scholarly journals Grüber's ligament as a useful landmark for the abducens nerve in the transnasal approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryosuke Tomio ◽  
Masahiro Toda ◽  
Agung Budi Sutiono ◽  
Takashi Horiguchi ◽  
Sadakazu Aiso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Length ◽  
Abducens Nerve ◽  
Anatomical Landmark ◽  
Common Complication ◽  
Transnasal Approach ◽  
Average Width ◽  
Anatomical Studies ◽  
Dorello’S Canal ◽  
Posterior Clinoid Process ◽  
Skull Base Lesions

OBJECT Extended endoscopic transnasal surgeries for skull base lesions have recently been performed. Some expert surgeons have attempted to remove tumors such as chordomas, meningiomas, and pituitary adenomas in the clival region using the transnasal approach and have reported abducens nerve injury as a common complication. There have been many microsurgical anatomical studies of the abducens nerve, but none of these studies has described an anatomical landmark of the abducens nerve in the transnasal approach. In this study the authors used cadaver dissections to describe Grüber's ligament as the most reliable landmark of the abducens nerve in the transnasal transclival view. METHODS The petroclival segment of the abducens nerve was dissected in the interdural space—which is also called Dorello's canal, the petroclival venous gulf, or the sphenopetroclival venous confluence—using the transnasal approach in 20 specimens obtained from 10 adult cadaveric heads. RESULTS The petroclival segment of the abducens nerve clearly crossed and attached to Grüber's ligament in the interdural space, as noted in the transnasal view. The average length of the dural porus to the intersection on the abducens nerve was 5.2 ± 1.0 mm. The length of the posterior clinoid process (PCP) to the intersection on Grüber's ligament was 6.4 ± 2.6 mm. The average width of Grüber's ligament at the midsection was 1.6 ± 0.5 mm. CONCLUSIONS Grüber's ligament is considered a useful landmark, and it is visible in most adults. Thus, surgeons can find the abducens nerve safely by visualizing inferolaterally along Grüber's ligament from the PCP.

scholarly journals Impact Assessment of Urethral Meatus Morphology and Penile Biometry in Transurethral Prostate and Bladder Surgery

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Ribeiro Vieiralves ◽  
Paulo Henrique Pereira Conte ◽  
Eduardo Medina Felici ◽  
Nádia Cristina Pinheiro Rodrigues ◽  
Tomás Accioly de souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Length ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Urethral Meatus ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Average Width ◽  
Front Position ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Group A ◽  
The One ◽  
Group B

Objective. To analyze the penile and urethral meatus biometry and its correlation with meatoplasty during endoscopic resections. We also propose a new classification for urethral meatus morphology.Materials and Methods. We prospectively studied 105 patients who underwent prostate and bladder transurethral resections. We performed standardized measurement of penile and urethral meatus biometry followed by penile photo in the front position. The need to perform meatoplasty or dilatation during resectoscope introduction was registered. Data were analyzed comparing the correlation between two groups: without intervention (Group A) and with intervention (Group B).Results. We observed in Group A and Group B, respectively, the average length of urethral meatus of 1.07 cm versus 0.75 cm (p<0.001) and average width of urethral meatus of 0.59 cm versus 0.38 cm (p<0.001). Considering the morphology of the urethral meatus, we propose a new classification, in the following groups: (a) typical; (b) slit; (c) point-like; (d) horseshoe; and (e) megameatus. The point-like meatus was the one that most needed intervention, followed by the slit and the typical meatus (p<0.001).Conclusions. Point-like and slit-shaped urethral meatus, as well as reduced length and width of the urethral meatus, are the determining factors.

Age Related Histomorphometrical Studies on the Major Lymphoid Organs of Chicken

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Dahariya ◽  
S. Sathapathy ◽  
U.K. Mishra ◽  
R. Patra ◽  
S. Dehury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Length ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Average Thickness ◽  
Average Width ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Group I ◽  
Average Maximum

Background: Hansli chicken is reared in Mayurbhanj and Keonjhar districts of Odisha. They play a vital role in the economic upliftment of poor, landless and marginalised people in the rural areas besides providing them with nutritious egg and meat for consumption.Methods: Hansli chicks and Vencobb broiler chicks were divided into three age groups viz. group I (up to 1 month), group II (1-3 months) and group III (3-6 months) with six birds in each age group. On 4th week, 12th week and 24th week, six birds from each breed were used for the study of histomorphometrical features of the thymus, spleen and bursa of Fabricius. Result: The average thickness of the capsule, cortex and medulla of thymus, average width of thymic lobule and average maximum diameter of Hassall’s corpuscles differed significantly (p≤0.05) between the birds at specific ages. Similarly, the average thickness of the splenic capsule, average width of white pulp, average external transverse and internal longitudinal diameters of trabecular artery, average external longitudinal, internal longitudinal, external transverse and internal transverse diameters of central artery, average longitudinal diameter of capillary, average longitudinal and transverse diameters of splenic nodule, average thickness of PALS and PELS differed significantly (p≤0.05) between the birds at specific ages. The average number of bursal follicles in larger and smaller plicae, average height and width of larger and smaller plicae, average length and width of bursal follicle, average height of columnar cell of pseudostratified FAE and IFE, average nuclear height of FAE and IFE columnar cells differed significantly (p≤0.05) between the birds at specific ages.

scholarly journals Fish Community Assemblages of Mining-Impacted Freshwaters at Prestea, Ghana

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Osei O. Antobre ◽  
Nat Owusu-Prempeh ◽  
Michael J. Twumasi-Ankrah
Keyword(s):  
Fish Community ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Fish Diversity ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystem ◽  
Fish Community Structure ◽  
Average Width ◽  
H Index ◽  
Community Assemblage ◽  
Fish Samples

The study evaluated the fish community assemblage in the sections of the Subri river, the Ankobra river, and the “galamsey” pond within the Prestea community as impacted by alluvial mining activities. Gill nets of length 10 m and mesh size 1.27 cm were used to trap fish of average length 25.25 cm whilst cane baskets were used to trap fish of average width 10.40 cm using the catch and recapture method. All the 46 fish samples identified belong to 10 genera and 5 families. The Chichlidae was the dominant family, accounting for 60% of the total families observed. With an H’ index of 1.57 the Subri river had the most fish diversity in comparison with the Ankobra river and the “galamsey” pond, which had 1.21 and 0.71, respectively. Similarly, the Subri river had a more complex fish community structure than the Ankobra and “galamsey” pond. The dominant species, Oreochromis niloticus, has not yet been evaluated by the IUCN, but the least dominated Brienomyrus brachyistus could be regarded as “least concern”. Notwithstanding, these fish are essential for food by the local communities. There is a possibility that the alluvial mining might have influenced the complexities of fish species communities. Thus conservation efforts must be promoted to sustain fish communities and overall freshwater ecosystem health.

scholarly journals A study on occurrence of third trochanter in the femora in northern Tamil Nadu region

2015 ◽  
Vol 04 (04) ◽  
pp. 186-189
Author(s):  
N Muthukumaravel ◽  
K. Y Manjunath
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Gluteus Maximus ◽  
Functional Difference ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Average Width ◽  
Medical College ◽  
The Third ◽  
Gluteus Maximus Muscle ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background and aims: The third trochanter is defined as the osseous tubercule in the superior part of the gluteal tuberosity. The occurrence of third trochanter might have been due to the consequence of the relative strengthening of gluteus maximus muscle in human beings. The present study was undertaken on the femora of northern Tamil Nadu region with the aim to determine the frequency of third trochanter of femur in this region and to compare it with occurrence in other series. Material and methods: The study was carried out on a collection of 153 dried adult femora of unknown age and sex available at the departments of Anatomy of Annapoorana Medical College and Vinayaka Mission's Homeopathy Medical College, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India. Results: Out of total 153 femora studied, the presence of third trochanter was noticed in 21 femora (13.72%). Out of these 15.71% were femora of the right side and 12.04% were of the left side. The average length and breadth of the third trochanters were 19.80±5.22 mm and 7.63±1.75 mm respectively Conclusion: The occurrence of the third trochanter was considerably higher among right femora than the femora of the left side. The average length of the third trochanters was found to be more on the right side and average width was more on the left side. This may be due to functional difference between the right and left gluteus maximii muscles.

Post-harvest evaluation of nitrogen fertigated sweet peppers under drip irrigation and plastic mulch

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-114
Author(s):  
Megh R. Goyal ◽  
Rubén Guadalupe-Luna ◽  
Evangelina R. De Hernández ◽  
Carmela Chao de Báez
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Size Class ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Average Width ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Plastic Mulching ◽  
Parameter Values

Sweet peppers (var. Cubanelle) graded for width, length and weight were evaluated after three fertigation treatments (T1 = 150, T2 = 300 and T3 = 500 Kg of N/ha), 500 Kg of N/ha side-dressed (T4), no fertilizer (T5), plastic mulching (P) and no mulching (NP). Nitrogen source was urea. The relationships of average width and average weight versus days after transplanting were sigmoidal. A linear relationship was found between average length versus days after transplanting. More than 50% of peppers were within size classes 1 to 4 ; fewer than 40% were in the size classes 5 to 9. During the growing cycle, mean numbers of peppers and weight per pepper in each size class were not statistically different (P = 0.05) among main treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5). In size classes 1 to 9, there were significantly more peppers (P = 0.05) in P plots than in NP plots. Fruit parameter values decreased with successive picking and were significantly lower (P = 0.05) in the 5th picking and were higher in the P plots than in the NP plots (P = 0.05). Fertilization and fertigation resulted in higher values than non-fertilization.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Scrotal Temperature in Different Testicular Shapes by Infrared Thermography in Braford Bulls

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia Da Cruz Favaro ◽  
Gabriel Ribas Pereira ◽  
Flávio Antônio Barca Jr. ◽  
Marcelo Marcondes Seneda ◽  
Augusto César Alves Assunção ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Average Width ◽  
Scrotal Circumference ◽  
Mean Width ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Oval Shape

Background: The mechanisms of testicular thermoregulation may influence the blood flow provided by the testicular artery, where the proper blood supply to the testicle is crucial for promotingspermatogenesis and reproductive function in bulls. The size and shape of the testicles are determined by genetic mechanisms and environmental effects. A better understanding of the relationships between the anatomical characteristics of the testicles and scrotum can support a better reproductive assessment. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the testicular temperature of different scrotal shapes using infrared thermography in bulls.Materials, Methods & Results: We evaluated 132 Braford bulls with an average age of 24 months. The evaluation of breeding bull semen was performed prior to the beginning of the experiment. Then, animals were selected on the basis of the size of their testes, which was determined by dividing the average width by the average length. The scrotal circumference was measured with a millimeter tape positioned around the largest circumference. Testicular and ocular temperature measurements and analysis were conducted using an infrared thermal camera, Flir T440 with emissivity of 0.98 and thermal sensitivity of 0.05°C. Testicular scrotum temperature and testicular shape were analyzed with one-way ANOVA using Minitab 16, and values of P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. We observed that 67.42% of testicle shapes were long-oval, and 32.58% were long-moderate. The testicular temperature was higher in bulls with the long-moderate shape compared to those with the long-oval shape (P < 0.05). The mean length was higher in long-moderate shaped testicles compared to those of the long-oval shape (P < 0.01). There was no significant differences in rectal and ocular temperatures or in scrotal circumference between bulls with long-moderate and long-oval shapes (P > 0.05). In addition, the mean width was lower in testicles of long-moderate shape compared to those of the long-oval scrotal format (P < 0.01).Discussion: The results obtained showed that Braford bulls with the long-moderate testicular shape have a higher testicular temperature to maintain proper thermoregulation. The present study demonstrated that IRT can be used to evaluate the testicular temperature in animals with different scrotal conformations. In this study, Braford bulls showed lower length and width values for animals having long-moderate (9.21 and 5.22, respectively) and long-oval formats (8.56 and 5.56, respectively). In contrast, previous reports examining Nellore bulls between the ages of 17-20 months found a predominance of the long oval shape followed by the long-moderate shape, which indicates a change in testicular shape as age progresses, resulting in a rounder testicular shape. Perhaps other factors, such as the external cremaster muscle and tunica dartos, cause the testicles to be retracted towards the body at lower temperatures while at high temperatures, relaxation occurs. The prevailing testicular shape in Braford animals with a mean age of 24 months was the long-moderate shape. Thus, testicles with a larger surface area will have lower temperatures because they can dissipate heat more easily than testicles with lower surface area. The results suggest that the long-moderate scrotum format may influence the testicular temperature in mature Braford bulls.

scholarly journals Recurrent abducens nerve palsy and hypophosphatasia syndrome

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. e226895
Author(s):  
Neha Khade ◽  
Simon Carrivick ◽  
Carolyn Orr ◽  
David Prentice
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Palsy ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase Level ◽  
Abducens Nerve ◽  
Recurrent Nerve ◽  
Double Vision ◽  
Mechanical Compression ◽  
Sixth Cranial Nerve ◽  
Recurrent Nerve Palsy ◽  
Dorello’S Canal ◽  
Biochemical Testing

A 47-year-old woman presented with six episodes of horizontal binocular double vision over a 2-year period. CT imaging was significant for extensive dural calcification in the spine and calcification of the skull base, likely involving Dorello’s canal. Biochemical testing revealed a persistently low alkaline phosphatase level. Recurrent nerve palsy may possibly be induced by mechanical compression of the sixth cranial nerve in Dorello’s canal from calcification due to hypophosphatasia syndrome.

scholarly journals Isolated abducens nerve palsy associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage: a localizing sign of ruptured posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms

2018 ◽  
Vol 128 (6) ◽  
pp. 1830-1838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan-Karl Burkhardt ◽  
Ethan A. Winkler ◽  
George F. Lasker ◽  
John K. Yue ◽  
Michael T. Lawton
Keyword(s):  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Cranial Nerve ◽  
Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery ◽  
Artery Aneurysm ◽  
Abducens Nerve ◽  
Dorello’S Canal ◽  
Ruptured Aneurysms ◽  
Fisher Grade ◽  
Cerebellar Artery ◽  
Pica Aneurysms

OBJECTIVECompressive cranial nerve syndromes can be useful bedside clues to the diagnosis of an enlarging intracranial aneurysm and can also guide subsequent evaluation, as with an acute oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve [CN] III) palsy that is presumed to be a posterior communicating artery aneurysm and a surgical emergency until proven otherwise. The CN VI has a short cisternal segment from the pontomedullary sulcus to Dorello’s canal, remote from most PICA aneurysms but in the hemodynamic pathway of a rupturing PICA aneurysm that projects toward Dorello’s canal. The authors describe a cranial nerve syndrome for posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) aneurysms that associates subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and an isolated abducens nerve (CN VI) palsy.METHODSClinical and radiological data from 106 surgical patients with PICA aneurysms (66 ruptured and 40 unruptured) were retrospectively reviewed. Data from a group of 174 patients with other aneurysmal SAH (aSAH) were analyzed in a similar manner to control for nonspecific effects of SAH. Univariate statistical analysis compared incidence and risk factors associated with CN VI palsy in subarachnoid hemorrhage.RESULTSOverall, 13 (4.6%) of 280 patients had CN VI palsy at presentation, and all of them had ruptured aneurysms (representing 13 [5.4%] of the 240 cases of ruptured aneurysms). CN VI palsies were observed in 12 patients with ruptured PICA aneurysms (12/66 [18.1%]) and 1 patient with other aSAH (1/174 [0.1%], p < 0.0001). PICA aneurysm location in ruptured aneurysms was an independent predictor for CN VI palsy on multivariate analysis (p = 0.001). PICA aneurysm size was not significantly different in patients with or without CN VI palsy (average size 4.4 mm and 5.2 mm, respectively). Within the PICA aneurysm cohort, modified Fisher grade (p = 0.011) and presence of a thick cisternal SAH (modified Fisher Grades 3 and 4) (p = 0.003) were predictors of CN VI palsy. In all patients with ruptured PICA aneurysms and CN VI palsy, dome projection and presumed direction of rupture were directed toward the ipsilateral and/or contralateral Dorello’s canal, in agreement with laterality of the CN palsy. In patients with bilateral CN VI palsies, a medial projection with extensive subarachnoid blood was observed near bilateral canals.CONCLUSIONSThis study establishes a localizing connection between an isolated CN VI palsy, SAH, and an underlying ruptured PICA aneurysm. CN VI palsy is an important clinical sign in aSAH and when present on initial clinical presentation may be assumed to be due to ruptured PICA aneurysms until proven otherwise. The deficit may be ipsilateral, contralateral, or bilateral and is determined by the direction of the aneurysm dome projection and extent of subarachnoid bleeding toward Dorello’s canal, rather than by direct compression.

Surgical implementation and efficacy of endoscopic endonasal extradural posterior clinoidectomy

2020 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroki Ohata ◽  
Takeo Goto ◽  
Alhusain Nagm ◽  
Narasinga Rao Kannepalli ◽  
Kosuke Nakajo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Abducens Nerve ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Skull Base Tumors ◽  
Resection Rate ◽  
Endoscopic Endonasal ◽  
Working Space ◽  
Nerve Paresis ◽  
Posterior Clinoid Process ◽  
Surgical Field

OBJECTIVEThe endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) for skull base tumors has become an important topic in recent years, but its use, merits, and demerits are still being debated. Herein, the authors describe the nuances and efficacy of the endoscopic endonasal extradural posterior clinoidectomy for maximal tumor exposure.METHODSThe surgical technique included extradural posterior clinoidectomy following lateral retraction of the paraclival internal carotid artery and extradural pituitary transposition. In cases with prominent posterior clinoid process, a midline sellar dura cut was added to facilitate extradural exposure. Forty-four consecutive patients, in whom this technique was performed between 2016 and 2018 at Osaka City University Hospital, were reviewed. The pathology included 19 craniopharyngiomas, 7 chordomas, 6 meningiomas, 6 pituitary adenomas, 4 chondrosarcomas, and 2 miscellaneous. Utilization and effectiveness of this approach were further demonstrated with neuroimaging.RESULTSExtradural posterior clinoidectomies were successfully applied in all patients without permanent neurovascular injury and with better maneuverability and greater resection rate of the tumors. Four patients experienced transient postoperative abducens nerve paresis, and 1 patient experienced transient postoperative oculomotor nerve paresis; however, the patients with deficits recovered within 3 months. On radiological examination, the surgical field was 2.2 times wider in cases with bilateral posterior clinoidectomy than in cases without posterior clinoidectomy.CONCLUSIONSThe extended EEA with extradural posterior clinoidectomy creates an extra working space and allows adequate accessibility with safe surgical maneuverability to remove tumors that extend behind the posterior clinoid and dorsum sellae.

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