Dietary Energy Density Is Inversely Associated with the Diet Quality Indices among Iranian Young Adults

Epidemiological studies have revealed that soup consumption is associated with a lower risk of obesity. Moreover, intervention studies have reported that soup consumption aids in body-weight management. However, little is known about mechanisms that can explain these findings. The objective of the present study was to investigate associations between soup consumption and daily energy intake, dietary energy density (ED), nutrient intake and diet quality. Adults aged 19–64 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys during 2003–8 were included in the study. Soup consumers were identified from the first dietary recall using the United States Department of Agriculture food codes and combination food type from the dietary data. Compared with non-consumers (n9307), soup consumers (n1291) had a lower body weight (P= 0·002), a lower waist circumference (P= 0·001) and a trend towards a lower total energy intake (P= 0·087). Soup consumption was associated with a lower dietary ED (P< 0·001); this was independent of whether data on beverage or water consumption were included. Diet quality, as measured by the Healthy Eating Index 2005, was significantly better in soup consumers (P= 0·008). Soup consumption was also associated with a reduced intake of total fat and an increased intake of protein, carbohydrate and dietary fibre, as well as several vitamins and minerals (P< 0·05 for all). However, it was also associated with a higher intake of Na (P< 0·001). The relationship between soup consumption and body weight could be due to a reduced dietary ED and an improved diet quality. Consumers need to pay attention to their Na intake and choose low-Na products for a healthier diet.

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Dietary Energy Density is Associated with Body Mass Index and Fat Mass in Early Adulthood

Clinical Nursing Research ◽

10.1177/1054773819883192 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 105477381988319

Author(s):

María Correa-Rodríguez ◽

Emilio González-Jiménez ◽

Ángel Fernández-Aparicio ◽

Jose Luis Gómez-Urquiza ◽

Jacqueline Schmidt-RioValle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Young Adults ◽

Body Composition ◽

Energy Density ◽

Body Mass ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Dietary Energy ◽

Mass Percent ◽

Dietary Energy Density

A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the association between body composition parameters as well as body mass index (BMI), and dietary energy density in a population of 538 young adults. Fat mass, fat mass percent, fat-free mass, and visceral fat were measured using a body composition analyzer. Daily energy intake was assessed using a 72-hr diet recall, and dietary energy density was calculated. Significant differences in dietary energy density among underweight, normal-weight and overweight/obesity young adults were identified ( M = 1.42, SD = 0.26 vs. M = 1.52, SD = 0.46 vs. M = 1.66, SD = 0.53, p = .002). Dietary energy density was associated with BMI (β = .961; CI 95% = 0.335, 1.586; p = .0030), fat mass percent (β = 1.921; CI 95% = 0.707, 3.135; p = .002), and fat mass (β = 2.146; CI 95% = 0.827, 3.466; p = .001). Dietary energy density might be considered as an important aspect in the obesity nutritional education programs in young people.

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Dietary Practices Among US Immigrants: Energy Density as a Marker for Acculturation and Diet Quality

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab038_053 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 441-441

Author(s):

Sofia Pendley ◽

Melanie Reyes ◽

Jacqueline Vernarelli

Keyword(s):

Energy Density ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Survey Design ◽

Past Research ◽

Dietary Guidelines ◽

Dietary Energy ◽

Dietary Practices ◽

The Us ◽

Dietary Energy Density

Abstract Objectives The Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC) 2020 report indicates a need for examining the association between acculturation, dietary behaviors and disease risk. Dietary energy density (ED, kcal/g) is an established indicator of diet quality and a risk factor for chronic disease. Because ED is calculated using the whole diet, it is culturally relevant for use in a variety of populations. Past research on acculturation and diet indicates a need for more research using indicators that measure diet quality. The objective of the present study was to examine the relationship between acculturation, dietary intake, and dietary energy density. Methods Dietary data was collected using 24hour-recall in a nationally representative sample of 10 622 adults who participated in the 2013–2016 NHANES. Specific questions about acculturation were asked of participants. All data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 survey procedures to account for the complex survey design of the NHANES. Results A linear relationship between dietary ED and length of time in the US was observed (p-trend < 0.0001). Individuals who were in the US for < 5 years had the lowest dietary ED compared to those who had been in the US for the longest (1.39 vs. 1.84 kcal/g, P < 0.0004) representing ∼450 kcal/day difference after adjusting for relevant cofactors. Despite this difference, there was no difference in the amount of money spent on food compared with length of time in the US. Conclusions This study is consistent with other studies that examine changes in dietary patterns among those who have immigrated to the US. Findings from this study, specifically using ED as an indicator of diet quality, may provide recommendations to developing culturally inclusive efforts to encourage healthy diets. Funding Sources None.

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A Higher Number of Eating Episodes is Associated with Lower Dietary Energy Density and Better Diet Quality in American Adults

The FASEB Journal ◽

10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.597.10 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 29 (S1) ◽

Author(s):

James Hollis ◽

Yong Zhu

Keyword(s):

Energy Density ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Dietary Energy ◽

Dietary Energy Density

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Investigating Trends in Nutrition: Greater Intake of Fish and Plant Protein is Associated with Better Diet Quality in US Adults

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa046_072 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 572-572

Author(s):

Jacqueline Vernarelli ◽

Sarah Poirier

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Energy Density ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Survey Design ◽

Environmental Benefits ◽

Plant Protein ◽

Dietary Energy ◽

Plant Food ◽

Dietary Energy Density

Abstract Objectives Recent trends in nutritional intake have emphasized decreasing meat intake and increasing intake of whole plant-based foods as a dietary strategy that has both health and environmental benefits. National surveillance data have demonstrated that intake of fish and plant protein has increased over the past decade, but little has been done to examine the association with plant protein intake and diet quality. Dietary energy density (ED, kcal/g) is an established indicator of diet quality and is a risk factor for chronic disease. The objective of the present study was to examine the relationship between plant food intake, dietary energy density and overall diet quality. Methods Data from a nationally representative sample of 10,622 adults who participated in the 2013–2016 NHANES was analyzed. Dietary data was collected using 24HR, and intake was quantified using the USDA FPED serving equivalents. Sex-specific quartiles of energy density were calculated. All data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 survey procedures to account for the unequal sampling probability and complex survey design of the NHANES. All models are energy-adjusted and adjusted for age, sex race/ethnicity, educational attainment, and household income. Results In this sample of US adults, dietary energy density was associated with higher intakes of plant foods, including fruits, vegetables and plant proteins (all P < 0.0001). Individuals in with low-ED diets had significantly higher intakes of legume protein foods (0.63 vs 0.22 oz eq, P = 0.0001) and soy protein foods (P = 0.03). Individuals with low-ED diets also consumed nearly double the amount of fiber, as well as significantly higher intakes of B-carotene (4006 vs 950 mcg) and lycopene (6742 vs. 2404 mcg) than those with energy-dense diets (p's < 0.0001). Conversely, individuals with high-ED diets had significantly higher intake of processed meats (1.0 vs. 0.66 oz eq, P < 0.0001); cheese products (P < 0.0001); solid, saturated and total fat; and lower intakes of seafood (all P < 0.01). No association between energy density and intake of total animal source proteins, eggs nor total dairy intake was observed. Conclusions Plant protein intake is associated with lower dietary ED and higher diet quality in adults. Dietary strategies to increase plant food intake may be useful for health promotion and disease prevention. Funding Sources None.

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Dietary Energy Density, Not Caloric Intake, Is Associated with Sedentary Behavior in Older US Adults

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa040_084 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 84-84

Author(s):

Jacqueline Vernarelli ◽

Sarah Poirier

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Older Adults ◽

Energy Density ◽

Sedentary Behavior ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Physical Functioning ◽

Healthy Aging ◽

Caloric Intake ◽

Dietary Energy ◽

Dietary Energy Density

Abstract Objectives National surveillance data has demonstrated that fewer than 1 in 5 older adults meet physical activity (PA) guidelines, despite research showing that PA is associated with decreased functional limitations in older adults. Most strategies for healthy eating focus on caloric intake as opposed to overall diet quality. Energy density (ED; kcal/g) is an established indicator of diet quality as well as an established risk factor for chronic disease. Studies in children and adolescents have also demonstrated that dietary ED is associated with physical functioning, however there has been minimal research in older adults. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the association between dietary energy density and physical activity in a nationally representative sample of older adults. Methods Using data from a sample of 4484 adults > 60y who participated in the 2014–2016 NHANES, the association between dietary ED and physical functioning was assessed. During the NHANES, participants were asked to report whether or not they engaged in moderate PA (mPA) and report hours of sedentary behaviors. All data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 survey procedures to account for the unequal sampling probability and complex survey design of the NHANES. Results Energy-dense diets were associated with sedentary behavior and lower physical abilities in older adults. Individuals who reported engaging in mPA had a significantly lower dietary ED than those who did not engage in any mPA; this was observed in men (1.71 vs. 1.87, P = 0.03) and women (1.61 vs. 1.72, P = 0.02) after controlling for age, education, race/ethnicity, and beverage ED. Further, each unit increase in dietary energy density was associated with a 39% decrease in probability of engaging in mPA (P < 0.001). In contrast, there was no association between caloric intake and sedentary behavior in this population Low-ED diets were also lower in saturated fat; higher in vegetable, fiber and micronutrient content, offering additional health benefits. Conclusions These results indicate the energy density of the diet is associated with diet quality and active lifestyle behaviors. Strategies that promote low-ED diets may be effective tools in the promotion of healthy aging in the US population. Funding Sources None.

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Abstract MP29: Chronotype is Associated With Diet Quality and Energy Intake, and Dietary Energy Density Mediates a Relation of Chronotype With Cardiovascular Health in a Diverse Sample of US Women

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.141.suppl_1.mp29 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Faris M Zuraikat ◽

Nour Makarem ◽

Marie-Pierre St-Onge ◽

MING LIAO ◽

Hedda L Boege ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Density ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Behavioral Interventions ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Cardiovascular Health ◽

Dietary Energy ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Dietary Energy Density ◽

Food Consumed

Background: An individual’s chronotype, the innate preference for the timing of behaviors such as eating and sleeping, has been linked to various health outcomes. Indeed, we recently demonstrated that evening chronotype was related to poorer cardiovascular health (CVH) in US women. However, the associations of chronotype with specific health behaviors are not well characterized in this population. This is particularly true for diet, the CVH metric for which recommendations are least likely to be met. Therefore, the current study examined the association of chronotype with diet and the role of diet in the chronotype-CVH relation in a diverse sample of women. Hypotheses: Evening chronotype will be associated with higher energy intake and poorer diet quality, including higher dietary energy density (ED), the total kcal per weight of food consumed and an index of the types and amounts of food eaten; these diet factors will mediate an association of chronotype with CVH. Methods: Baseline data from 506 participants enrolled in the AHA Go Red for Women SFRN were examined. Women were 20-76 y of age (mean±SD: 37±16 y); 49% had overweight/obesity and 61% were racial/ethnic minority. Women were categorized as either morning/intermediate or evening chronotype based on their Morningness/Eveningness Questionnaire scores. Dietary ED and daily intakes of food [by weight (g) and energy (kcal)], nutrients (g/1000 kcal), and fruits and vegetables [FV (servings/1000 kcal)] were assessed using the validated Block Brief Food Frequency Questionnaire. Linear regression models were used to examine associations of chronotype with diet. Causal mediation analyses tested whether dietary ED or energy intake mediated a relation between chronotype and CVH (AHA Life’s Simple 7 score). Models were adjusted for age, BMI, race/ethnicity, education, and health insurance. Results: On average, women consumed 1433±862 kcal with a dietary ED of 1.44±0.40 kcal/g. Evening (n=64) vs. morning/intermediate (n=442) chronotype was associated with higher dietary ED (β=0.21, P=0.0001), energy intake (β=448, P=0.0001), and weight of food consumed (β=129.3, P=0.06). Evening chronotype was also related to greater consumption of animal protein (β=1.1, P=0.04) and lower intakes of plant protein (β=-0.66, P=0.006), fiber (β=-2.2, P=0.0005), and FV (β=-1.3, P<0.0001). Dietary ED was a significant partial mediator of the association between chronotype and CVH (percent mediated: 28%, P=0.01). Results were similar when chronotype was analyzed on the continuous scale. Conclusions: In a diverse sample of women, evening chronotype was associated with a less heart-healthy diet, including greater energy intake and poorer diet quality. Moreover, that dietary ED partially mediated the relation between evening chronotype and poor CVH suggests that behavioral interventions to reduce dietary ED may improve CVH in women with evening chronotype.

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