scholarly journals Jean Talairach: a cerebral cartographer

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. E12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya Harary ◽  
G. Rees Cosgrove
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Career Trajectory ◽  
Functional Neurosurgery ◽  
Tumor Biopsy ◽  
Stereotaxic Atlas ◽  
Selective Approach ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Cerebral Localization ◽  
Anterior Capsulotomy

Although French psychiatrist-turned-neurosurgeon Jean Talairach (1911–2007) is perhaps best known for the stereotaxic atlas he produced with Pierre Tournoux and Gábor Szikla, he has left his mark on most aspects of modern stereotactic and functional neurosurgery. In the field of psychosurgery, he expressed critique of the practice of prefrontal lobotomy and subsequently was the first to describe the more selective approach using stereotactic bilateral anterior capsulotomy. Turning his attention to stereotaxy, Talairach spearheaded the team at Hôpital Sainte-Anne in the construction of novel stereotaxic apparatus. Cadaveric investigation using these tools and methods resulted in the first human stereotaxic atlas where the use of the anterior and posterior commissures as intracranial reference points was established. This work revolutionized the approach to cerebral localization as well as leading to the development of numerous novel stereotactic interventions by the Sainte-Anne team, including tumor biopsy, interstitial irradiation, thermal ablation, and endonasal procedures. Together with epileptologist Jean Bancaud, Talairach invented the field of stereo-electroencephalography and developed a robust scientific methodology for the assessment and treatment of epilepsy. In this article the authors review Talairach’s career trajectory in its historical context and in view of its impact on modern stereotactic and functional neurosurgery.

Tracing Personality Structure in Narratives: A Computational Bottom–Up Approach to Unpack Writers, Characters, and Personality in Historical Context

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 917-943
Author(s):  
Ronald Fischer ◽  
Johannes Alfons Karl ◽  
Markus Luczak–Roesch ◽  
Velichko H. Fetvadjiev ◽  
Adam Grener
Keyword(s):  
Charles Dickens ◽  
Personality Assessment ◽  
Jane Austen ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Personality Structure ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Historical Texts ◽  
Big Five Model

We present a new method for personality assessment at a distance to uncover personality structure in historical texts. We focus on how two 19th century authors understood and described human personality; we apply a new bottom–up computational approach to extract personality dimensions used by Jane Austen and Charles Dickens to describe fictional characters in 21 novels. We matched personality descriptions using three person–description dictionaries marker scales as reference points for interpretation. Factor structures did not show strong convergence with the contemporary Big Five model. Jane Austen described characters in terms of social and emotional richness with greater nuances but using a less extensive vocabulary. Charles Dickens, in contrast, used a rich and diverse personality vocabulary, but those descriptions centred around more restricted dimensions of power and dominance. Although we could identify conceptually similar factors across the two authors, analyses of the overlapping vocabulary between the two authors suggested only moderate convergence. We discuss the utility and potential of automated text analysis and the lexical hypothesis to (i) provide insights into implicit personality models in historical texts and (ii) bridge the divide between idiographic and nomothetic perspectives. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology

Continuity and Radicalism in American Black Nationalist Thought, 1914–1929

1984 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Lively
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Black Nationalism ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Conservative Movement ◽  
Black Intellectuals ◽  
Black Newspapers ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
Black Nationalist ◽  
American Black

Interest in the historical phenomenon of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century American black nationalism has been inspired by the revival of nationalist modes of thought among blacks since the 1950s. Because the placing of post-Second World War Pan-Africanism or the American Black Power movement within a historical context has been seen as an urgent task, the search for a coherent tradition has carried with it the danger of distortions in the historical treatment of the earlier movements. “Traditional” nineteenth-century black nationalism was essentially a conservative movement advocating racial self-improvement through the “civilizing” influence of Anglo-Saxon values, particularly Christianity. Taking black nationalism to mean the assertion of group identity for political purposes (which need not be separatist), its nature clearly changed during the period 1914–1929 as the nature of the American black community changed. For the first time in American history there existed a sizeable number of black intellectuals and a literate audience for them; the rapid growth in the number of black newspapers and magazines reflected these facts. These intellectuals were responsive to new ideas like socialism, yet the transformation of black nationalist thought during this period did not constitute a complete break with the past. This essay attempts to illustrate continuities with the nineteenth century along with those elements of radicalism that presaged modern black nationalism.Two discontinuities between modern and “traditional” black nationalism constitute essential reference points for the analysis of black nationalist thought during this period. The first relates to who is perceived as being the principal agent or vanguard of the nationalist movement.

scholarly journals Communication in the music: the interaction between the author’s text and interpretation in the Baroque clavier music

2021 ◽  
pp. 107-112
Author(s):  
Olena Zhukova
Keyword(s):  
Information Transmission ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Music Notation ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Musical Notation ◽  
Profound Knowledge

The purpose of the article is to show the features of the formation of a musical notation as information transmission media from the composer to the performer in a historical context. A special is given to the time when the functions of the authors and the interpreters of their music have been divided. The article outlines some reference points in today’s permanently changing informational field. The methodology of the research consists of the use of observation, induction, generalization, modeling. This approach allows one to formulate certain rules of interpretation of the musical text which can serve as a guide for both scholars and performing musicians. The scientific novelty of this study is in the formulation of certain factors affecting the conventions within various historical types of music notation, and in the consideration of certain rules of the decoding (i.e., interpretation) of such notational conventions. Conclusions. The work with musical text requires a musicologist and/or a performing musician to have profound knowledge of the historical context in which the music has been created, the performing traditions and conventions of the appropriate period, as well as the scholarly sources, e.g., the written treatises and methodological writings by composers. This information creates an important communicative field, in which the interpreter of a musical text can find or create the best options from the point of view of artistic persuasiveness and stylistic compliance.

Artistic features of Russian TV serials about the Great Patriotic War

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-152
Author(s):  
Ksenia A. Shergova ◽  
Aleksey B. Muradov
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
War Films ◽  
The Public ◽  
Security Services ◽  
New Public ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Tv Shows ◽  
Post War

The essay represents the first effort to explore the artistic methods employed in the TV series about World War II (the Great Patriotic War) and analyzes four multi-episode TV shows released in 2004. In its own way, each of these series responded to the new public interest in the less known aspects of the war. Simultaneously, each of them established a dialogue with the previous cinematic and TV productions, comprising direct reminiscences to earlier films, objectivizing the audience expectations formed by earlier productions, or even arguing with them. This dialogic trend should be considered as part of the postmodernist framework of contemporary television: reminiscences of popular post-war films or literal or visual citations from these films become an integral part of contemporary cinema and television and also act as documentary-like reference points. In all reviewed cases, the authors emphasize adventure narratives well suited for TV presentation and rendered even more spectacular by modern visualization technologies. The producers are confronted with a contradiction between the chosen historical context and imaginary plotlines: it is quite difficult to put the series characters within the imaginary space, depriving them of the well-known facts, especially those propagated in earlier film and TV productions. Inevitably, each plot is aggressively influenced by the tragedy of the little man, in which the place of the enemy occupied in the Soviet tradition by the Gestapo and the Abwehr is replaced by the repressive Soviet state security services. Even a decade after its release, Shtrafbat (The Penal Battalion) plays a major role in the public and professional discussion on the ethics of war-related films and television series. Meanwhile, At a Nameless Height, a series which contains even more reminiscences to Soviet film and television productions, should be regarded as one of the earliest works in which the sense of authenticity was sacrificed to the imaginary expectations of the viewers expectations formed by the Soviet historical and cultural framing.

Reference

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satya P. Mohanty
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Free Play ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
Literary Interpretation ◽  
Epistemic Practices ◽  
The Social ◽  
American Tradition ◽  
Anglo American

Reference is one of the most important concepts in literary studies, routinely invoked in theoretical discussions since the rise of poststructuralism in the 1970s. Derrida and those who follow his general approach, in particular, take for granted the view that reference is a reductive notion since it limits the range of possible textual interpretations and the free play of language; it does this, they say, by privileging an element drawn from the social or historical context and making it the foundation on which interpretations are based. But this view of reference is both narrow and misleading, since a much richer conception of it can be drawn from such thinkers as the late-19th-century pragmatist Charles Sanders Peirce as well as realist philosophers from the Anglo-American tradition who started writing in the second half of the 20th century. According to this conception, literary reference points not to a “thing,” or what Derrida calls a “sensible presence,” but rather to a complexly mediated object of knowledge, an object that is a part of an epistemic field that includes the written or oral text. Elaboration of this epistemic account of literary reference, illustrated through a comparison of two 19th-century realist novels from India where one comments on and corrects its predecessor, provides a more adequate theory than the simple and schematic view poststructuralists rely on. It shows how such a theory of reference can be a valuable, and even an essential, component of literary studies and can indicate how literary interpretation is related to other epistemic practices in human societies, including explanatory work done in the social and natural sciences.

Reference Coordinate System Requirements for Geophysics

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 87-92
Author(s):  
P. L. Bender
Keyword(s):  
Coordinate System ◽  
Polar Motion ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Angular Motion ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Axis Of Rotation ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Fixed System

AbstractFive important geodynamical quantities which are closely linked are: 1) motions of points on the Earth’s surface; 2)polar motion; 3) changes in UT1-UTC; 4) nutation; and 5) motion of the geocenter. For each of these we expect to achieve measurements in the near future which have an accuracy of 1 to 3 cm or 0.3 to 1 milliarcsec.From a metrological point of view, one can say simply: “Measure each quantity against whichever coordinate system you can make the most accurate measurements with respect to”. I believe that this statement should serve as a guiding principle for the recommendations of the colloquium. However, it also is important that the coordinate systems help to provide a clear separation between the different phenomena of interest, and correspond closely to the conceptual definitions in terms of which geophysicists think about the phenomena.In any discussion of angular motion in space, both a “body-fixed” system and a “space-fixed” system are used. Some relevant types of coordinate systems, reference directions, or reference points which have been considered are: 1) celestial systems based on optical star catalogs, distant galaxies, radio source catalogs, or the Moon and inner planets; 2) the Earth’s axis of rotation, which defines a line through the Earth as well as a celestial reference direction; 3) the geocenter; and 4) “quasi-Earth-fixed” coordinate systems.When a geophysicists discusses UT1 and polar motion, he usually is thinking of the angular motion of the main part of the mantle with respect to an inertial frame and to the direction of the spin axis. Since the velocities of relative motion in most of the mantle are expectd to be extremely small, even if “substantial” deep convection is occurring, the conceptual “quasi-Earth-fixed” reference frame seems well defined. Methods for realizing a close approximation to this frame fortunately exist. Hopefully, this colloquium will recommend procedures for establishing and maintaining such a system for use in geodynamics. Motion of points on the Earth’s surface and of the geocenter can be measured against such a system with the full accuracy of the new techniques.The situation with respect to celestial reference frames is different. The various measurement techniques give changes in the orientation of the Earth, relative to different systems, so that we would like to know the relative motions of the systems in order to compare the results. However, there does not appear to be a need for defining any new system. Subjective figures of merit for the various system dependon both the accuracy with which measurements can be made against them and the degree to which they can be related to inertial systems.The main coordinate system requirement related to the 5 geodynamic quantities discussed in this talk is thus for the establishment and maintenance of a “quasi-Earth-fixed” coordinate system which closely approximates the motion of the main part of the mantle. Changes in the orientation of this system with respect to the various celestial systems can be determined by both the new and the conventional techniques, provided that some knowledge of changes in the local vertical is available. Changes in the axis of rotation and in the geocenter with respect to this system also can be obtained, as well as measurements of nutation.

The Need for a Broad-Based Model of Phonological Disorders

1992 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan G. Kamhi
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Phonological Disorders ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Speech Delays ◽  
Explanatory Adequacy ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Assessment Procedures ◽  
Treatment Procedures

My response to Fey’s article (1985; reprinted 1992, this issue) focuses on the confusion caused by the application of simplistic phonological definitions and models to the assessment and treatment of children with speech delays. In addition to having no explanatory adequacy, such definitions/models lead either to assessment and treatment procedures that are similarly focused or to procedures that have no clear logical ties to the models with which they supposedly are linked. Narrowly focused models and definitions also usually include no mention of speech production processes. Bemoaning this state of affairs, I attempt to show why it is important for clinicians to embrace broad-based models of phonological disorders that have some explanatory value. Such models are consistent with assessment procedures that are comprehensive in nature and treatment procedures that focus on linguistic, as well as motoric, aspects of speech.

Assessment and Intervention for Children With Limited English Proficiency and Language Disorders

1994 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 77-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celeste Roseberry-McKibbin
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Limited English Proficiency ◽  
English Proficiency ◽  
Language Disorders ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Academic Difficulties ◽  
Language Differences ◽  
Language Impaired ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Assessment And Treatment

The number of children with limited English proficiency (LEP) in U.S. public schools is growing dramatically. Speech-language pathologists increasingly receive referrals from classroom teachers for children with limited English proficiency who are struggling in school. The speech-language pathologists are frequently asked to determine if the children have language disorders that may be causing or contributing to their academic difficulties. Most speech-language pathologists are monolingual English speakers who have had little or no coursework or training related to the needs of LEP children. This article discusses practical, clinically applicable ideas for assessment and treatment of LEP children who are language impaired, and gives suggestions for distinguishing language differences from language disorders in children with limited English proficiency.

Telepractice for Adult Speech-Language Pathology Services: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 326-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen Weidner ◽  
Joneen Lowman
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Primary Progressive Aphasia ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Service Delivery Model ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
Screening Assessment

Purpose We conducted a systematic review of the literature regarding adult telepractice services (screening, assessment, and treatment) from approximately 2014 to 2019. Method Thirty-one relevant studies were identified from a literature search, assessed for quality, and reported. Results Included studies illustrated feasibility, efficacy, diagnostic accuracy, and noninferiority of various speech-language pathology services across adult populations, including chronic aphasia, Parkinson's disease, dysphagia, and primary progressive aphasia. Technical aspects of the equipment and software used to deliver services were discussed. Some general themes were noted as areas for future research. Conclusion Overall, results of the review continue to support the use of telepractice as an appropriate service delivery model in speech-language pathology for adults. Strong research designs, including experimental control, across multiple well-described settings are still needed to definitively determine effectiveness of telepractice services.

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