Peat as a promising raw material for the creation of bacterial preparations in solid form

The possibility of using peat as a solid base for a microbial preparation was investigated. The basis of the microbial consortium of the drug was made up of Pseudomonas extremorientalis and Aeromonas media isolated from coprolites of the earthworms Eisenia fetida, Savigny. Among the studied peat species, eutrophic woody peat (pH = 5.7, degree of decomposition 48%) was chosen, which stimulated the increase in the aboveground mass (+ 11%) of wheat seedlings in preliminary tests. We assessed the viability of bacteria within 2 months after their adsorption on peat. On the 56th day of the experiment, the number of A. media in the variant with a peat carrier remained at the highest possible level - 107 CFU / ml. In a vegetation experiment, it was found that the use of two microbial cultures (in liquid form and in solid after adsorption of bacteria on peat) for presowing seed treatment led to an increase in wheat germination by 9% (83% for the liquid form and 92% for the solid form). Plant biomass increased in variants using bacteria on peat compared to using bacteria in liquid form. The presence of peat and P. extremorientalis increased the aboveground weight of wheat by 5%, while peat with a mixture of bacteria increased this figure by 15%. In variants with the use of P. extremorientalis on peat, the rate of development of plant diseases decreased in comparison with the liquid form by more than 3 times. With the combined use of bacteria, peat provides high rates of germination of seeds and aboveground mass. The research results indicate a greater efficiency of using a solid preparative form of a microbial preparation in comparison with a liquid one.

ВМІСТ ФОТОСИНТЕТИЧНИХ ПІГМЕНТІВ У ЛИСТКАХ ГРЕЧКИ ЗА ДІЇ БІОЛОГІЧНИХ ПРЕПАРАТІВ

The article presents the results of a field experiment to study the effects of different rates of the microbial preparation Diazobacterin under different methods of using the plant growth regulator Radostim (seed treatment before sowing and spraying crops) on the content of chlorophyll a and b in buckwheat leaves of Yelena variety, their sum and carotenoids. Determination of chlorophyll a and b, their sum and carotenoids was performed in selected samples of buckwheat leaves in the field conditions, in the phases of stem branching and the beginning of flowering according to the method described by V.F. Gavrylenko and T.V. Zhyhalova using a spectrophotometer. The pigment concentration was calculated from Holm-Wettstein's equations for 100 % acetone. It was found that the content of photosynthetic pigments in buckwheat leaves is conditioned by the weather, rates and methods of application of the studied microbial preparations and phases of plant development. In particular, the analysis of chlorophyll and carotenoid content in the early flowering phase of buckwheat plants showed a significant increase compared to the phase of stem branching, which may be due to increased physiological and biochemical processes in plants, against the background of improving mineral nutrition, growth and plant development. Thus, with the multiple use of the microbial preparation Diazobacterin in the rates of 150, 175 and 200 ml and the stimulator of plant growth Radostim in the rate of 250 ml / t for seed treatment before sowing, the content of chlorophylls a and b, their sum and carotenoids with increasing application of Diazobacterin increased and the excess relative to control ranged within: 29–31 % for chlorophyll a; 10–11 % for chlorophyll b; 24–26 % for their sum and 23–24 % for carotenoids. At the same time, with a complex application for pre-sowing seed treatment of a mixture of the microbial preparation Diazobacterin in the rate of 200 ml per hectare of seeds with the stimulator of plant growth Radostym in the rate of 250 ml / t followed by spraying on this background crops the stimulator of plant growth Radostim in the rate of 50 ml / ha buckwheat leaves form the highest content of chlorophyll a in comparison with the control (40 %); chlorophyll b (15 %); the sum of chlorophyll a + b (33 %) and carotenoids (29 %). These data indicate the creation of more favorable conditions for physiological and biochemical processes in plants, including photosynthesis, with the direct positive effect of which, functionally active pigment complex of the leaf apparatus of buckwheat is formed.

Anaerobic Degradation of Environmentally Hazardous Aquatic Plant Pistia stratiotes and Soluble Cu(II) Detoxification by Methanogenic Granular Microbial Preparation

The aquatic plant Pistia stratiotes L. is environmentally hazardous and requires effective methods for its utilization. The harmfulness of these plants is determined by their excessive growth in water bodies and degradation of local aquatic ecosystems. Mechanical removal of these plants is widespread but requires fairly resource-intensive technology. However, these aquatic plants are polymer-containing substrates and have a great potential for conversion into bioenergy. The aim of the work was to determine the main patterns of Pistia stratiotes L. degradation via granular microbial preparation (GMP) to obtain biomethane gas while simultaneously detoxifying toxic copper compounds. The composition of the gas phase was determined via gas chromatography. The pH and redox potential parameters were determined potentiometrically, and Cu(II) concentration photocolorimetrically. Applying the preparation, high efficiency of biomethane fermentation of aquatic plants and Cu(II) detoxification were achieved. Biomethane yield reached 68.0 ± 11.1 L/kg VS of Pistia stratiotes L. biomass. The plants’ weight was decreased by 9 times. The Cu(II) was completely removed after 3 and 10 days of fermentation from initial concentrations of 100 ppm and 200 ppm, respectively. The result confirms the possibility of using the GMP to obtain biomethane from environmentally hazardous substrates and detoxify copper-contaminated fluids.

Growing giant miscanthus in Polissya on radioactively contaminated soils

Purpose. Investigate the accumulation of 137Cs and 90Sr radionuclides in the biomass of giant miscanthus depending on the agronomic methods of growing it on radioactively contaminated soils in Polissia. Method. Biomorphological, radiometric, lysometric, statistical, comparative and computational. Results. The article presents the results of research to study the accumulation of radionuclides 137Cs and 90Sr in the biomass of giant miscanthus. It was found that in the variants where the bioenergy crop was grown on soils contaminated with radionuclides, the accumulation of 137Cs in the biomass in the range of 14.7–18.6 Bq/kg and 90Sr — 0.46–0.54 Bq/kg was observed. The use of mineral fertilizers together with liming and inoculation with giant miscanthus with the microbial preparation Polymyxobacterin and treatment with organo-mineral fertilizer BioMAG helped to reduce the accumulation of radionuclides in the biomass of giant miscanthus as following: 90Sr — by 15% and 137Cs by 21%. It was investigated that the use of these agronomic techniques contributed to the formation of dry biomass yield at the level of 9.96 t/ha on average over three years of cultivation, which is 28% higher than the control. Conclusion. It is established that the use of mineral fertilization in combination with liming, inoculation of rhizomes of giant miscanthus with the microbial drug Polymyxobacterin and pre-planting treatment with organo-mineral fertilizer BioMAG contributes to a significant increase in dry biomass yield with reducing 90Sr and 137Cs. The accumulation of these radioactive isotopes in the biomass of giant miscanthus when grown on radionuclide-contaminated soils did not exceed the permissible level for cereal grains, and the use of agronomic techniques helped to reduce the content of 90Sr by 9–15% and 137Cs by 12–21% compared to control. The lowest coefficients of radionuclide conversion into biomass of giant miscanthus were obtained for both 90Sr (0.15) and 137Cs (0.24) for the use of mineral fertilizers together with liming and inoculation of giant mismanthus rizomes with Polymyxobacterin and treatment with BioMAG organo-mineral fertilizer.

Hydrogen Dark Fermentation for Degradation of Solid and Liquid Food Waste

The constant increase in the amount of food waste accumulating in landfills and discharged into the water reservoirs causes environment pollution and threatens human health. Solid and liquid food wastes include fruit, vegetable, and meat residues, alcohol bard, and sewage from various food enterprises. These products contain high concentrations of biodegradable organic compounds and represent an inexpensive and renewable substrate for the hydrogen fermentation. The goal of the work was to study the efficiency of hydrogen obtaining and decomposition of solid and liquid food waste via fermentation by granular microbial preparation (GMP). The application of GMP improved the efficiency of the dark fermentation of food waste. Hydrogen yields reached 102 L/kg of solid waste and 2.3 L/L of liquid waste. The fermentation resulted in the 91-fold reduction in the weight of the solid waste, while the concentration of organics in the liquid waste decreased 3-fold. Our results demonstrated the potential of granular microbial preparations in the production of hydrogen via dark fermentation. Further development of this technology may help to clean up the environment and reduce the reliance on fossil fuels by generating green hydrogen via recycling of household and industrial organic wastes.

Growing miscanthus on radioactively contaminated soils and regularities of 137 CS redistribution in the system «Soil-Plant-Lysimetric waters»

Purpose. Investigate the patterns of transition of 137 Cs radionuclide from soil to biomass and lysimetric waters depending on the elements of technology for growing giant miscanthus on solid fuel on contaminated soils. Methods. Lysimetric, biomorphological, radiometric, statistical, comparative and computational. Results. The article presents the results of research to study the accumulation of the radioactive isotope 137 Cs in the biomass of giant miscanthus and its transition into lysimetric waters. According to the research results, the level of 137 Cs radionuclide accumulation in miscanthus plants on contaminated soils depends on its concentration in the soil and elements of cultivation technology. It was found that in the variants where the bioenergy crop was grown on soils contaminated with radionuclides, the accumulation of 137 Cs in the biomass in the range of 14.7–18.6 Bq/kg and in the lysimetric waters of 4.36–4.57 Bq/l was observed, respectively. Fertilization with mineral fertilizers together with defecation and treatment with miscanthus rice before planting with the microbial preparation Polymyxobacterin in combination with BioMAG helped to increase the yield of dry biomass by 28% of control. Conclusions. The use of mineral fertilization in combination with liming, inoculation of miscanthus rhizomes with the microbial drug Polymyxobacterin and pre-planting treatment with organo-mineral fertilizer BioMAG significantly increases the yield of dry biomass, reduces the content of 137 Cs in biomass and lysimetric waters. The accumulation of 137 Cs in the biomass of miscanthus when grown on soils contaminated with radionuclides did not exceed the permissible level (DR), and the use of elements of technology helped to reduce the content of 137 Cs by 12–21% compared to control variants. The use of the fertilizer complex «mineral fertilizers + defect + Polymyxobacterin + BioMAG» resulted in the lowest accumulation coefficients of 137Cs, which are 0.07 in the biomass of miscanthus and 0.02 in lysimetric waters, respectively.

Analysis of the Influence of the Application of Effective Microorganisms on the Dynamics of Spring Wheat Emergence

Deterioration of the natural environment as a result of violation of its natural structures and self-regulatory mechanisms causes an urgent need to replace chemicals with effective and multidirectional biopreparations. Reduction of the amount of chemicals used in agriculture becomes possible through the use of Effective Microorganisms. This will reduce the burden on the environment. Agriculture that uses EM technology can count on help with germination rates; emergence uniformity; and crop yields, for example. EM formulations contain a mixture of different coexisting microorganisms. The following paper presents the results of own research on the use of Effective Microorganisms in seed dressing of spring wheat. It was shown that the microbial preparation EM Naturally Active affects the increase of wheat seed germination dynamics.

Development of a microbiological preparation for crops based on Bacillus pumilus strains

Data of the microbial biopreparation development for protection and crop growth stimulation on the Bacillus bacteria basis are presented. Three B. pumilus strains isolated from the Altai region (the Russian Federation) plants rhizosphere were selected as active components of the bacterial preparation. L-bulone was chosen as the nutrient medium for flasks cultivation of the inoculum. A molasses-based nutrient medium was used to incubate the bacilli in a 15-liter fermenter. The finished microbial preparation was obtained in dry form. The biopreparation is a powder consisting of a lyophilically dried concentrates mixture of genus Bacillus spores. Bacilli biomass were pre-mixed with a protective medium based on gelatin and sucrose. The final number of bacteria in the microbial preparation is 1.29(±0.30) ×1012 CFU/g.