scholarly journals ON ISSUE OF PLANNING THE EXPERIMENT CONDUCTING STUDIES ON NATURAL SURFACE RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL FIELDS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Manzhina ◽  
◽  
Yu. Ye. Domashenko ◽  
Ye. V. Komarova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Body ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Agricultural Fields ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Terrain Methods

Purpose: determination of significant parameters and sequence of field studies devoted to the study of features and nature of diffusion pollution of water bodies in areas of intensive agricultural activity. Materials and methods. Materials: works by Russian and foreign scientists, regulatory documents. Methods: comparison, analysis and synthesis of data. Results. As experience shows, significant parameters are: the source of the formation of surface runoff, the hydrographic characteristics of the catchment, the level of development of the territory, soil resources, the dissection of the relief and the slope of the terrain, methods of soil treatment, the timing and dose of fertilization, the use of pesticides, etc. All this influences the choice of the location of representative areas in the catchment area, their size, determination of constant and variable parameters during research. The paper discusses the issues of taking soil samples in the process of preliminary studies, determining the location of the alignment point for sampling water from a water body and the possibility of taking into account the amount of diffusion contamination in the samples obtained. The rationale for conducting preliminary laboratory studies is given. The plan was developed for carrying out field studies devoted to the study of the features and nature of diffusion pollution of water bodies in areas of intensive agricultural activity. Conclusions. It was revealed that to organize monitoring of diffusion pollution of water bodies, it is necessary to carry out a number of studies both in laboratory and in the field. For a preliminary assessment of the removal of nutrients from agricultural fields and their entry into the water body, it is necessary to make a preliminary sampling of soil and water. It is advisable to take soil samples along route lines from the boundaries of agricultural fields to a water body along the slope of the terrain. The site for sampling water from a water body must be coordinated with the location of organized sources of wastewater discharge into it and the boundaries of the action of agricultural fields.

scholarly journals Practice of the Application of the Calculation Method for the Damage to Water Bodies’ Determination in Case of Water Legislation Infringement

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Water Body ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Mass Determination ◽  
Waste Waters ◽  
Water Legislation ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Contaminated Waste ◽  
Unambiguous Interpretation

Some examples of the practice of application of the calculation method for determination of the damage to a water body due to any infringement of water legislation (in respect of the pollutants discharge to water bodies) have been discussed. Drawbacks of the methodology causing impugnment by companies the results of the damage amount calculation done by Rosprirodnadzor bodies have been systematized. The methodology per se can be considered adequate though some of its provisions require deeper explanations in order to secure unambiguous interpretation in the process of their application. Key provisions of the methodology that can be considered inadequately elaborated comprise algorithms of the discharged pollutant mass determination, duration of the waste waters with these pollutant high content discharge, as well as indices used in these calculations. The said imperfections can be dealt with on the level of regulating official documents. A conclusion on the necessity of some supplements to the order of procedure of indemnity for a damage to water bodies due to the contaminated waste waters discharge has been done: the damage amount is to be assessed for a particular water body, beside the calculation with the use of the standard methodology.

scholarly journals Application of a new method for determining the mass of oil per unit area of bottom sediments of water bodies

2021 ◽  
Vol 265 ◽  
pp. 02014
Author(s):  
Vladislava Perminova ◽  
Danil Vorobiev ◽  
Yulia Frank ◽  
Vladislav Perminov
Keyword(s):  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Water Body ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Oil Products ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Urgent Problem ◽  
State Information ◽  
Oil And Oil Products

The authors of the article draw the readers’ attention to the urgent problem that is the assessment of the pollution of bottom sediments of water bodies with hydrocarbons in the form of oil and oil products. When conducting surveys of water bodies, the determination of the content of oil or oil products in bottom sediments is expressed in grams per kilogram of precipitation in an air-dry state. Information in this form cannot be associated with the mass of oil at the bottom of the water body, what is very important when designing treatment works and calculating damage to aquatic biological resources. The method for determining the mass of oil pollution per unit area of bottom sediments of water bodies has been proposed and tested, what makes it possible to associate pollution not only with the concentration of pollutants, but also with the area of the reservoir.

Fast determination of methyl chloride and methyl bromide emissions from dried plant matter and soil samples using HS-SPME and GC-MS: method and first results

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noureddine Yassaa ◽  
Asher Wishkerman ◽  
Frank Keppler ◽  
Jonathan Williams
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Solid Phase Microextraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Methyl Chloride ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Spme Fibre ◽  
Non Destructive

Environmental context. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) system has been employed for quantifying the emissions of methyl chloride (CH3Cl) and methyl bromide (CH3Br) from plants and soils. Compared with more commonly used techniques, HS-SPME coupled to GC/MS is simple, fast, sensitive, economical and non-destructive, with potential for laboratory-based and field studies. Abstract. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) system have been employed for quantifying the emissions of methyl chloride (CH3Cl) and methyl bromide (CH3Br) from plants and soils. Seven SPME fibre coatings including 75 μm Carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane (CAR-PDMS), 85 μm Carboxen-PDMS (CAR-PDMS), 50/30 μm divinylbenzene-CAR-PDMS (DVB-CAR-PDMS), 65 μm DVB-PDMS, 65 μm carbowax-DVB (CW-DVB), 30 μm PDMS (PDMS) and 100 μm PDMS, were tested by comparing their sampling efficiencies towards CH3Cl and CH3Br. Key parameters such as extraction time, desorption temperature and time were all optimised in this work. The optimum conditions were found with CAR-PDMS 75 μm as an SPME fibre coating, a 1-min sampling time, a 50°C incubation temperature and a 2-min desorption time and a 250°C desorption temperature. These conditions were used for the determination of CH3Cl and CH3Br emission rates from different plant species as well as soil samples. Compared with more commonly used techniques, HS-SPME coupled to GC/MS is simple, fast, sensitive, economical and non-destructive, with potential for laboratory-based and field studies.

scholarly journals Qualitative assessment of the level of natural content of heavy metal compounds natural content level in the basins of the Malka, Urukh, Cherek, and Chegem rivers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Water Body ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Metal Compounds

To date, considerable experience has been accumulated in assessing and standardizing the quality of natural waters, however, the role of regional factors in practical standardization in most cases is ignored. Due to the lack of recommendations for establishing permissible loads on a water body, taking into account its natural characteristics, the effectiveness of water protection measures is reduced. Determination of the concentrations of pollutants using maximum permissible concentrations without taking into account the hydrological and hydro/chemical characteristics of water bodies does not ensure the environmental safety of the water body. The regulation of the water quality of water bodies must necessarily reflect the regional features of the formation of the chemical composition of natural water in a particular territory, since the soil and geochemical features of the catchment area of the basin reflect natural background concentrations. Methods. The article proposes a new approach to assessing the qualitative determination of priority pollutants taking into account the regional background. For a qualitative assessment of the level of natural content of dissolved forms of heavy metal compounds, statistical processing was carried out for the main phases of the water regime. The significance of the difference between the sample of summer samples of river water for pollutants from the corresponding sample of winter samples and rainwater samples was determined using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney nonparametric statistical test. Results. The proposed approach for statistical processing of long-term data enables to make qualitative assessment of the natural level of the content of heavy metal compounds on the surface and in the strata of soils that compose the basins of the Malka, Urukh, Cherek, Chegem rivers. The results obtained can be used to improve the methodological and practical issues of regionally oriented standardization.

scholarly journals Methodical Approaches to Determination of the Runoff Acceptable Irretrievable Withdrawal from Underexplored and Unexplored Rivers and Small Rivers

2015 ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Human Impact ◽  
Water Body ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Water Withdrawal ◽  
Small Rivers ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Surface Water Runoff

If the permissible impact of economic and other activities on a water body is exceeded, an irreversible degradation of the ecosystem may occur. Irretrievable water withdrawal is deemed significant human impact on water bodies. The establishment of a critical water limit for the ecosystem’s functioning and organisms’ reproduction is based on the water withdrawal limits’ assessment. The article suggests methodological approaches to defining acceptable irreversible withdrawal of surface water runoff for underexplored and unexplored rivers. It also includes a review of special features of water withdrawal from small rivers.

Orientation of processes of biological nitrogen transformation in winter rye agroecosystems under different levels of fertilization background

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
V. Volkogon ◽  
I. Korotka
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Nitrogen Transformation ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Microbial Preparation ◽  
Biological Nitrogen

Aim. To determine physiologically expedient rates of mineral nitrogen in winter rye production on sod-podzol- ic soils based on the orientation of the processes of biological nitrogen transformation in the plants rhizosphere. Methods. Field studies, gas chromatography determination of potential nitrogen fi xation activity and potential emissions of N 2 O. Results. The results obtained have demonstrated that the rates of mineral nitrogen, not ex- ceeding 60 kg/ha, can be considered physiologically expedient for winter rye production on sod-podzolic soils. Under the application of microbial preparation Diazobakteryn, there is a higher physiological need of plants for nitrogen, which allows increasing the rates of nitrogen fertilizers up to 90 kg/ha. Conclusions. The orienta- tion of the processes of biological nitrogen transformation in the root zone of plants is a reliable indicator of determining the appropriateness of nitrogen fertilization of crops.

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