scholarly journals The Mahakala cult in Tibet: some aspects of its history

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1114-1130
Author(s):  
S. R. Batomunkueva
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Buddhism ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
Tibetan Buddhist ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Buddhist Doctrine ◽  
Further Development

The article offers a research on Mahakala cult in Tibet. Mahakala is a deity common to Hinduism and Buddhism. It appears also as protector deity known as dharmapala – the Protector of Buddhist Doctrine. The author addresses some issues regarding the genesis of this cult, namely materials and historical facts about how it did appear in the Tibetan Buddhist pantheon, and how it did subsequently receive its further development and became popular inTibet. The author uses the already published scholarly works to illustrate some of the main forms of the deity manifestation and their functional aspects. She also draws attention to the ways of Mahakala teaching lineages and transmissions as well as religious practices, which did exist in the early stages of the cult formation. The article emphasizes the importance of the deity cult inTibet, as well as the prevalence of the Mahakala Six-Armed manifestation. This ancient and multifaceted cult was tightly connected with that of the deities in ancientIndia became firmly rooted in the Buddhist pantheon. Subsequently it gained significant popularity not only in the “Land ofSnows” but also in all other areas where the Tibetan Buddhism was spread.

Tibetan Buddhist Power Objects

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Duncan Gentry
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Buddhism ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Material Objects ◽  
Tibetan Buddhist ◽  
Transmit Power ◽  
The Past ◽  
Buddhist Tradition ◽  
Buddhist Doctrine ◽  
Sensory Interactions

As Tibetans began to import Buddhist scriptures and translate them into the Tibetan language in the 8th and 9th centuries, they also imported items like relics, reliquaries, statues, paintings, amulets, and other material objects believed to embody and transmit power through their physical connections with buddhas, bodhisattvas, and saints of the past. Guided by scriptural pronouncements, as these resonated with indigenous sensibilities Tibetans came to hold that sensory interactions with Buddhist power objects would enable unmediated access to the powerful sources of the Buddhist tradition for a range of pragmatic and transcendent goals. Such encounters were held to be so efficacious that they were sometimes promoted as viable complements or substitutes for the study and cultivation of Buddhist doctrine. As Tibetans integrated Buddhism into Tibetan culture they began crafting their own Buddhist power objects. These became so ubiquitous and diverse in Tibetan Buddhist societies that there is no single Tibetan term that directly corresponds with the category of “power objects” to encapsulate their full range. Patterned after Indian prototypes, Tibetans developed their own terms and rubrics for these kinds of objects. They also adapted them to include a wider spectrum of items and advanced theories of their power and efficacy that extend beyond their Indian Buddhist counterparts. On this account, controversies sometimes erupted among Tibetan ecclesiastical scholars over the purported nature and potency of such things. The prominent role given to Buddhist power objects in Tibet entailed they would serve as touchstones for the formation of Tibetan Buddhist communities, institutions, and states. Yet, sustained discussion of these kinds of objects has only been sporadic among traditional Tibetan exegetes and modern academic scholars of Tibetan Buddhism.

Seeing, Touching, Holding, and Swallowing Tibetan Buddhist Texts

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 137-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathy Cantwell
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Buddhism ◽  
Sensory Experience ◽  
Tibetan Buddhist ◽  
Sacred Texts ◽  
The Senses ◽  
Rich Material ◽  
Scholarly Attention ◽  
Book Culture

The iconic dimension of holy books has drawn increasing scholarly attention in recent years (e.g. Iconic Books and Texts, James Watts, ed., London, Equinox, 2013). Asian Buddhism provides rich material for considering the ritualization of engagement with sacred texts. In Tibetan Buddhism, this aspect of book culture is perhaps especially pronounced (see, for instance, Schaeffer 2009, especially Chapter 6; Elliott, Diemberger and Clemente 2014). This paper explores the topic in relation to the engagement of the senses in Tibetan context, through seeing, touching, holding and tasting texts. It would seem that it is not the sensory experience in itself, but rather the physical experience of a transmission and incorporation of the sacred qualities from the books into the person which is emphasized in these practices. Parallels and contrasts with examples from elsewhere are mentioned, and there is some consideration of the breadth of the category of sacred books in the Tibetan context in which Dharma teachings may take many forms.

scholarly journals Macho Buddhism: Gender and Sexualities in the Diamond Way

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-103
Author(s):  
Burkhard Scherer
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Buddhism ◽  
Gender Stereotyping ◽  
Sexual Ethics ◽  
Tibetan Buddhist ◽  
Historical Source ◽  
The West ◽  
Cultural Attitudes ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Previous Scholarship

Western Tibetan Buddhist movements have been described as bourgeois and puritanical in previous scholarship. In contrast, Ole Nydahl’s convert lay Karma Kagyu Buddhist movement, the Diamond Way, has drawn attention for its apparently hedonistic style. This article addresses the wider issues of continuity and change during the transition of Tibetan Buddhism from Asia to the West. It analyses views on and performances of gender, sexual ethics and sexualities both diachronically through textual-historical source and discourse analysis and synchronically through qualitative ethnography. In this way the article demonstrates how the approaches of contemporary gender and sexualities studies can serve as a way to question the Diamond Way Buddhism’s location in the ‘tradition vs modernity’ debate. Nydahl’s pre-modern gender stereotyping, the hetero-machismo of the Diamond Way and the mildly homophobic tone and content of Nydahl’s teaching are interpreted in light of Indian and Tibetan Buddhist sexual ethics and traditional Tibetan cultural attitudes on sexualities. By excavating the emic genealogy of Nydahl’s teachings, the article suggests that Nydahl’s and the Diamond Way’s view on and performance of gender and sexualities are consistent with his propagation of convert Buddhist neo-orthodoxy.

Methodological pluralism through the lens of the buddhist doctrine of time kālacakra: an interview with dr. Jensine Andresen

2021 ◽  
Vol - (2) ◽  
pp. 165-183
Author(s):  
Olena Kalantarova
Keyword(s):  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
The United States ◽  
Religious Studies ◽  
Western Science ◽  
Methodological Pluralism ◽  
Effective Solution ◽  
Tibetan Buddhist ◽  
Buddhist Doctrine ◽  
Canonical Literature

Modern dialogue between Western science and Buddhism raises an enormous range of cognitive issues that require interdisciplinary research. The idea of methodological pluralism (MP) arises here as an effective solution for such projects. Having immersed in the study of the background of its opponent, Western science touched the fairly old and specific way of reality cognition, which in certain aspects actually can be identified as a Tibetan-Buddhist version of the MP. In an interview with the professor from the United States, who for many decades has been engaged in research on the boundaries of various science disciplines, ethics, and religious studies, we tried to clarify the specifics of this so-called version of MP, which is set out in the Buddhist doctrine of time, K lacakra. Texts of this doctrine are included in the corpus of Buddhist canonical literature and form the basis for two classical Buddhist sciences: the science of stars (which is actually “social astronomy”); and the science of healing (which looks like a certain version of “psycho-medicine”). During the interview, we went directly to the possibility of using the Buddhist version of MP at least within the dialogue “Buddhism-Science”, to the need to understand the specifics of such an implementation, and to the mandatory combination of MP with an integrated approach. The interview was intended to raise the question that deals with transgressing the abovementioned dialogue from the “consumer” level (when we are looking for something that could be useful to the Western neuro-cognitivist) to the philosophical one, in order to formulate a criterion for recognizing a different way of thinking, and finally, to move on toward the semantic discussion, without which the integration phase of any kind of MP is impossible.

Study on the Composition of Inner Mongolia Wudangzhao Monastery Building Complex

2013 ◽  
Vol 357-360 ◽  
pp. 141-144
Author(s):  
Yun Zuo
Keyword(s):  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Tibetan Buddhism ◽  
Tibetan Buddhist ◽  
Architectural Style ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Tibetan Architecture

Tibetan Buddhist monasteries embody almost all achievements of the Tibetan community in religious, scientific, cultural and artistic. The erection of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries are closely related to the history of Tibetan Buddhism in Inner Mongolia. As the Tibetan Buddhism had been spread to Inner Mongolia in different periods, Tibetan Buddhist monasteries presented different features in its architectural style. Wudangzhao Lamasery is the grandest integral monastery complex still remaining in Inner Mongolia.Its buildings have high value of art and characteristically Tibetan Buddhist Architectural style on monasterys arrangement and style. Different types of the building gathered together form a Tibetan monastery, buildings complex reflected the intact standard of Tibetan Architecture. They express the Tibetan traditional mountain worship idea, and Buddhist the Mandala Cosmology and Three Realms idea.

scholarly journals Sequence of studying engineering and geological conditions of mineral deposits from exploration to development

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 83-91
Author(s):  
Irina V. Abaturova ◽  
◽  
Ivan A. Savintsev ◽  
Liubov A. Storozhenko ◽  
Elvina D. Nugmanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Geological Environment ◽  
Geological Time ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Geological Processes ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Geological Information ◽  
Further Development

geological environment. Actively change all the components of engineering-geological conditions (EGC), formed during the long geological time: the topography, structure of rocks, hydrogeological and permafrost conditions, are formed by geological processes and, at the same time on the surface of the Earth formed a new strata of man-made structures, and often man-made deposits. The scale of technogenesis in mining today is comparable to the results of geological activity that took place over many millions of years. Therefore, even at the early stages of studying the EGC MD, it is necessary to understand the dynamics of changes in the EGC in order to provide preliminary protective measures. Purpose of work. Consideration of striking examples of the dynamics of the EGC MD (from exploration to development), in order to provide methods for managing these changes. Methodology. The article considers the stages of obtaining engineering and geological information for the period of MD operation, which will solve the problems of rational use of the subsoil and protection of the geological environment. Results. For example, the number of objects marked all the stages of learning to yoke the dynamics of their changes, which led to the formation of engineering-geological processes that adversely affect the further testing of MD. Summary. The reaction of the geological environment in the development of MD is not long in coming and is expressed in the development of large-scale engineering and geological processes, which often do not allow further development of MD and threaten people's lives. Therefore, even at the early stages of studying the EGC MD, it is necessary to understand the dynamics of changes in the EGC in order to provide preliminary protective measures.

scholarly journals Generative Meditations: Exploring Generative Art From the Perspective of Tibetan Buddhist Philosophy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Benjamin Jack
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Buddhism ◽  
Human Experience ◽  
Buddhist Philosophy ◽  
Computational Creativity ◽  
Tibetan Buddhist ◽  
Generative Art ◽  
Generative Processes

<p>the purpose of this thesis is to document and explore the subjective struggles I have encountered in my own practise as a generative artist rather than to provide an objective overview of computational generative art. Hopefully this process will give some context from the ground up (from an artist’s perspective) to some of the larger questions that I and others in the field are asking about generative art.  From the preliminary questions arising from these struggles I begin to explore and develop a generative art practise that primarily focuses on the topics of human experience and ideas directly related to human experience. This is opposed to using generative processes to explore ideas fundamentally based on computation (a-life, emergence, computational creativity, and data etc..). The foundation of, and reasons behind, such a focus are based on the non-realist and non-materialist philosophical tenets of Tibetan Buddhism, in particular the philosophy of the Madhyamika-Prasangika school of thought. The purpose of developing a generative practise based on the philosophy and symbolism of Tibetan Buddhism is to find a method to create personally relevant artwork with a firm foundation in a well established culture of art and philosophy. I might add however, that this isn’t merely a self-reflective exercise but rather it should be of interest to others in the field of (and study of) Generative art to see how this artistic method might be approached from a vastly different philosophical stance to the materialist view that receives the majority of attention in the field.</p>

Production of pectolytic and cellulolytic enzymes by virulent and avirulent isolates of Sclerotium bataticola during disease development in sunflowers

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 2449-2453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Ho Chan ◽  
W. E. Sackston
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzymes ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Further Development

Exo- and endo-polygalacturonase, polygalacturonate trans-eliminase, and cellulase were produced in cultures by two virulent, one moderately virulent, and one avirulent isolates of Sclerotium bataticola. The polygalacturonases are important in penetration and early stages of pathogenesis in sunflowers; virulence of isolates is correlated with their ability to produce these enzymes in the host. Polygalacturonate trans-eliminase and cellulase activity in plant extracts increased with time after inoculation. Polygalacturonate trans-eliminase and cellulase are not important in penetration of Sclerotium bataticola into sunflowers, but are involved in further development of the pathogen. Ability to produce these two enzymes in plants is closely correlated with virulence of the respective isolates.

Computational Theories of Vision

1984 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Shape Analysis ◽  
Important Influence ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Formal Approach ◽  
Computational Theory ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
To Come ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
The Way

This exciting and original book describes the work of David Marr and his colleagues at MIT on the computational theory of vision, particularly the early stages of shape analysis. Although much of the theorising is frankly speculative and not certain to survive without major modification, it sets new standards of rigour in its formal approach and is certain to have a stimulating effect upon the field. Sadly, Marr's death from leukaemia at the age of 35 means that he will not himself be able to take part in the further development of his ideas, but the book itself will exert an important influence for some time to come. The first point to make, for those who may already have attempted Marr's lengthy and difficult research papers, is that the book is clearly and entertainingly written: It can be tackled by the non-specialist who wishes to see why Marr's work has caused such interest in the vision community. Despite the very difficult circumstances in which the book must have been written, it is carefully put together and gives a fascinating insight into the way in which the author's ideas developed.

The judicial system at the stage of the formation of the Soviet state as the most important element of the state legal system: the activities of the revolutionary tribunals

2022 ◽  
pp. 115-121
Author(s):  
I. D. Changli
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Judicial System ◽  
Soviet State ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Further Development

This article examines the main historical, ideological, social and other factors that determined the emergence of the judicial system of the Soviet state (RSFSR) during its formation in 1917-1922, as well as the main patterns of its further development, features of legal regulation of the activities of courts and extraordinary judicial bodies, as well as the views of Soviet jurists on the essence and importance of courts in building socialism in the early stages of its development.

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