Modification of the Penn State Forage and Total Mixed Ration Particle Separator and the Effects of Moisture Content on its Measurements

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effects of the physically effective fiber (peNDF) content on nutrient composition of the total mixed ration (TMR), orts and fecal parameters in 15 commercial beef feedlots. The particle size distribution of TMR was measured adopting Penn State Particle Size Separator (PSPS). Samples were evaluated for dry matter (DM), ash, ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and starch content. Fecal samples were also evaluated for pH and score. The feedlots were categorized into peNDF<20% and peNDF ≥ 20%. Data were analyzed by a model that included fixed effects of treatment and covariates (sex and genetic groups). Levels of DM, CP, EE and starch were lower in TMR with peNDF ≥ 20% (P<0.05). Fecal dry matter was higher and morning fecal pH was lower for TMR with peNDF<20% (P<0.05). Physically effective fiber changed nutrient levels in TMR, orts, fecal pH and DM. So, using PSPS and fecal parameters are practical and indirect tools for measuring fecal starch and assessing the effectiveness of the diet supplied to ruminants.

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308 Effects of Roughage Source on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Rumination Time of Beef Steers Fed Steam-flaked Corn Finishing Diets

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab235.309 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 168-168

Author(s):

Wyatt N Smith ◽

Catherine L Lockard ◽

Caleb G Lockard ◽

Megan Homolka ◽

Kendall Karr ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Beef Steers ◽

Final Body Weight ◽

Finishing Diets ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Penn State ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

Particle Separator

Abstract We hypothesized that roughage source would not impact rumination time and growth performance if the different sources provided a similar concentration of dietary neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and physically effective NDF (peNDF). This experiment’s objective was to evaluate rumination time, and growth performance steers consuming finishing diets with differing roughage sources (corn stalks, cotton burrs, or wheat silage). Beef steers (n = 49; BW = 317 + 5.6 kg) were used in a completely randomized design with 3 dietary treatments. Steers consumed a steam-flaked corn-based diet containing corn stalks (CS), cotton burrs (CB), or wheat silage (WS) included at 7% (DM basis). Dietary NDF was similar (P = 0.36) across treatments. Each steer was fitted with a sensory collar to record daily rumination. Weekly ingredient and dietary samples were estimated for physically effective NDF (epeNDF) using the Penn State Particle Separator. Actual physically effective NDF (apeNDF) was calculated based upon rumination time. Neither initial nor final body weight (BW) differed between treatments (P > 0.52); nor did average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake or carcass adjusted variables of FBW, ADG, empty BW, or empty body fat (P > 0.31). However, gain to feed (G:F) tended to differ (P = 0.06) between treatments. The CS diet had the greatest G:F with no difference (P = 0.75) between CB and WS. Dietary NDF and epeNDF were similar (P > 0.35) among roughage sources; however, CB had the least apeNDF, consistent with lower rumination time (P < 0.01). When energy values were calculated from animal performance, the CS diet had the greatest observed energy values, followed by WS and CB having the least. These results indicate roughage source impacted rumination time, although steers were fed a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet with similar dietary roughage and NDF inclusions.

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227 Evaluation of mixer performance in cattle finishing diets of varying physical characteristics

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.275 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 150-151

Author(s):

Elizabeth M Buckhaus ◽

Zachary K Smith

Keyword(s):

Feed Efficiency ◽

Particle Distribution ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Physical Characteristics ◽

Net Energy ◽

Con A ◽

Finishing Diets ◽

Penn State ◽

Particle Separator ◽

By Products

Abstract An experiment was conducted to evaluate batch fraction (BF), physical characteristics (DIET), and mixing duration (DUR) on long particle distribution in finishing diets. Diets were mixed in a 2.35 m3 horizontal mixer. The experiment was designed as a 5×3×2 factorial arrangement with nine replications per simple mean. Factors included 1) BF (n = 5), 2) DIET (n = 3) containing no corn-milling by-product (CON), a dry-corn milling by-product [47.45 ± 1.015% DM (as-is basis); DRY], or a wet-corn milling by-product [43.67 ± 1.786% DM (as-is basis); WET], and 3) mixing duration (n = 2) of 20 or 25 revolutions. Diets contained a 1:1 blend of DRC:HMC, the corn-milling by-products replaced the corn blend (20% total diet DM inclusion), grass hay (6% DM inclusion), liquid supplement (5% DM inclusion), and a meal supplement (7% DM inclusion). Data were analyzed as a CRD using the GLIMMIX procedure (SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC) using a multinomial approach. Samples of the total mixed ration (TMR) were subjected to separation via the Penn State Particle Separator. The dependent variable of interest was the portion of the TMR retained on the 19 mm sieve. No interactions were detected (P ≥ 0.49). There was an 87.1% (P = 0.01) increase in retention on the 19 mm sieve for last BF compared to the first BF. Diet influenced (P = 0.04) 19 mm sieve retention, there was 10.2% less TMR retained on the 19 mm sieve for DRY versus WET; CON was intermediate. Mixing duration did not influence (P = 0.73) 19 mm sieve retention. These data indicate that as the mixer unloads there can be nearly double the amount of roughage fed; differing physical characteristics of the diet only moderately influence the true roughage content fed. Differing roughage content delivered depending upon the BF could influence daily intake, feed efficiency and alter observed to expected ratios of dietary net energy.

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251 Effects of Roughage Source on Rumination Time and Ruminal Ph in Steers Fed a Steam-flaked Corn Finishing Diet

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab054.212 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 127-127

Author(s):

Wyatt Smith ◽

Catherine Lockard ◽

Caleb Lockard ◽

Megan Homolka ◽

Kendall Karr ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Latin Square ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Beef Steers ◽

Finishing Diets ◽

Ruminal Ph ◽

Penn State ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

Particle Separator ◽

Finishing Beef Cattle ◽

Different Sources

Abstract Research is limited on how physically effective fiber from various roughage sources aids in rumination time and ruminal pH of finishing beef cattle. This experiment’s objective was to evaluate rumination time and ruminal pH of beef steers consuming finishing diets with varying roughage sources (corn stalks, cotton burrs, or wheat silage). We hypothesized that roughage type would not impact rumination time and ruminal pH if different sources provide similar dietary neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Ruminally cannulated steers (n = 6; average BW = 644.56 + 13.15 kg) were used in a 3 × 3 replicated Latin square with 3 dietary treatments and 3, 21-d periods (20-d diet adaptation, 1-d sampling). Steers consumed a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet containing corn stalks (CS), cotton burrs (CB), or wheat silage (WS) included at 7% (DM basis) of the diet. Dietary NDF was similar across treatments. Steers were fitted with a sensory collar to record daily rumination (Allflex Livestock Intelligence). Ruminal pH was measured using a handheld pH probe on d-21 at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 hr postprandial. The NDF and dry matter intake (DMI) were greatest for steers consuming the WS diet (P < 0.01) while CS and CB diets did not differ (P = 0.81). While dietary NDF and estimated physically effective NDF (peNDF) were similar among roughage sources, CB had the lowest actual peNDF, consistent with lower rumination time (P < 0.01) and lower ruminal pH (P = 0.29). This experiment’s results indicate that roughage source impacted rumination time despite feeding steers a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet with similar roughage and NDF levels. Using rumination time (min/d) to determine peNDF was a better indicator of rumen function parameters than particle size measured via the Penn State Particle Separator equation.

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Tamanho médio de partícula da dieta: determinação, interpretação e efeitos para vacas leiteiras

Revista Acadêmica Ciência Animal ◽

10.7213/2596-2868.2020.18102 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Daniel Augusto Barreta

Keyword(s):

Penn State ◽

Para Determinar ◽

Particle Separator

A fibra é um componente do alimento essencial para os ruminantes. Sua efetividade em promover a ruminação e salivação é fundamental para manutenção da saúde dos animais. Contudo, além da concentração de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), outras características físico-químicas dos alimentos são importantes para determinar a FDN fisicamente efetiva (FDNfe) da dieta, principalmente o tamanho da partícula. Neste sentido, é importante atentar-se à evolução do manuseio e interpretação dos resultados do conjunto de peneiras chamado Penn State Particle Separator, principal ferramenta prática utilizada para determinar o tamanho médio de partícula (TMP). A partir dessas constatações é possível implementar procedimentos que adequem o FDNfe das dietas e os processos de ensilagem. Estes ajustes podem atenuar problemas como a acidose ruminal, depressão da gordura do leite, seleção da dieta pelos animais, limitação física de ingestão, má compactação dos silos, entre outros. Desta forma, o objetivo desta revisão é realizar um apanhado evolutivo sobre os métodos para determinação do TMP e sua interpretação, além de discorrer sobre seus efeitos na nutrição de vacas leiteiras.

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Effects of including chopped alfalfa hay in barley-based total mixed rations on production and rumen fermentation of lactating dairy cows

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/a05-008 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 85 (2) ◽

pp. 251-253 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. S. Einarson ◽

J. C. Plaizier ◽

K. M. Wittenberg

Keyword(s):

Milk Fat ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Barley Grain ◽

Rumen Ph ◽

Lactating Dairy Cows ◽

Alfalfa Hay ◽

Penn State ◽

Alfalfa Silage ◽

Particle Separator ◽

Barley Silage

Alfalfa silage [13.6% dry matter (DM)] was replaced with chopped alfalfa hay in barley silage and barley-grain-based total mixed rations. This replacement increased DM from 45.2 to 54.9%, decreased physical effective fibre, determined as the proportion of the DM passing through the 8- and 19-mm screens of the Penn State Particle Separator multiplied by dietary neutral detergent fibre (peNDF), from 21.9 to 16.2% DM, increased dry matter intake from 19.1 to 21.2 kg d-1, numerically reduced milk protein yield from 1.01 to 0.93 kg d-1, but did not affect milk yield, milk fat, rumen pH, and rumen ammonia. Key words: Alfalfa silage, chopped alfalfa hay, milk production, feed intake

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Consumption and ingestive behaviour of lambs fed varying levels of babassu mesocarp bran

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n5supl1p2335 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 2335-2348

Author(s):

Carolina Moreira Araújo ◽

Karla Alves Oliveira ◽

Gilberto de Lima Macedo Junior ◽

Jhone Tallison Lira de Sousa ◽

Luciano Fernandes Sousa

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Fibre Intake ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Penn State ◽

Acid Detergent Fibre ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Particle Separator ◽

Ingestive Behaviour

Voluntary consumption (VolC) and ingestive behaviour (IB) of lambs fed diets containing different percentages (0.0; 7.5; 15.0 and 22.5%) of babassu mesocarp bran (I-BMB) were evaluated. The trial was at the Federal University of Tocantins, Campus de Araguaína-TO. Twenty lambs were evaluated using a completely randomized design, and five replications were performed. VolC data was obtained by measuring total volumes of both food supplied and food remaining after feeding. IB was evaluated throughout two, non-consecutive 24-h periods, with observations were recorded every five minutes that described the following behavioural variables: resting (REST), rumination (RUM), intake (INT) and chewing (CHEW). The particle size was also measured using a Penn State particle separator. All VolC parameters (dry matter intake, DMI; crude protein intake, CPI; neutral detergent fibre intake, NDFI; and acid detergent fibre intake, ADFI) increased linearly with I-BMB intake. I-BMB consumption did not interfere with water intake, nor did it affect I-BMB did not affect the duration of DMI, NDFI and ADFI. However, linear increases of rumination and chewing activities associated with DMI, NDFI and ADFI were observed as I-BMB levels increased. In summary, effects of inclusion I-BMB in diets of lambs included increased voluntary consumption, and reduced rumination and chewing, but not ingestion, efficiency. When economically favorable, these data suggest that inclusion of up to 22.5% I-BMB within balanced diets should be applied.

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Use of the Penn State particle separator to determine if molasses can reduce sorting of ground juniper when juniper is used as a feed intake limiter for lambs

Animal Feed Science and Technology ◽

10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.03.010 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 168 (1-2) ◽

pp. 21-29 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T.R. Whitney ◽

A.E. Lee ◽

M.G. Williamson ◽

C.D. Swening ◽

R.L. Noland

Keyword(s):

Feed Intake ◽

Penn State ◽

Particle Separator

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233 Effects of Harvest Maturity And/or Kernel Processing on Corn Silage Processing Score and Particle Size of Corn Silage

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab054.019 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 11-12

Author(s):

Thomas Hamilton ◽

Julie Walker ◽

Warren C Rusche ◽

Zachary K Smith

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Corn Silage ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Simple Effect ◽

Penn State ◽

Particle Separator ◽

Harvest Maturity ◽

Early Harvest ◽

Corn Hybrid

Abstract A single corn hybrid was used to evaluate harvest maturity (Mat) and/or kernel processing (KP) effects on corn silage processing score (CSPS) and particle size (PS). Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial of 1) Mat (early and late) and 2) KP (no or yes). A single corn field was planted on April 27, 2020. There were 12 loads (experimental unit) per simple effect treatment mean. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design. Early harvest occurred on August 28, 2020 [yield (as is) = 39.1 Mg/hectare; DM = 43.1%; CP, NDF, and starch = 6.5, 46.0, and 32.9%, respectively (DM basis)]. Late harvest occurred on September 9, 2020 [yield = 37.8 Mg/hectare (as is); DM = 49.2%; CP, NDF, and starch = 6.6, 49.8, and 37.5%, respectively (DM basis)]. The same equipment was used for both Mat with KP achieved by narrowing processing rollers. The CSPS was determined as the proportion of starch retained below a 4.75-mm sieve. Grain content (DM basis) of the corn silage was calculated from starch/0.72. Particle size was assessed using the Penn State Particle Separator. A Mat × KP interaction (P = 0.05) was detected for CSPS. Early/no and late/no had decreased (P ≤ 0.05) CSPS compared to early/yes and late/yes had the greatest CSPS (P ≤ 0.05) compared to others. Grain content was 13.9% greater in late compared to early (P = 0.01). A Mat × KP interaction (P = 0.03) was detected for PS. Early/no had the greatest (P ≤ 0.05) PS, early/yes and late/no were intermediate, and late/yes had decreased PS compared to others (P ≤ 0.05). These data indicate that Mat and KP influence CSPS synergistically. Producers should consider KP when corn silage is harvested at a later maturity to enhance CSPS.

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