scholarly journals CHARACTERISTICS AND IMPACT OF OPPORTUNITY INFECTIONS ON GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT IN HIV-INFECTED PEOPLE

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-94
Author(s):  
I.V. Balaniuk ◽  
M.O. Andrushchak ◽  
Yu.І. Boyko ◽  
I.B. Horbatiuk ◽  
I.B. Horbatiuk
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Social Challenge ◽  
Social Importance ◽  
Cd4 Lymphocytes

A decrease in the number of CD4 + lymphocytes in HIV infection is known to increase the risk of opportunistic infections, malignancies and other diseases classified as diagnostic criteria for AIDS. The purpose of this work is to analyze the main groups of opportunistic infections and infectious lesions commonly affecting the gastrointestinal tract in HIV-positive patients. Up to 90% of deaths from HIV infection are directly or indirectly caused by opportunistic infections that emphasize the importance of further research aimed at their prevention and management. A progressive decline in the number of CD4 + lymphocytes due to their non-stop destruction and insufficient replenishment from progenitor cells underlies the development of immunodeficiency in HIV infection. Pathological changes in the gastric mucosa may be associated with Mycobacterium avium complex. Cryptosporidosis is an opportunistic infection reported as common among immuno-suppressed patients. It occurs as a long-term, mild infection without severe clinical symptoms. In recent decades, opportunistic infections have become a medical and social challenge due to their spread and significant impact on the quality of life of HIV-positive people. It should be also noted that the presence of opportunistic infection has little effect on the characteristics of the microbial picture in the intestine. But, at the same time, it can deteriorate metabolic processes in the intestinal epithelium, proliferation and maintenance of its resistance to aggressive factors. Therefore, the issue of detection and timely treatment of opportunistic infections is of a great medical and social importance. Conclusions: Early diagnosis, prevention and management of opportunistic infections play an essential role in increasing the life expectancy of HIV-positive people and improving the course of the disease.

scholarly journals PREVALENCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF TUBERCULOSIS IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS CONSIDERING THE 299GLY ALLELE TLR4 GENE CARRIAGE

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-66
Author(s):  
T. I. Koval ◽  
A. H. Marchenko ◽  
T. M. Kotelevska ◽  
N. P. Lymarenko ◽  
O. V. Artemieva
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Tlr4 Gene ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains one of the most acute problems of modern medicine. Tuberculosis is known as the leading cause of death among the opportunistic infections in HIV-positive people; moreover, TB is also known as resulting in one of three deaths associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. It should be stressed the TB course against the background of HIV infection demonstrates the atypical characteristics, nonspecific clinical symptoms with increasing frequency of extrapulmonary lesions, minimal radiological manifestations, low frequency of the pathogen excretion, and rapid course of the disease. In recent years, researchers around the world have paid considerable attention to studying the effects of genetic variation of genes on the course of infectious diseases in humans, including HIV and tuberculosis, and in particular, to investigating Tool-receptors, innate immune system receptors, which interact with pathogens and stimulate effector mechanisms of innate immunity. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence and evaluate the features of the TB course before and during the antiretroviral therapy, considering the carriage of the 299Gly allele of the TLR4 gene. To assess the manifestations, clarify the clinical characteristics of the disease in the dynamics before and during the antiretroviral therapy, a retrospective cohort examination of 181 HIV-positive patients before and after the therapy was carried out. The study has demonstrated that, despite the virological and immunological effectiveness of the treatment, the TB detection in HIV-infected patients taking antiretroviral therapy remained almost constant compared to the period before antiretroviral therapy (17.0% vs. 14.9%, > 0.05). Analysis of genotypes of the TLR4 gene showed that during the observation period before antiretroviral therapy in patients with the 299Gly allele there was a 6.3-fold higher risk of developing of disseminated TB forms (OR = 6.29 [95% 1.20-32.99], p = 0.044), compared with carriers of Asp299Asp genotype. In HIV-infected patients with the 299Gly allele of the TLR4 gene on the background of antiretroviral therapy, the risk of TB development is 3.4 times higher (p = 0.008) than in carriers of its homozygous genotype.

scholarly journals OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS DIAGNOSED IN PATIENTS INFECTED WITH THE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) AT THE SERVICE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF UHC (UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL CENTER) YALGADO OUÉDRAOGO, BURKINA FASO

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Savadogo M ◽  
Diallo I ◽  
Sondo K A
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infection ◽  
Antiretroviral Treatment ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Living With Hiv

Introduction: Sub-Saharan Africa remains one of the regions most affected by HIV infection with severe lethality.Most deaths of patients living with HIV are caused by opportunistic infections. Objective: to determine the prevalence of opportunistic infections among patients living with HIV in hospital serving infectious diseases of UHC YO of Ouagadougou. Patients and Methods:This is a cross-sectional descriptive study covering a 14-month period from 1 January 2017 to 28 February 2018. Included were all HIV-positive patients, hospitalized at the service of Infectious Diseases, in which an opportunistic infection was diagnosed on the basis of clinical and/or para-clinical arguments. Results: During the study period a total of 55 patients living with HIV were hospitalized in the infectious disease unit,35 of whom had at least one opportunistic infection or 63.6% of the patients.The average age of patients was 37 years with extremes of 18 and 66 years.Twenty-two patients were female versus 13 male, a sex ratio = 0.59. HIV1 was involved in 97% of patients.The mean TCD4 lymphocyte rate was 156 cell/mm3 with extremes of 7 and 718 cell/mm3.Tuberculosis and digestive mycosis were the most frequently diagnosed opportunistic infections. Opportunistic infection was the circumstance for HIV testing in two patients.She revealed immune restoration syndrome in two other patients.Nineteen patients were already on antiretroviral treatment upon admission to the service.Half of the patients on treatment were in therapeutic failure.The evolution was marked by 26.5% lethality. Conclusion:The frequency of opportunistic infections is high in patients living with HIV.Their prevention requires early detection of HIV infection and antiretroviral treatment.

scholarly journals Epidemiological Surveillance over HIV-infection Including Patients Co-infected with HIV and Viral Hepatitis in the Far Eastern Federal District

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 14-24
Author(s):  
E. A. Bazykina ◽  
V. B. Turkutyukov ◽  
O. E. Trotsenko ◽  
I. O. Taenkova ◽  
L. A. Balakhontseva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Viral Hepatitis B ◽  
Far Eastern

Relevance. HIV-infection continues to be one of the unsolved issues of modern healthcare. In the Russian Federation, an annual increase in the number HIV-infected people including co-infected with HIV and viral hepatitis is registered. This is associated with common transmission mechanisms of the diseases. Objective: to conduct a retrospective analysis of the main HIV-infection epidemiological indices that included prevalence of viral hepatitis B and C among people living with HIV in the Far Eastern Federal district during years 2006–2018. Materials and methods: the conducted retrospective epidemiological analysis was based on evaluation of materials provided by AIDS prevention and control regional centers as well as in the official statistical data form № 61 «Data on HIVinfected contingents». Analysis of the obtained data included parametric and nonparametric statistics. Results. A deterioration of the epidemic situation concerning HIV-infection with and without viral hepatitis B and C was registered in the Far Eastern Federal district. The fraction of HIV-positive people aged 40 years and older increased up to 24.68 ± 0.26% in 2018. Feminization of HIV-infected population was observed. The fraction of HIV-positive women increased from 32.30 ± 0.50 % in 2006 to 36.82 ± 0.29% in 2018. The fraction of sexual transmission mechanism of the HIV has increased during the observed period of time and totaled 40.60 ± 0.30% in 2018. This fact plays a significant part in the spread of HIV in the Far Eastern Federal district. Conclusion. The revealed tendencies indicate a necessity of changing the preventive measures strategy against HIV.

scholarly journals Detection of HIV antigen and specific antibodies to HIV core and envelope proteins in sera of patients with HIV infection

Blood ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 575-578
Author(s):  
YZ Cao ◽  
F Valentine ◽  
S Hojvat ◽  
JP Allain ◽  
P Rubinstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Clinical Complications ◽  
Hiv Antibodies ◽  
Hiv Antigen ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals

The sera of well-characterized populations were examined for three markers of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; HIV antigen (HIV Ag), and antibodies to HIV envelope (gp41) and core (p24) proteins. Of 563 serum samples tested, 251 were from HIV-infected patients diagnosed as having AIDS manifested by opportunistic infections (AIDS-OI), AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma (AIDS-KS), or AIDS-related complex (ARC). One hundred seventy-six specimens tested were from asymptomatic high-risk individuals, and 136 were from heterosexual control subjects or patients with non-AIDS-related disease. None of the 136 control individuals tested had HIV Ag or HIV antibodies to either p24 or gp41. Of the 427 HIV-seropositive individuals, 99% to 100% were positive for gp41 antibodies to HIV. In contrast, the seroprevalence of p24 antibodies to HIV varied from 23% to 83% and appeared to be inversely associated with the severity of the patients' clinical symptoms. When specimens were analyzed for the presence of HIV Ag, in seropositive individuals the prevalence rate for this marker was lowest (1.4%) in asymptomatic individuals and highest (50%) in the AIDS-OI diagnosed group. Also, 240 cases with AIDS-KS, AIDS-OI, and ARC and the group of asymptomatic high-risk individuals were analyzed for T helper/T lymphocytes (T4) cell number and T4/T8 ratio; only one (2.0%) HIV Ag-positive case showed a T4 cell number greater than 400 and a normal T4/T8 ratio. These studies appear to demonstrate a direct correlation between the presence of HIV Ag and the severity of clinical complications of HIV infection.

scholarly journals Intellectual Impairment in Patients with Newly Diagnosed HIV Infection in Southwestern Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taofiki A. Sunmonu ◽  
Johann Sellner ◽  
Olubunmi A. Ogunrin ◽  
Frank A. Imarhiagbe ◽  
Morenikeji A. Komolafe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Disease Stage ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Intellectual Impairment ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
And Performance

Neurocognitive impairment is a detrimental complication of HIV infection. Here, we characterized the intellectual performance of patients with newly diagnosed HIV infection in southwestern Nigeria. We conducted a prospective study at Owo Federal Medical Center by using the adapted Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). The raw scores were converted to standardized scores (z-scores) and correlated with clinical and laboratory findings. Fifty-eight HIV positive patients were recruited; 72% were in WHO stages 3 and 4. We detected a high rate of intellectual impairment in HIV positive patients and controls (63.8% and 10%, resp.;P<0.001). HIV positive patients performed worse throughout the subtests of both verbal and performance intelligence quotients. Presence of opportunistic infections was associated with worse performance in the similarities and digit symbol tests and performance and full scale scores. Lower body weight correlated with poor performance in different WAIS subtests. The high rate of advanced disease stage warrants measures aimed at earlier diagnosis and treatment. Assessment of neurocognitive performance at diagnosis may offer the opportunity to improve functioning in daily life and counteract disease progression.

Pulmonary complications of HIV infection

2010 ◽  
pp. 3246-3253
Author(s):  
Mark J. Rosen
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infection ◽  
Lymphocyte Count ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Pulmonary Complications ◽  
Primary Determinant ◽  
Frequent Site ◽  
Severe Immunodeficiency ◽  
Cd4 Lymphocyte

The lung is a frequent site of opportunistic infection in patients with HIV infection, and noninfectious pulmonary disorders associated with HIV infection and antiretroviral treatments are increasingly common. The severity of immunocompromise, with CD4+ lymphocyte count the most reliable surrogate, is the primary determinant of the risk of developing specific pulmonary disorders: early in the course of HIV these are similar to those seen in the general population; opportunistic infections occur with severe immunodeficiency, but with frequency reduced by prophylaxis....

scholarly journals CLINICAL FEATURES OF THE HIV INFECTION COURSE AND THE DEPENDENCE OF CHANGES IN LABORATORY PARAMETERS ON THE CLINICAL STAGE AND ON THE CD4 LYMPHOCYTES LEVEL

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 1189-1195
Author(s):  
Oksana M. Chemych ◽  
Mykola D. Chemych ◽  
Anna A. Olefir ◽  
Oleh B. Berest
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Clinical Stage ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Clinical Group ◽  
Oropharyngeal Candidiasis ◽  
Endogenous Intoxication ◽  
Criteria For Diagnosis ◽  
Important Objective ◽  
Cd4 Lymphocytes

The aim: Is to determine the features of the HIV infection and changes in indicators of endogenous intoxication and immunoreactivity depending on the clinical stage and the level of CD4 lymphocytes. Materials and methods: 72 HIV-patients were examined. Comparison group included 40 healthy blood donors. Clinical and laboratory examination was performed. Indicators of endogenous intoxication, nonspecific reactivity and inflammatory activity were calculated. Results:Main opportunistic infections were: oropharyngeal candidiasis; tuberculosis of different localization, more often pulmonary tuberculosis; and brain toxoplasmosis (p<0,05). Indices of endogenous intoxication and immunoreactivity are important objective criteria for diagnosis. In groups where the distribution of patients depended on the level of CD4 cells – HIV (CD4≥500) and HIV (CD4≤499-200), index changes were more pronounced than in the HIV I and HIV III groups. The most significant changes in indexes were in the HIV IV clinical group and the HIV (CD4≤199) group: endogenous intoxication indexes were increased by 1,2-7,5 and 1,9-13,7 times in both groups respectively. Non-specific reactivity indexes were decreased by 1,2-1,6 and 1,3-1,6 times, respectively; nuclear index (NI) in groups was 3 and 3,4 times higher (p<0,05–0,001). Changes in indexes of inflammatory activity were observed (p<0,05-0,001). Conclusions: Main diagnosed opportunistic infections were: oropharyngeal candidiasis; tuberculosis of different localization; and brain toxoplasmosis (p<0,05). Indices of endogenous intoxication and immunoreactivity are important objective criteria for diagnosis. The most significant changes in indexes were in the HIV IV clinical group and the HIV (CD4≤199) group (p<0,05-0,001).

scholarly journals KIDNEY DISEASE IN THE SETTING OF HIV INFECTION: CONCLUSIONS FROM A KIDNEY DISEASE: IMPROVING GLOBAL OUTCOMES (KDIGO) CONTROVERSIES CONFERENCE

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 84-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Swanepoel ◽  
M. G. Atta ◽  
V. D. D’Agati ◽  
M. M. Estrella ◽  
A. B. Fogo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Increased Risk

HIV-positive individuals are at increased risk for kidney disease, including HIV-associated nephropathy, noncollapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, immune-complex kidney disease, and comorbid kidney disease, as well as kidney injury resulting from prolonged exposure to antiretroviral therapy or from opportunistic infections. Clinical guidelines for kidney disease prevention and treatment in HIV-positive individuals are largely extrapolated from studies in the general population, and do not fully incorporate existing knowledge o f the unique HIV-related pathways and genetic factors that contribute to the risk of kidney disease in this population. We convened an international panel of experts in nephrology, renal pathology, and infectious diseases to define the pathology of kidney disease in the setting of HIV infection; describe the role of genetics in the natural history, diagnosis, and treatment of kidney disease in HIV-positive individuals; characterize the renal risk-benefit of antiretroviral therapy for HIV treatment and prevention; and define best practices for the prevention and management of kidney disease in HIV-positive individuals.

scholarly journals EFFECTIVENESS OF DOMESTIC ANTIRETROVIRAL NRTI CLASS DRUG IN THE MONOTHERAPY OF HIV INFECTION

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 46-49
Author(s):  
N. N. Vorobiova ◽  
E. S. Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Clinical Effect ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Positive Clinical Effect ◽  
Viral Load Test ◽  
Immunological Effect ◽  
Cd4 Lymphocytes

The effectiveness of domestic preparation Phosphazide was proved during the performance of the retrospective analysis of a clinical case of monotherapy in a 28-year-old female with HIV infection. Phosphazide was prescribed after the achievement of virological and immunological effect of combined schedules of antiretroviral therapy. The dynamics of CD4 lymphocytes, plasma HIV RNA [viral load test (VL)] were followed up every 3 months for 372 weeks. The persistent decline in VL and keeping it at the level less than 3,79 log10 in combination with a positive clinical effect - the lack both of symptoms of progression of HIV infection and the development of opportunistic infections, stable level of CD4-lymphocytes> 500 cells/mcl can be considered as a positive result of monotherapy with Phosphazide.

scholarly journals Detection of HIV antigen and specific antibodies to HIV core and envelope proteins in sera of patients with HIV infection

Blood ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 575-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
YZ Cao ◽  
F Valentine ◽  
S Hojvat ◽  
JP Allain ◽  
P Rubinstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Clinical Complications ◽  
Hiv Antibodies ◽  
Hiv Antigen ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals

Abstract The sera of well-characterized populations were examined for three markers of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; HIV antigen (HIV Ag), and antibodies to HIV envelope (gp41) and core (p24) proteins. Of 563 serum samples tested, 251 were from HIV-infected patients diagnosed as having AIDS manifested by opportunistic infections (AIDS-OI), AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma (AIDS-KS), or AIDS-related complex (ARC). One hundred seventy-six specimens tested were from asymptomatic high-risk individuals, and 136 were from heterosexual control subjects or patients with non-AIDS-related disease. None of the 136 control individuals tested had HIV Ag or HIV antibodies to either p24 or gp41. Of the 427 HIV-seropositive individuals, 99% to 100% were positive for gp41 antibodies to HIV. In contrast, the seroprevalence of p24 antibodies to HIV varied from 23% to 83% and appeared to be inversely associated with the severity of the patients' clinical symptoms. When specimens were analyzed for the presence of HIV Ag, in seropositive individuals the prevalence rate for this marker was lowest (1.4%) in asymptomatic individuals and highest (50%) in the AIDS-OI diagnosed group. Also, 240 cases with AIDS-KS, AIDS-OI, and ARC and the group of asymptomatic high-risk individuals were analyzed for T helper/T lymphocytes (T4) cell number and T4/T8 ratio; only one (2.0%) HIV Ag-positive case showed a T4 cell number greater than 400 and a normal T4/T8 ratio. These studies appear to demonstrate a direct correlation between the presence of HIV Ag and the severity of clinical complications of HIV infection.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document