We also discuss possible implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global trends in democratic backsliding. We predict that, in the short term, the repercussions of the pandemic can aggravate the situation in countries that are already experiencing democratic erosion. However, the long term economic effects of the pandemic may be more detrimental to non-democratic governance.

Short-Term Climatic Events—Synthesis

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Greenland
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
New England ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Ecosystem Responses ◽  
The Future ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Effects Of Drought

Short-term climatic events produce some of the most dramatic ecosystem responses. Sometimes the responses may last for a long time into the future. Three themes will be emphasized in this synthesis. The first is that shortterm climatic events have both short- and long-term responses in the ecosystem. Second, the timing of short-term events is important in partially determining the kind and degree of ecosystem response that might occur. A third theme is the importance of putting short-term variability into a long-term context. The chapters about hurricanes and droughts in this section demonstrate that shortterm climatic events may have short- and long-term responses in the ecosystem. Both the short- and long-term responses are important. The short-term responses have noteworthy economic influences in the agricultural ecosystem. One could argue that the ecosystems containing species with short life spans such as grasslands are able to respond and recover from a short-term climatic disturbance more quickly than those ecosystems with longer lived species such as trees. Corn responds quickly to variability in precipitation during important parts of the growing season. Gage believes the long-term effects of a short-term drought on annual rotational agronomic systems are generally minimal. Other LTER studies have documented strong relationships between annual precipitation and grassland aboveground net primary productivity (Knapp et al. 1998). Conversely, the Coweeta study brings to our attention the insidious, long-term effects of drought that quietly kills trees and leaves their dead necromass on the landscape for decades into the future. However, each ecosystem is responding at its own characteristic timescale. Boose notes that the mixed hardwood forests of central New England and the Tabonuco forests of Puerto Rico both exhibit remarkable resiliency to wind damage. In both cases, despite major structural reorganization after a hurricane, there was rapid regeneration of canopy cover through releafing, sprouting, or recruitment, which helped to reduce impacts on soil moisture, temperature, and nutrient cycling processes. Nevertheless, some signs of the hurricane impact are present for decades, although less so in Puerto Rico where decomposition and regeneration rates are much faster than in New England.

ECONOMY IN THE TURKEY OF THE FUTURE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat Taşdemir ◽  
Ethem Hakan Ergeç ◽  
Hüseyin Kaya ◽  
Özer Selçuk
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
The Future ◽  
Growing Economy ◽  
National Economies ◽  
Holistic Vision

Fundamental transformations await the world’s economies in the upcoming 20 years. For Turkey to be able to achieve its desired level of prosperity, current structural problems must be solved and preemptive policies must be developed regarding global developments. For Turkey to attain prosperous and virtuous society of the future, Turkey needs a sustainable, long-term, fast-growing economy based on social justice. The Economy in the Turkey of the Future report provides a holistic vision for achieving the infrastructure of the prosperous and virtuous society of the future. The report meticulously analyzes Turkey’s contemporary economy in the light of data and presents the necessary fields to focus on for the future and which kinds of policy ought to be handled with what kind of a perspective in accordance with the advantages and disadvantages. The report touches upon three global trends and their potential impact on national economies and Turkey. It then addresses social justice, sustainability, in the context of long-term economic growth, demographic dynamics and the workforce, Islamic finance, international trade, and sectors deemed strategic. The report focuses on the structural properties that determine the long-term economy rather than short-term economic fluctuations. Many of Turkey’s short-term problems arise from the lack of long-term policies. To this end, the report’s most important emphasis is on the need for long-term policies.

Ultrastructural investigations of MDL 19,660-induced effects on the canine platelet and megakaryocyte

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-375
Author(s):  
D.E. Loudy ◽  
J. Sprinkle-Cavallo ◽  
J.T. Yarrington ◽  
F.Y. Thompson ◽  
J.P. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Antidepressant Drug ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Induced Aggregation ◽  
Internal Architecture

Previous short term toxicological studies of one to two weeks duration have demonstrated that MDL 19,660 (5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,4-dihydro-2,4-dimethyl-3Hl, 2,4-triazole-3-thione), an antidepressant drug, causes a dose-related thrombocytopenia in dogs. Platelet counts started to decline after two days of dosing with 30 mg/kg/day and continued to decrease to their lowest levels by 5-7 days. The loss in platelets was primarily of the small discoid subpopulation. In vitro studies have also indicated that MDL 19,660: does not spontaneously aggregate canine platelets and has moderate antiaggregating properties by inhibiting ADP-induced aggregation. The objectives of the present investigation of MDL 19,660 were to evaluate ultrastructurally long term effects on platelet internal architecture and changes in subpopulations of platelets and megakaryocytes.Nine male and nine female beagle dogs were divided equally into three groups and were administered orally 0, 15, or 30 mg/kg/day of MDL 19,660 for three months. Compared to a control platelet range of 353,000- 452,000/μl, a doserelated thrombocytopenia reached a maximum severity of an average of 135,000/μl for the 15 mg/kg/day dogs after two weeks and 81,000/μl for the 30 mg/kg/day dogs after one week.

SUMBER-SUMBER RESILIENSI PADA REMAJA AKHIR YANG MENGALAMI KEKERASAN DARI ORANGTUA PADA MASA KANAK-KANAK

Psibernetika ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Devina Calista ◽  
Garvin Garvin
Keyword(s):  
Late Adolescents ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Parental Affection ◽  
Resilience Factors ◽  
Childhood Violence ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Depth Interviews

<p><em>Child abuse by parents is common in households. The impact of violence on children will bring short-term effects and long-term effects that can be attributed to their various emotional, behavioral and social problems in the future; especially in late adolescence that will enter adulthood. Resilience factors increase the likelihood that adolescents who are victims of childhood violence recover from their past experiences</em><em>,</em><em> become more powerful individuals and have a better life. The purpose of this study was to determine the source of resilience in late adolescents who experienced violence from parents in their childhood. This research uses qualitative research methods with in-depth interviews as a method of data collection. The result shows that the three research participants have the aspects of "I Have", "I Am", and "I Can"; a participant has "I Can" aspects as a source of resilience, and one other subject has no source of resilience. The study concluded that parental affection and acceptance of the past experience have role to the three sources of resilience (I Have, I Am, and I Can)</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Keyword : </em></strong><em>Resilience, adolescence, violence, parents</em></p>

The Future of Muslim Education in the United States: An Agenda for Research

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 46-82
Author(s):  
Fathi Malkawi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Education ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Future ◽  
Muslim Education ◽  
Future Plans

This paper addresses some of the Muslim community’s concerns regarding its children’s education and reflects upon how education has shaped the position of other communities in American history. It argues that the future of Muslim education will be influenced directly by the present realities and future trends within American education in general, and, more importantly, by the well-calculated and informed short-term and long-term decisions and future plans taken by the Muslim community. The paper identifies some areas in which a wellestablished knowledge base is critical to making decisions, and calls for serious research to be undertaken to furnish this base.

scholarly journals Feasibility and Enjoyment of Exercise Video Games in Older Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 559-559
Author(s):  
Sara Freed ◽  
Briana Sprague ◽  
Lesley Ross
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Video Games ◽  
Game Design ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Xbox Kinect ◽  
Game Developers

Abstract Interventions using exercise video games, or exergames, have shown short-term cognitive and physical benefits to older adults, though long-term effects are less promising. Enjoyment of exergames may promote exergame use after the intervention period, though little work has examined older adults’ views of exergames before and after gameplay experience. We invited 20 older adults between 65 and 84 years of age (M=73.30, SD=5.95) to play two Xbox Kinect games, Just Dance and Kinect Sports Rivals, for twenty minutes. In our presentation, we will present qualitative and quantitative findings of this pilot study, including findings that older adults reported that they were not likely to play similar exergames in the future and that they did not find the exergames to be more fun compared to other ways of exercising. We will discuss implications for game design and research relevant to game developers, manufacturers, and researchers. Part of a symposium sponsored by Technology and Aging Interest Group.

Electrical stimulation of referred sensation area alleviates phantom limb pain

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Michihiro Osumi ◽  
Daisuke Shimizu ◽  
Yuki Nishi ◽  
Shu Morioka
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Phantom Limb Pain ◽  
Phantom Limb ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Limb Pain ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Analgesic Effects ◽  
Stimulation Of

Background: Patients with brachial plexus avulsion (BPA) usually experience phantom sensations and phantom limb pain (PLP) in the deafferented limb. It has been suggested that evoking the sensation of touch in the deafferented limb by stimulating referred sensation areas (RSAs) on the cheek or shoulder might alleviate PLP. However, feasible rehabilitation techniques using this approach have not been reported. Objective: The present study sought to examine the analgesic effects of simple electrical stimulation of RSAs in BPA patients with PLP. Methods: Study 1: Electrical stimulation of RSAs for 60 minutes was conducted for six BPA patients suffering from PLP to examine short-term analgesic effects. Study 2: A single case design experiment was conducted with two BPA patients to investigate whether electrical stimulation of RSAs was more effective for alleviating PLP than control electrical stimulation (electrical stimulation of sites on side opposite to the RSAs), and to elucidate the long-term effects of electrical stimulation of RSAs. Results: Study 1: Electrical stimulation of RSAs evoked phantom touch sensations in the deafferented limb, and significantly alleviated PLP (p <  0.05). Study 2: PLP was alleviated more after electrical stimulation on RSAs compared with control electrical stimulation (p <  0.05). However, the analgesic effects of electrical stimulation on RSAs were observed only in the short term, not in the long term (p >  0.05). Conclusions: Electrical stimulation of RSAs not only evoked phantom touch sensation but also alleviated PLP in the short term. The results indicate that electrical stimulation of RSAs may provide a useful practical rehabilitation technique for PLP. Future studies will be required to clarify the mechanisms underlying immediate PLP alleviation via electrical stimulation of RSAs.

scholarly journals Long-Term Development of Urban Agriculture: Resilience and Sustainability of Farmers Facing the Covid-19 Pandemic in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4316
Author(s):  
Shingo Yoshida ◽  
Hironori Yagi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Agriculture ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Direct Marketing ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Urban People

The coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic has forced global food systems to face unprecedented uncertain shocks even in terms of human health. Urban agriculture is expected to be more resilient because of its short supply chain for urban people and diversified farming activities. However, the short-and long-term effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on urban farms remain unclear. This study aims to reveal the conditions for farm resilience to the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 and the relationship between short-term farm resilience and long-term farm development using data from a survey of 74 farms located in Tokyo. The results are as follows. First, more than half of the sample farms increased their farm sales during this period. This resilience can be called the “persistence” approach. Second, short-term farm resilience and other sustainable farm activities contributed to improving farmers’ intentions for long-term farm development and farmland preservation. Third, the most important resilience attributes were the direct marketing, entrepreneurship, and social networks of farmers. We discussed the necessity of building farmers’ transformative capabilities for a more resilient urban farming system. These results imply that support to enhance the short-term resilience of urban farms is worth more than the short-term profit of the farms.

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