scholarly journals Sequence of studying engineering and geological conditions of mineral deposits from exploration to development

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 83-91
Author(s):  
Irina V. Abaturova ◽  
◽  
Ivan A. Savintsev ◽  
Liubov A. Storozhenko ◽  
Elvina D. Nugmanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Geological Environment ◽  
Geological Time ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Geological Processes ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Geological Information ◽  
Further Development

geological environment. Actively change all the components of engineering-geological conditions (EGC), formed during the long geological time: the topography, structure of rocks, hydrogeological and permafrost conditions, are formed by geological processes and, at the same time on the surface of the Earth formed a new strata of man-made structures, and often man-made deposits. The scale of technogenesis in mining today is comparable to the results of geological activity that took place over many millions of years. Therefore, even at the early stages of studying the EGC MD, it is necessary to understand the dynamics of changes in the EGC in order to provide preliminary protective measures. Purpose of work. Consideration of striking examples of the dynamics of the EGC MD (from exploration to development), in order to provide methods for managing these changes. Methodology. The article considers the stages of obtaining engineering and geological information for the period of MD operation, which will solve the problems of rational use of the subsoil and protection of the geological environment. Results. For example, the number of objects marked all the stages of learning to yoke the dynamics of their changes, which led to the formation of engineering-geological processes that adversely affect the further testing of MD. Summary. The reaction of the geological environment in the development of MD is not long in coming and is expressed in the development of large-scale engineering and geological processes, which often do not allow further development of MD and threaten people's lives. Therefore, even at the early stages of studying the EGC MD, it is necessary to understand the dynamics of changes in the EGC in order to provide preliminary protective measures.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Engineering and Geological Conditions of Mineral Deposits (from Exploration to Exploitation)

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-228
Author(s):  
I.V. Abaturova ◽  
◽  
L.A. Storozhenko ◽  
E.D. Nugmanova ◽  
V.S. Kozlov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Surrounding Medium ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Mineral Deposits ◽  
Geological Environment ◽  
Geological Time ◽  
Geological Processes ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Further Development

The development of mineral deposits has strong transformative effect on the geological environment. At the same time, all the components of geotechnical conditions (relief, structure of rock massifs, hydrogeological and geocryological conditions etc.), formed over a long geological time, are actively changing. Geological processes are activated and new mining-geological processes are formed. New strata are formed on the Earth's surface along with the technogenic formations and technogenic deposits. Today, the scale of technogenesis in mining is comparable to the results of geological activities that have been going on for many millions of years. The reaction of the geological environment is immediate and is expressed in the development of large-scale engineering and geological processes, which often do not allow the further development of mineral resources and threaten the human life. Therefore, even at the early stages of prospecting and/or exploration, it is necessary to understand the dynamics of changes in surrounding medium in order to develop methods for proper managing of the ore extraction. By the example of a number of objects, all the stages of study of engineering-geological conditions are considered, the dynamics of their change, which led to the formation of engineering-geological processes affecting the further development of mineral resource, is estimated.

A Discussion on the evolution of the Precambrian crust - Introductory remarks

1973 ◽  
Vol 273 (1235) ◽  
pp. 316-316 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
Geological Time ◽  
Precambrian Rocks ◽  
The Past ◽  
Geological Processes ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

The realization that the behaviour of the Earth has changed radically during geological time has come about largely in the last decade. This development, which constitutes one of the major advances in geological thinking, results from the study of Precambrian phenomena in many parts of the world and in particular from the work of a small number of geochronologists. In the last ten years as large numbers of unfossiliferous Precambrian rocks have been dated, it has become clear that the nature of geological processes has varied throughout geological time and that one of the cardinal doctrines of geology - the concept that the present is the key to the past — could not be applied to the study of the early history of the Earth.

To Reconcile Historical Geology with Isostasy: Continental Drift

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi Oreskes
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
English Language ◽  
Continental Drift ◽  
The United States ◽  
Island Arcs ◽  
Geological Time ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Geological Features ◽  
Historical Geology

Alfred Wegener (1880–1930) first presented his theory of continental displacement in 1912, at a meeting of the Geological Association of Frankfurt. In a paper entitled “The geophysical basis of the evolution of the large-scale features of the earth’s crust (continents and oceans),” Wegener proposed that the continents of the earth slowly drift through the ocean basins, from time to time crashing into one another and then breaking apart again. In 1915, he developed this idea into the first edition of his now-famous monograph, Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane, and a second edition was published in 1920. The work came to the attention of American geologists when a third edition, published in 1922, was translated into English, with a foreword, by John W. Evans, the president of the Geological Society of London and a fellow of the Royal Society, in 1924 asThe Origin of Continents and Oceans. A fourth and final edition appeared in 1929, the year before Wegener died on an expedition across Greenland. In addition to the various editions of his book, Wegener published his ideas in the leading German geological journal, Geologische Rundschau, and he had an abstract read on his behalf in the United States at a conference dedicated to the topic, sponsored by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, in 1926. The Origin of Continents and Oceans was widely reviewed in English-language journals, including Nature, Science, and the Geological Magazine. Although a number of other geologists had proposed ideas of continental mobility, including the Americans Frank Bursey Taylor, Howard Baker, and W. H. Pickering, Wegener’s treatment was by far the best developed and most extensively researched. Wegener argued that the continents are composed of less dense material than the ocean basins, arid that the density difference between them permitted the continents to float in hydrostatic equilibrium within the denser oceanic substrate. These floatin continents can move through the substrate because it behaves over geological time as a highly viscous fluid. The major geological features of the earth, he suggested — mountain chains, rift valleys, oceanic island arcs—were caused by the horizontal motions and interactions of the continents.

The Anthropocene and the international law of the sea

2011 ◽  
Vol 369 (1938) ◽  
pp. 909-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davor Vidas
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
New Developments ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Geological Information ◽  
The Law ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Formal Recognition

The current law of the sea provides a framework for various specific issues, but is incapable of responding adequately to the overall challenges facing humankind, now conceivably already living in the Anthropocene. The linkages between the development of the law of the sea and the current process towards formal recognition of an Anthropocene epoch are twofold. First, there is a linkage of origin. The ideological foundations of the law of the sea facilitated the emergence of forces that were to lead to the Industrial Revolution and, eventually, to levels of development entailing ever-greater human impacts on the Earth System. Second, there are linkages in interaction. Geological information has prompted key developments in the law of the sea since the introduction of the continental shelf concept in the mid-twentieth century. With the formalization of the Anthropocene epoch, geology might again act as a trigger for new developments needed in the law of the sea. This article explores those two aspects of linkages and examines prospects for further development of the law of the sea framework, through concepts such as the responsibility for the seas as well as those related to new approaches to global sustainability such as the ‘planetary boundaries’.

scholarly journals Hazardous geological processes in the conditions of technogenesis of the earth's crust: threats of disruption to the life of the population and deterioration of the environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonina Suzdaleva ◽  
Maria Kuchkina ◽  
Jargalsaihan Bolortuya
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Geological Environment ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Geological Processes ◽  
Natural Rock ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Earth's Crust ◽  
Foreign Materials ◽  
Waste Accumulation

Technogenic transformation of the earth's crust leads to the formation of new geological bodies in it. They differ from natural rock mass by significantly lower stability and higher mobility. For this reason, the risk of dangerous phenomena increases sharply in the areas occupied by technogenic geological bodies. The study of the general patterns of development of the consequences of the lithosphere technogenesis was carried out on the basis of an analysis of an extensive data set. The subject of the study was simultaneously the processes of formation of new structures in the earth's crust and the dangerous consequences of their occurrence. The structure and dynamics of technogenic geological bodies are significantly different than those of elements of the natural geological environment. This necessitates the development of new methodological approaches to their study. There are two main categories of technogenic bodies: firstly, accumulations of various foreign materials located in the earth's crust or on its surface and, secondly, transformed rocks. In both cases, the emergence of technogenic geological bodies poses a threat to the population and the environment. As the analysis of the research results showed, the greatest danger was a decrease in the density of the transformed geological environment and the formation of karsts. Landslides, mudflows and collapses were also forming in places of large-scale waste accumulation. Even more catastrophic consequences were causing by earthquakes determined by the technogenic transformation of the geological environment.

Ocean Space and the Anthropocene, new notions in geosciences? – An essay

2013 ◽  
Vol 92 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 193-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.H. Stel
Keyword(s):  
Marine Environment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Management Style ◽  
Geological Time ◽  
Geological Time Scale ◽  
Human Scale ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Media

AbstractTwo notions, Ocean Space and the Anthropocene, are discussed. The first is occasionally used in legal and governance literature, and in the media. The Anthropocene, however, is widely applied in the global change research community and the media. The notion of ocean space stands for a holistic, system science approach combined with 4D thinking from the ocean, and the processes within it, towards the land. Ocean space is in fact a social-ecological concept that deals with sustainability challenges which are the consequence of the complex interactions between humans and the marine environment on all scales. Ocean space is, on a human scale, impressively large. On a planetary scale, however, it is insignificant, although it has been an ancient feature of the Earth for the last four billion years or so. Yet, ocean space is a critical player in the Earth System; it is central to climate regulation, the hydrological and carbon cycles and nutrient flows, it balances levels of atmospheric gases, it is a source of raw materials vital for medical and other uses, and a sink for anthropogenic pollutants. The notion also encompasses issues such as exploration, adventure, science, resources, conservation, sustainability, etc., and should be an innovative and attractive outreach instrument for the media. Finally, it marks the fundamental change in ocean exploration in the twenty-first century in which ocean-observing systems, and fleets of robots, are routinely and continuously providing quality controlled data and information on the present and future states of ocean space. Advocates of the notion of the Anthropocene argue that this new epoch in geological time, commenced with the British industrial revolution. To date, the Anthropocene has already been subdivided into three stages. The first of these coincides with the beginning of the British industrial revolution around 1800. This transition quickly transformed a society which used natural energy sources into one that uses fossil fuels. The present high-energy society of more than seven billion people mostly with highly improved living standards and birth rates, and a global economy, is the consequence. The downside of this development comprises intensive resource and land use as well as large-scale pollution of the (marine) environment. The first stage of the Anthropocene ended abruptly after the Second World War when a new technology push occurred, leading to the second stage: ‘the Great Acceleration’ (1945-2015) followed by the third: ‘Stewards of the Earth’. Here it is concluded that the notion of the Anthropocene reflects a hierarchical or individualistic perspective, often leading to a ‘business as usual’ management style, and ‘humanises’ the geological time scale. The use of this notion is not supported. However, it is already very popular in the media. This again might lead to overestimating the role of humans in nature, and might facilitate an even more destructive attitude towards it, through the application of geo-engineering. The latter could be opening another Pandora's box. Instead we should move to a more sustainable future in which human activities are better fine tuned to the environment that we are part of. In this respect, transition management is an interesting new paradigm.

scholarly journals Technological aspects of technogenic disturbance liquidation in the areas of coal-gas deposits development

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 00037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Medianyk ◽  
Oleksii Cherniaiev
Keyword(s):  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Technological Scheme ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Pulsed Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Coal Gas ◽  
Soil Subsidence ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Pulsed Electromagnetic ◽  
Further Development

The objective of this work is to develop the technological measures for liquidation of technogenic disturbances that have arisen within the residential areas. Based on the results of geophysical studies, the causes and factors of Earth’s surface caving occurrence that arose in the result of natural-technogenic processes activation in underworked massif and are caused by the soil subsidence under buildings and constructions, have been determined. The solution of the problem was carried out with the use of methods for observing the natural pulsed electromagnetic field of the Earth and electric tomography in the area adjacent to the place of caving. The conclusions about the possible causes of the caving trough formation and its further development have been formulated, as well as the technological scheme for its liquidation have been developed. The developed new technological scheme allows conducting the effective liquidation works in conditions of proximity to the residential buildings and maximally reduces these scopes of works at ecological and protective measures.

The study of stress state and nechanism of rock massif deformation upon the formation of technonatural karst collapses

2019 ◽  
pp. 46-59
Author(s):  
Yu. A. Mamaev ◽  
A. N. Vlasov ◽  
M. G. Mnushkin ◽  
A. A. Yastrebov
Keyword(s):  
Rock Massif ◽  
Rock Properties ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Geological Processes ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Perm Krai ◽  
State Variation ◽  
Assessment Of Stress ◽  
Typical Site ◽  
Mechanisms Of Deformation

The paper deals with the assessment of stress-strain state variation in rock massifs upon the formation of displacement moulds and surface sinkholes in the undermined areas of Verkhnekamskoe potassium salt deposit in Perm krai, Russia. Engineering geological conditions, as well as natural and technogenic factors influencing the development of hazardous geological processes are described by the example of one typical site of the deposit. Methodical issues of the development of geomechanical model for this site and compilation of finite-element calculation scheme with selecting calculation parameters of rock properties and boundary conditions of the calculation area are considered. Regularities in the variation of stress fields and rock massif deformations upon cutting mines at one depth are considered. The possible mechanisms of deformation and destruction of karstified rock massifs upon the formation of technonatural sinkholes on the earth surface are described. The results of the study are significant for predicting hazardous processes and undertaking protective measures.

Concepts of Natural Law and Time in the History of Geology

1989 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Guntau
Keyword(s):  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Geological Time ◽  
Natural Laws ◽  
Geological Processes ◽  
The Earth ◽  
History Of Geology ◽  
Cyclic Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law

Our contemporary conceptions of time in terms of geology have developed since the Renaissance. In addition to an adequate notion of the age of the earth, these ideas include different concepts of the nature of geological processes in history. Until the 19th century the different concepts of geological time were determined by views on cyclic processes and processes which have a direction, as well as sequences of events, with or without relations between their various phases. These different aspects of geological thought have finally been incorporated into evolutionary conceptions of geohistory. Despite objective and epistemological problems, geological laws were formulated in the history of geology such as the law of superposition by Steno in 1669, the law of stratigraphy by Smith in 1799, and the law of development of the earth by Cotta in 1858. Laws of nature are interpreted as essential correlations of a general and necessary nature which exist independently of human cognition. Some fundamental geological processes have not been effective throughout the history of the earth. Presupposing that these processes were governed by natural laws as well, it is inferred that laws of nature exist over certain different periods of time. There are four possibilities of how long laws of nature, or combinations of them, can exist: (1) temporally unlimited existence, (2) existence from the beginning up to a certain point in time, (3) existence from a certain point in time up to the present time, (4) existence over a certain past period of time. Thus the science of geology shows that natural laws are of a historical nature, in that they do not exist eternally nor everywhere.

scholarly journals Geological Type Recognition by Machine Learning on In-Situ Data of EPB Tunnel Boring Machines

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Qian Zhang ◽  
Kaihong Yang ◽  
Lihui Wang ◽  
Siyang Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Selection Strategy ◽  
Pressure Balance ◽  
Tunnel Boring ◽  
In Situ Data ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Geological Information

At present, many large-scale engineering equipment can obtain massive in-situ data at runtime. In-depth data mining is conducive to the real-time understanding of equipment operation status or recognition of service environment. This paper proposes a geological type recognition system by the analysis of in-situ data recorded during TBM tunneling to address geological information acquisition during TBM construction. Owing to high dimensionality and nonlinear coupling between parameters of TBM in-situ data, the dimensionality reduction feature engineering and machine learning methods are introduced into TBM in-situ data analysis. The chi-square test is used to screen for sensitive features due to the disobedience to common distributions of TBM parameters. Considering complex relationships, ANN, SVM, KNN, and CART algorithms are used to construct a geology recognition classifier. A case study of a subway tunnel project constructed using an earth pressure balance tunnel boring machine (EPB-TBM) in China is used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed geological recognition method. The result shows that the recognition accuracy gradually increases to a stable level with the increase of input features, and the accuracy of all algorithms is higher than 97%. Seven features are considered as the best selection strategy among SVM, KNN, and ANN, while feature selection is an inherent part of the CART method which shows a good recognition performance. This work provides an intelligent path for obtaining geological information for underground excavation TBM projects and a possibility for solving the problem of engineering recognition of more complex geological conditions.

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