scholarly journals Bayesian Estimation of Parameters of a Structural Model for Genetic Covariances Between Milk Yield in Five Regions of the United States

2003 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 1837-1844 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Rekaya ◽  
K.A. Weigel ◽  
D. Gianola
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Bayesian Estimation ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Estimation Of Parameters ◽  
Genetic Covariances

Metabolic Consequences of Increasing Milk Yield – Revisiting Lorna

2004 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 73-84
Author(s):  
C. K. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
States Department ◽  
Size And Structure

Nearly 50 years ago, a cow named Lorna achieved notoriety by producing nearly 50 kg of milk daily during measurements of her energy metabolism in a calorimeter at the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Energy Metabolism Laboratory at Beltsville, Maryland (Flatt, Moore, Hooven and Plowman, 1965; Flatt, Moe, Munson and Cooper, 1969). In the intervening period genetic selection in dairy cattle has produced huge increases in average milk yield, as well as changes in overall conformation, udder characteristics, and body size and structure (Hansen, 2000).

Have Taxes Led Government Expenditures? The United States as a Test Case

1985 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
George M. Von Furstenberg ◽  
R. Jeffery Green ◽  
Jin-Ho Jeong
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Full Information Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Endogenous Variables ◽  
Causality Tests ◽  
Past Data

ABSTRACTThis paper explores intertemporal relations between innovations in government receipts and expenditures, by type and in total, at federal and state-local levels in the United States over the period 1955–82. A structural model is specified with tax and spending components as endogenous variables. After estimation with full information maximum likelihood techniques, residuals derived from the reduced form equations are used in causality tests. These tests show that where there is an indication of causality, spending tends to lead taxes. The lesson learned from past data thus appears to be that changing aggregate tax rates does not cause spending to change. Tax initiatives provide little leverage if changes in the growth of government are intended.

Evidence and Probability Data

2019 ◽  
pp. 83-100
Author(s):  
Steven J. Osterlind
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Bayesian Estimation ◽  
Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Protestant Ethic ◽  
Conditional Probabilities ◽  
Billiard Table ◽  
Bayes’S Theorem ◽  
Magnum Opus ◽  
Bayes's Theorem

This chapter discusses evidence and probability data with particular attention on Bayesian estimation. The Protestant ethic slowed probability developments in the United States, but the idea of quantification continued apace in England and on the Continent. In particular, Thomas Bayes invented a simple but profound mathematical means to connect outcomes with causes with conditional probabilities and Bayesian estimation. The chapter explains conditional probabilities and Bayesian logic, giving several examples, including incidence of accurate cancer diagnosis with inexact diagnostics. The chapter also introduces Bayes’s magnum opus An Essay Toward Solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances and gives his example of rolling billiard balls on a billiard table to show Bayes’s theorem.

A Dynamic Model of Rational Addiction with Stockpiling and Learning: An Empirical Examination of E-cigarettes

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 5886-5905
Author(s):  
Jialie Chen ◽  
Vithala R. Rao
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
Cigarette Taxes ◽  
Smoking Behaviors ◽  
The Impact

Current regulations on e-cigarettes are minimal compared with cigarette regulations, despite their growing popularity globally. Advocates of e-cigarettes claim that they aid in ceasing smoking habits. However, leaving e-cigarettes unregulated has raised growing health concerns. Policymakers in several countries, including the United States and those in Europe, are considering and experimenting with policy interventions. To evaluate current policies and implement potential regulations on e-cigarettes, policymakers must understand the impact of e-cigarettes on consumers’ smoking behaviors. To address this issue, we construct a dynamic structural model that incorporates consumers’ purchases and consumption behaviors of both cigarettes and e-cigarettes. The results from our proposed model indicate that consumption of e-cigarettes promotes, rather than counteracts, smoking. This is because the less costly e-cigarettes incentivize consumers to build their addiction to nicotine, which, in return, increases future consumption of both cigarettes and e-cigarettes. This finding calls for regulations on e-cigarettes. We then conduct counterfactual analyses to evaluate two policy regulations on e-cigarettes: (1) e-cigarette taxes and (2) price regulation. Because both of these policies have been discussed extensively in both the United States and many countries in the European Union, results of our policy simulations address these policy debates. We find that both are effective in reducing overall consumption of cigarettes and e-cigarettes. We also examine the role of consumers’ heterogeneity on the simulation results as well as the policy implications. We conclude with future research directions, such as inclusion of social influence and cross-selling marketing. This paper was accepted by Matthew Shum, marketing.

A Model of Sexual Constraint and Sexual Emancipation

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Schneider
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
German Society ◽  
Public Concern ◽  
Sexual Identities ◽  
Shame And Guilt

In the United States, public concern in sexual matters and stigmatization of sexual identities make people retreat into privacy. This sexual constraint makes people experience shame and guilt. According to Scheff, shaming is a cause of violence. In contrast, German society shows less public concern and social opposition in the sexual-erotic domain. This sexuality allows privatization as independence and creates sexual emancipation. Consequently, Germans associate less shame with their sexual identities and will be less likely to introduce violence into the sexual-erotic domain. This article develops a recursive cultural/structural model to investigate and explain cultural, subcultural, and historical differences in sexual constraint and emancipation.

Cross-Validating a Structural Model of Factors Influencing Diabetes Self-Management in Chinese Americans with Type 2 Diabetes

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Pan ◽  
Shaoqing Ge ◽  
Yin Xu ◽  
Deborah Toobert
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Chinese Americans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Management Interventions

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to cross-validate a structural model depicting the effects of individual and environmental factors on diabetes self-management in Chinese Americans with type 2 diabetes. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was administered to a convenience sample of 209 Chinese Americans with type 2 diabetes in the Midwest of the United States. Structural equation modeling was used to cross-validate the model fit. Results: Provider–patient communication indirectly influenced self-management via belief in treatment. Knowledge indirectly influenced self-management via belief in treatment and self-efficacy. Social support indirectly influenced self-management via belief in treatment and knowledge. Discussion: This study demonstrated that the structural model, previously tested with Chinese diabetes patients in China, also fits Chinese Americans in the United States with few modifications. The cross-validated model provides a theoretical basis for developing culturally relevant diabetes self-management interventions for Chinese Americans, which may lead to health improvements in this ethnic population.

scholarly journals The Influence of Technology Readiness Index in Entrepreneurial Orientation: A Study with Brazilian Entrepreneurs in the United States of America

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Penz ◽  
Bianca Costa Amorim ◽  
Sabrina Nascimento ◽  
Carlos Ricardo Rossetto
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Small Business ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Technology Readiness

This research has aimed to analyze the influence of the Technology Readiness Index (TRI) in the entrepreneurial orientation (EO) for Brazilian small-business men who have settled in the United States of America. The exploratory research or quantitative survey was based on a structural equation modeling, using SmartPLS (SEM-PLS). The sample was comprised of 107 Brazilian small-entrepreneurs who live in the United States. The results indicate the predominance of inducing technology factors in dimensions of optimism and innovativeness to the TRI, which suggests making use of new technologies. By excluding the dimensions of discomfort and insecurity on the TRI, it was revealed entrepreneurs feel more comfortable with technology and do not feel uncomfortable or insecure about using them. Regarding the entrepreneurial orientation, it was possible to perceive dimensions of risk propensity, proactive approach and innovativeness among those who participated in the survey. Concerning the relationship of both constructs, the TRI and the OE, the structural model has shown good fitting of 36%, which means the TRI explains the EO in 13%. In outline, it is to say the TRI fairly influences the entrepreneurial orientation of those Brazilian small-business men analyzed.

scholarly journals Genotype × environment interaction for fertility and milk yield traits in Canadian, Mexican and US Holstein cattle

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. e0402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo H. Montaldo ◽  
Alejandra Pelcastre-Cruz ◽  
Héctor Castillo-Juárez ◽  
Felipe J. Ruiz-López ◽  
Filippo Miglior
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Calving Interval ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Yield Traits ◽  
Age At First Calving

The objective of this study was to evaluate genotype × environment  interaction (G×E) between Canada, the United States and Mexico for fertility and milk yield traits using genetic correlations between countries estimated from genetic evaluations of sires. Genetic correlation between Mexican and Canadian Holsteins for age at first calving was ≤ 0.48 and lower than the simulated value obtained accounting for data structure and selection effects. For calving interval, genetic correlation between Mexico and Canada ranged from 0.48 to 0.69. Genetic correlation between calving interval in Mexico (multiplied by -1) and daughter pregnancy rate in the United States ranged from 0.64 to 0.73, and was lower than simulated and actual Canada-United States values. Genetic correlations between Mexico and Canada and the United States for milk yield traits were ≥ 0.83, similar to simulated genetic correlations, but lower than Canada-United States values (≥ 0.93). Heritability estimates for age at first calving, calving interval, milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, fat content, and protein content for the Mexican Holstein population were 0.06, 0.03, 0.18, 0.20, 0.19, 0.46, and 0.49, respectively. G×E interaction effects between Canada and Mexico for age at first calving were high, whereas G×E interaction effects between Canada and Mexico for calving interval and between daughter pregnancy rate in the United States and calving interval in Mexico were moderate. G×E interaction effects for milk yield traits between Canada or the United States with Mexico in registered Holsteins were low.

Therapeutic Technique in Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward M. Weinshel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy ◽  
Therapeutic Technique ◽  
The Past ◽  
Psychoanalytic Treatment

As the distinctions between what we consider to be psychoanalysis and what we consider to be psychoanalytic psychotherapy have become more uncertain and more blurred, it follows that it is equally difficult to designate the techniques that would be appropriate and specific for each modality. The problem has been compounded by the fact that in recent years psychoanalysis in the United States has become considerably less homogeneous than in the past and the ego-psychological structural model is no longer the only point of view in the psychoanalytic marketplace. Further, with alterations in the criteria for analyzability, cases which, generally, had not been viewed as suitable for analysis, have been appearing with increasing frequency on psychoanalysts' couches. We have also recognized that the degree of congruence between our expectation from and the results of psychoanalytic treatment was often less than anticipated. It appears that analysis have become considerably less arbitrary about what psychoanalysis is and how a psychoanalysis can be carried out. The author is unable to delineate one technique that is intrinsic to and limited to psychoanalysis. There are, however, differences in degree and emphasis in the ways in which various techniques are applied in the therapy of psychoanalysis as compared to the therapy of psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Special attention is given to the role of a psychoanalytic process and the central place the analysis of resistance plays in psychoanalytic therapy.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document