Form and Function in Intracranial Neurovascular Stents: A Historical Perspective and State-of-the-Art Clinical Review for the Noninterventionalist

Neurographics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-110
Author(s):  
M.T. Caton ◽  
A.Z. Copelan ◽  
K.H. Narsinh ◽  
D. Murph ◽  
A. A. Abla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Stent Deployment ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Radiographic Appearance ◽  
Intracranial Stent ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Principles Of Design ◽  
Endovascular Stent Placement ◽  
And Function

The use of intracranial stents in neurointerventional surgery has been practiced for decades. However, the spectrum of treatable pathology, available devices, and clinical adoption of intracranial stents has exploded in recent years. Diagnostic neuroradiologists play a critical role in the evaluation of these devices after deployment, yet may not be familiar with state-of-the-art intracranial stent devices and indications. This review provides an overview of intracranial stents for cerebrovascular disease, with 3 chief learning objectives: 1) to understand the basic principles of stent design, biomechanics, and deployment, and the resulting influence on cerebrovascular hemodynamics; 2) to be familiar with the spectrum of intracranial pathology amenable to endovascular stent placement; and 3) to recognize the radiographic appearance of successful intracranial stent deployment and intracranial stent‐related complications.Learning Objective: Recognize the key principles of design (form), current indications (function), and potential complications of intracranial stents used in neurointerventional surgery

Form and Function in Cells of the Brain

The Neuron ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 23-38
Author(s):  
Irwin B. Levitan ◽  
Leonard K. Kaczmarek
Keyword(s):  
Axonal Transport ◽  
Molecular Motors ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Neuronal Cell Body ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

This chapter examines unique mechanisms that the neuron has evolved to establish and maintain the form required for its specialized signaling functions. Unlike some other organs, the brain contains a variety of cell types including several classes of glial cells, which play a critical role in the formation of the myelin sheath around axons and may be involved in immune responses, synaptic transmission, and long-distance calcium signaling in the brain. Neurons share many features in common with other cells (including glia), but they are distinguished by their highly asymmetrical shapes. The neuronal cytoskeleton is essential for establishing this cell shape during development and for maintaining it in adulthood. The process of axonal transport moves vesicles and other organelles to regions remote from the neuronal cell body. Proteins such as kinesin and dynein, called molecular motors, make use of the energy released by hydrolysis of ATP to drive axonal transport.

Sovereign Wealth Funds and the Global Political Economy of Trust and Legitimacy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon L. Clark ◽  
Adam D. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Sovereign Wealth Funds ◽  
Global Political Economy ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Current State ◽  
And Function

This chapter unpacks the concepts of trust and legitimacy as they pertain to sovereign funds in the global political economy. Its argument is divided into three parts. First, the importance of trust in finance and geopolitics, and the critical role of transparency, and how this relates to sovereign funds. Second, the legitimacy of sovereign funds at home and abroad in general with particular reference to how the regulatory regime surrounding public institutional investors in developed democracies is emulated in the Santiago Principles, and why it is significant for understanding the legitimacy of sovereign funds. Third, the current state of trust and legitimacy for sovereign funds is evaluated, with an explanation of why the continued opacity of some sovereign funds has not reduced trustworthiness. The chapter concludes on a speculative note, suggesting that the expected institutional form and function of sovereign funds may be at odds with the long-term interests of their state-sponsors.

A Brief History of Prosthetics and Orthotics of the Lower Body and Their Types

2021 ◽  
pp. 365-380
Author(s):  
Dheeman Bhuyan ◽  
Kaushik Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Historical Perspective ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Function ◽  
Shed Light

Prosthetics and orthotics are items taken for granted in today's day and age. However, this has not always been the case. The history of these everyday items is long and very colorful. In this chapter, the authors shed light on the history and development of prosthetics and orthotics of the lower body in order to better understand the current state of the art in the fields. A historical perspective is provided followed by enumeration of the types of devices and techniques available without going into the form and function of individual products.

scholarly journals From Hydra Regeneration to Human Brain Structural Plasticity: A Long Trip through Narrowing Roads

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 1270-1299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Bonfanti
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Regenerative Processes ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Heavy Burden ◽  
And Function ◽  
Human Nervous System

Regeneration is a strategy to maintain form and function throughout life. Studies carried out on animal models throughout the phylogenetic tree have flourished in the last decades in search of mechanisms underlying the regenerative processes. The development of such studies is strictly linked with stem cell research and both are viewed as one of the most promising outcomes for regenerative medicine; yet, regeneration, stem cells, and tissue repair do not seem to follow a logical path through the different animal species and tissues. As a result, some mammalian organs, e.g., kidney and brain, have lost most of their regenerative capacity. The human nervous system, although harboring neural stem cells, is placed at the extreme of “perennial” tissues. In addition, it is affected by neurodegenerative diseases, whose heavy burden is heightened by enhanced life spans. This review, starting from the basic principles of tissue regeneration viewed in a comparative context, tries to answer this question: To which extent can regenerative medicine be figured out in a mammalian brain equipped with many anatomical/evolutionary constraints?

scholarly journals Endodontic Retreatment - A Nightmare to dentist : An Overview

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (07) ◽  
pp. 494-502
Author(s):  
Jyoti Nagpal ◽  
Ritika Chhibber ◽  
Bhavika Sindhu ◽  
Priya Mahajan ◽  
Swati Manhas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Approach ◽  
Prosthetic Replacement ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Tooth Structure ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Implant Dentistry ◽  
And Function ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Endodontic Retreatment ◽  
Natural Tooth

Clinicians are regularly confronted with different choices after failure of root canal treatment. In present scenario patient prefer to retain their original teeth thats why non-surgical retreatment should be the treatment of choice. The new generation of endodontic instruments, magnification, materials and  technology with the basic principles of endodontic retreatment have helped in retention of the patients natural tooth structure to form and function decreasing the need for extensively expensive prosthetic replacement in the area of implant dentistry. Surgical approach can be adopted in obstructed, calcified or non-negotiable canals.

Enhancing the Ave Maria in the Ars Antiqua

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL ALAN ANDERSON
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Gospel Of Luke ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Core ◽  
Devotional Life ◽  
Essential Contribution ◽  
And Function ◽  
New Evidence

ABSTRACTThe Ave Maria remains the most widely repeated prayer in Christian devotional life, and music has played a critical role in its formation and propagation. This article reviews the essential contribution of music in the dissemination of texts based on the original verses from the gospel of Luke, with new evidence concerning the tradition of affixing a petition to the core devotion. While the Ave Maria remained unfixed in form and function until the sixteenth century, this article presents three significant examples from the corpus of Ars Antiqua polyphony in which versions of the text that include both the biblical verses and a supplicatory conclusion are not only used, but are also emphasised through polyphonic techniques.

A Brief History of Prosthetics and Orthotics of the Lower Body and Their Types

2019 ◽  
pp. 36-56
Author(s):  
Dheeman Bhuyan ◽  
Kaushik Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Historical Perspective ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Function ◽  
Shed Light

Prosthetics and orthotics are items taken for granted in today's day and age. However, this has not always been the case. The history of these everyday items is long and very colorful. In this chapter, the authors shed light on the history and development of prosthetics and orthotics of the lower body in order to better understand the current state of the art in the fields. A historical perspective is provided followed by enumeration of the types of devices and techniques available without going into the form and function of individual products.

scholarly journals Rhabdomyosarcoma of the Head and Neck: A Multimodal Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 79 (01) ◽  
pp. 058-064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Casey ◽  
Suzanne Wolden
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Multimodal Approach ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Head And Neck Region ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Treatment Paradigm ◽  
And Function

AbstractHead and neck rhabdomyosarcoma (HNRMS) is a uniquely challenging site to treat given the young patient age and critical anatomy of the head and neck region. We review the characteristics, management, and future directions in the treatment of HNRMS. Most patients who present with HNRMS have unresectable disease due to functional and/or cosmetic constraints. However, surgical resection and brachytherapy serve a critical role in select patients. The treatment paradigm for the majority of patients with HNRMS consists of definitive chemotherapy and radiation therapy. As the incidence of late toxicities increases with improved survival, modern efforts must focus on ways to decrease long-term morbidity. We recommend a multimodal approach emphasizing the preservation of form and function for the treatment of HNRMS.

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) of DNA and RNA

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 34-35
Author(s):  
Patricia G. Arscott ◽  
Gil Lee ◽  
Victor A. Bloomfield ◽  
D. Fennell Evans
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Calf Thymus ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

STM is one of the most promising techniques available for visualizing the fine details of biomolecular structure. It has been used to map the surface topography of inorganic materials in atomic dimensions, and thus has the resolving power not only to determine the conformation of small molecules but to distinguish site-specific features within a molecule. That level of detail is of critical importance in understanding the relationship between form and function in biological systems. The size, shape, and accessibility of molecular structures can be determined much more accurately by STM than by electron microscopy since no staining, shadowing or labeling with heavy metals is required, and there is no exposure to damaging radiation by electrons. Crystallography and most other physical techniques do not give information about individual molecules.We have obtained striking images of DNA and RNA, using calf thymus DNA and two synthetic polynucleotides, poly(dG-me5dC)·poly(dG-me5dC) and poly(rA)·poly(rU).

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