The world is a room

Focaal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 (63) ◽  
pp. 8-19
Author(s):  
Blai Guarné
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
History Of Anthropology ◽  
Academic History ◽  
Globalizing World ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Conditions Of Possibility ◽  
The Mediterranean

It is well accepted that the discussion about intellectual centers and peripheries has a reductionist character that conceals the complexity of a globalizing world. Despite this, we cannot ignore that in the academic history of anthropology central traditions and hegemonic discourses were established, while others were rendered as peripheral or marginal. This historical context has set a disciplinary framework of inequalities and imbalances that created the conditions of possibility for the global production and dissemination of anthropological knowledge. By re-examining the controversy surrounding the anthropology of the Mediterranean and its relation with debates about native anthropology, this article points out the challenge of revising this disciplinary framework in the project of developing a truly global anthropology.

scholarly journals "We Never Knew":  The Differences between Museum History and  Academic History Explored through an  Exhibition of the New Zealand Wars

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Elspeth Hocking
Keyword(s):  
Public History ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
The Past ◽  
Presentation Modes ◽  
Academic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Museum History ◽  
Conducting Research

<p>Public history and academic history have been viewed both as opposites, two practices related only by their concern with sharing the past, as well as conceptualised as similar fields with close connections to each other. Museum history exhibitions are an obvious example of public history in action. However, is the history that exhibitions present all that different from what is produced in the academy, or is this history academia in another form? Initially this dissertation aimed to explore the relationships between academic and public histories as discipline and practice, assuming a relationship rather than divide between the two fields as suggested in some of the literature. However, the eventual results of the research were different than expected, and suggested that in fact public histories manifest very differently to academic histories within a museum context. Using an adapted ethnographic research methodology, this dissertation traces the development of a single history exhibition, "Te Ahi Kā Roa, Te Ahi Kātoro Taranaki War 1860–2010: Our Legacy – Our Challenge", from its concept development to opening day and onwards to public programmes. This exhibition opened at Puke Ariki in New Plymouth in March 2010, and was a provocative display not only of the history of the wars themselves, but of the legacy of warfare in the Taranaki community. Other methods include partially structured interviews which were conducted with ten people involved in creating this exhibition, who outlined their roles in its production and provided their views on its development, and also a brief analysis of the broader social and historical context in which the exhibition was staged. Through tracing the creation of this history, the findings suggested that the history produced at Puke Ariki is a history in its own right, with noticeable differences from academic histories. The strongest correlation between public and academic history in this instance was the shared aspiration to be rigorous in conducting research and, as far as possible, to create an accurate portrayal of the past. Otherwise the history created by Puke Ariki through the exhibition proved to be different in that it was deliberately designed to be very accessible, and it utilised a number of presentation modes, including objects, text, audiovisual and sound. It was interactive, and had a clear aim of enabling the audience to participate in a discussion about the history being presented. Finally, it was a highly politicised history, in that decision making had to be negotiated with source communities in a collaborative fashion, and issues of censorship worked through with the council, a major funding source. The dissertation concludes that producing history in a museum context is a dynamic and flexible process, and one that can be successful despite not necessarily following theoretical models of exhibition development.</p>

HISTORICAL FEATURES OF CORPORATE MEDIA FORMATION IN UKRAINE AND IN THE WORLD

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmytro Oltarzhevskyi
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Corporate Communications ◽  
Consumer Market ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientific Significance ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
External Connections

The article examines the world and Ukrainian history of corporate periodicals. The main purpose of this study is to reproduce an objective global picture of the emergence and formation of corporate periodicals, taking into account the business and socio-economic context. Accordingly, its tasks are to compare the conditions and features of corporate media genesis in different countries, to determine the main factors of their development, as well as to clarify the transformations of the terminological apparatus. The research is based on mostly foreign secondary scientific works published from 1915 to the present time. The literature was studied using methods such as overview, historical, functional and thematic analysis, description, and generalization. A systematic approach was used to determine the role and place of each element in the system, as well as to comprehensively consider the object in the general historical context and within the current scientific discourse. The method of systematization made it possible to establish internal and external connections, patterns and contradictions in the development of the object of study. The main historical milestones on this path are identified, examples of the first successful corporate publications and their contribution to business development, public relations, and corporate communications are considered. It was found that corporate media emerged in the mid-nineteenth century spontaneously, on the wave of practical business needs in response to industrialization, company increase, staff growth, and consumer market development. Their appearance preceded the formation of the public relations industry and changed the structure of the information space. The scientific significance of this research is that the historical look at the evolution of corporate media provides an understanding of their place, influence, capabilities, and growing communicative role in the digital age.

Diasporas in Despair, 1560–1700

The Great Sea ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Abulafia
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Religious Identities ◽  
Muslim Population ◽  
Sephardic Jews ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Jewish Descent

Ottoman sultans and Spanish kings, along with their tax officials, took a strong interest in the religious identity of those who crossed the areas of the Mediterranean under their control. Sometimes, in an era marked by the clash of Christian and Muslim empires, the Mediterranean seems to be sharply divided between the two faiths. Yet the Ottomans had long accepted the existence of Christian majorities in many of the lands they ruled, while other groups navigated (metaphorically) between religious identities. The Sephardic Jews have already been encountered, with their astonishing ability to mutate into notionally Christian ‘Portuguese’ when they entered the ports of Mediterranean Spain. This existence suspended between worlds set off its own tensions in the seventeenth century, when many Sephardim acclaimed a deluded Jew of Smyrna as the Messiah. Similar tensions could also be found among the remnants of the Muslim population of Spain. The tragic history of the Moriscos was played out largely away from the Mediterranean Sea between the conversion of the last openly practising Muslims, in 1525, and the final act of their expulsion in 1609; it was their very isolation from the Islamic world that gave these people their distinctive identity, once again suspended between religions. The world inhabited by these Moriscos differed in important respects from that inhabited by the other group of conversos, those of Jewish descent. Although some Moriscos were hauled before the Inquisition, the Spanish authorities at first turned a blind eye to the continued practice of Islam; it was sometimes possible to pay the Crown a ‘service’ that bought exemption from interference by the Inquisition, which was mortified to discover that it could not boost its income by seizing the property of exempt suspects. Many Morisco communities lacked a Christian priest, so the continued practice of the old religion is no great surprise; even in areas where christianization took place, what sometimes emerged was an islamized Christianity, evinced in the remarkable lead tablets of Sacromonte, outside Granada, with their prophecies that ‘the Arabs will be those who aid religion in the last days’ and their mysterious references to a Christian caliph, or successor (to Jesus, not Muhammad).

Anthropological thought in the wake of the French devolution:la Société des observateurs de l'homme

1982 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-91
Author(s):  
Benjamin Kilborne
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
History Of Anthropology ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Range Of Variation

In recent months a number of lively and stimulating papers have been published dealing with the meaning of history within the discipline of anthropology (Bermann 1978, Boon 1980, Cannon 1978, Cohn 1980, Higonnet 1980). In the literature, however, relatively little emphasis has been given to the variation in anthropological ideas within the tradition of anthropology. One very important aspect of such variation is to be found in the relationship between particular national cultural traditions and the development of anthropological ideas. Writers who have tended to see the history of the discipline in terms of biological paradigms, utilitarian behaviorism, and various conceptions of anthropology as 'objective' science, have failed to grasp adequately either the continuity or the range of variation within the anthropological tradition. Therefore, anthropologists and those thinking about the history of anthropology need to analyze anthropological ideas in historical context. Such an attempt to reconsider the past arouses opposition because it necessarily contradicts rationalist assumptions about anthropology as a science akin to the natural sciences, obedient to the laws of progress and independent of humanpreoccupations, a curious claim anyway for a science of man.

South Asia and Southeast Asia

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Wink
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Early Modernity ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Monsoon Winds

For many centuries, South Asia and Southeast Asia did not constitute two distinct regions of the world but one. This one region encompassed the bulk of the landmasses, islands and maritime spaces which were affected by the seasonal monsoon winds. Throughout its fertile and often extensive river plains it adopted recognizably similar patterns of culture and settled organization. Early geographers mostly referred to it as ‘India’. This article describes the expansion of agriculture and settled society; kings and Brahmans; a graveyard of cites in the Mediterranean that were centers of power and civilization geography and the world-historical context; the Indo-Islamic world; pathways to early modernity; and the effects of European imperialism.

War and Gender

2020 ◽  
pp. 367-409
Author(s):  
Karen Hagemann ◽  
Sonya O. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Total War ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
War Propaganda ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Economic Warfare ◽  
War Experience ◽  
Gender Images

The chapter offers a broad overview of the history of warfare in the Age of the World Wars. It first discusses the concept of total war and its usefulness for a gendered history of war. Then it examines some general trends in the development of warfare during the first half of the twentieth century to provide the historical context for the subsequent more detailed analysis of the Age of the World Wars from a gender perspective. In this section the chapter explores the research on some of the major themes of a gender history of military of war of this period, including gender images, war propaganda, and postwar memory; gendered war support, and war experience at the home front; economic warfare, gendered experience of occupation, and forced labor; war service, gender, and citizenship; and finally gender, genocide, and sexual violence.

Economics in Perspective

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kenneth Galbraith ◽  
Richard Parker
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Great Depression ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
John Maynard Keynes ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

This book presents a compelling and accessible history of economic ideas, from Aristotle through the twentieth century. Examining theories of the past that have a continuing modern resonance, the book shows that economics is not a timeless, objective science, but is continually evolving as it is shaped by specific times and places. From Adam Smith's theories during the Industrial Revolution to those of John Maynard Keynes after the Great Depression, the book demonstrates that if economic ideas are to remain relevant, they must continually adapt to the world they inhabit. A lively examination of economic thought in historical context, the book shows how the field has evolved across the centuries.

The Origin of the Jews

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Weitzman
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Common Origin ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Historical Reconstructions ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

The Jews have one of the longest continuously recorded histories of any people in the world, but what do we actually know about their origins? While many think the answer to this question can be found in the Bible, others look to archaeology or genetics. Some skeptics have even sought to debunk the very idea that the Jews have a common origin. This book takes a learned and lively look at what we know—or think we know—about where the Jews came from, when they arose, and how they came to be. Scholars have written hundreds of books on the topic and have come up with scores of explanations, theories, and historical reconstructions, but this is the first book to trace the history of the different approaches that have been applied to the question, including genealogy, linguistics, archaeology, psychology, sociology, and genetics. The book shows how this quest has been fraught since its inception with religious and political agendas, how anti-Semitism cast its long shadow over generations of learning, and how recent claims about Jewish origins have been difficult to disentangle from the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. It does not offer neatly packaged conclusions but invites readers on an intellectual adventure, shedding new light on the assumptions and biases of those seeking answers—and the challenges that have made finding answers so elusive. Spanning more than two centuries and drawing on the latest findings, the book brings needed clarity and historical context to this enduring and often divisive topic.

An Osean of Pre-Occupation and Possibilities: L’orda

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Fiore
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Italian History ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Migratory Routes ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Cultural Connections ◽  
Almost All

Part I (Waters) focuses on the liquid space of sea and ocean waters as quintessential migration spaces. It interconnects emigration from Italy and immigration to Italy by linking these waters in the portmanteau of the title and its characterization as a pre-occupied space. The texts addressed in this Aperture as well as the two chapters it introduces contain stories of the perilous voyages and shipwrecks that have silently punctuated the over-150-year-long history of Italian emigration and that are used here as a platform to re-read Italian history at large, especially in light of the current arrivals of immigrants from all over the world. The Aperture revolves around L’orda (The Horde), the best-selling book by Gian Antonio Stella adapted to the stage with the Compagnia delle Acque, which provides an ideal opportunity to bring attention to the tragic nature of migrant voyages, yesterday as well as today. In the Atlantic and Mediterranean waters, one can discern a thick tapestry of forced and chosen migratory routes, and the cultural connections that they have woven over the centuries. The Mediterranean is the prologue to the transatlantic voyage for the Italian emigrants, while the Atlantic Ocean remains an echo or a possibility in almost all the texts analyzed in Part I.

Sources and Characteristics of Piaget's Stage Concept of Development: A Historical Perspective

1973 ◽  
Vol 155 (4) ◽  
pp. 28-39
Author(s):  
Cyril P. Svoboda
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
History Of Ideas ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

This paper is an attempt to place Piaget into an historical context. Underlying this attempt is the assumption that one's total grasp of Piaget's theory depends upon a consideration of those cultural, historical and philosophical forces influencing him. It is a look at “Piaget, the phenomenon” as opposed to “Piaget, the man.” Beginning with classical philosophical dichotomies and moving to modern world views, the article posits that Piaget's theory is a synthesis of the evolutionary - dialectical continuum. Man's vision of the world and of the idea of change is dealt with so as to arrive at what might be called the “general influences” on Piaget. The author realizes the pitfalls inherent in inferring the influences a particular philosopher, psychologist — or any other person for that matter — has on some other. While the author does not summarily presume that history has determined Piaget's theory, he does suggest with substantiation that it is not unreasonable to place Piaget within the context of the history of ideas. After discussing those influences, the author describes specific elements of Piaget's stage concept of development and how Piaget, as a philosopher, psychologist and biologist, promulgates those stages. The final section of the article poses the possibility that Piaget's abstract operational stage (Stage IV) need not be the final stage of cognitive development.

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