unambiguous interpretation
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2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 66-70
Author(s):  
Dmitry Popov

The article actualizes the problem of understanding the concept of «extremism», which is due to the variety of research approaches that currently exist in legal science. The author draws attention to the need for an unambiguous interpretation of the phenomenon under consideration, especially in terms of the harmonization of international and domestic law, in order to increase the efficiency of law enforcement practice. An attempt is made to determine the social essence of extremist crimes.


Author(s):  
Ekaterina M. Yakimova

The constitutional regulation of the economic system of modern Russia has undergone changes in connection with the amendments to the Constitution of Russia in 2020 aimed at establishing the ideological and value component of interaction within the system business - society - state. One of the new constitutional principles was the movement towards economic solidarity. However, the content of this category to date does not have a complete understanding and unambiguous interpretation, while the category has received a wide understanding within the framework of sociology, philosophy, economics. It has been established that economic solidarity is a category of legal, has features of constitutional value and constitutional principle.


2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-147

Предложен ряд решений, проливающих свет на темные и спорные места в десяти стихотворных текстах выдающегося русского и советского поэта О. Э. Мандельштама, критически проанализи- рованы существующие в современной специальной литературе трактовки таких мест. Выявлены тактики, реализующие характерную для позднего Мандельштама «установку на загадку» (О. Ронен), определены базисные функции данной установки в его поэтике. Как показал анализ, основной из таких тактик является метафора, различными способами затемненная, а потому допускающая вари- ативность трактовок либо в той или иной степени герметичная, т. е. закрытая для исчерпывающего и однозначного истолкования. Такие «темные» метафоры, основной субъект которых не поддается уверенной экспликации, поэт именовал «гераклитовыми».В статье приведены доводы в пользу того факта, что внутренняя форма термина гераклитова метафора восходит к прозванию раннеантичного греческого философа Гераклита Эфесского – σκοτεινός ‘темный’. Среди применяемых О. Э. Мандельштамом способов затемнения семантических переносов наиболее востребованными, а значит, характерными для его авторского идиостиля ока- зались: 1) недостаточность контекста, в частности незамкнутый характер метафор указанного типа; тщательно «припрятанная», т. е., как правило, не более чем однословная, аллюзийная опора на прецедентный текст, зачастую малоизвестный, а значит, недоступный для широкой читательской аудитории; 3) «замаскированное» указание на отдельный элемент (или элементы) той актуальной для поэта бытовой либо исторической конситуации, с опорой на которую может быть достигнуто адекватное понимание текста.Это означает, что трактовка, более или менее отвечающая авторскому замыслу, облигаторно предполагает применение контекстуального, конситуативного либо интертекстуального анализа построенных поэтом семантических переносов, в частности «гераклитовых метафор», анализ же семантических переносов настоятельно требует применения трансформационного анализа; соот- ветственно, удаленность исследователя от указанных лингвистических методов, прежде всего от экспериментальных, т. е. дистрибутивного и трансформационного анализа, если не лишает ясной перспективы, то существенно затрудняет дальнейшее герменевтическое осмысление творческого наследия позднего Мандельштама, т. е. тех текстов, которые были написаны им после 1920 года.Исследование показало, что неясность целого ряда таких текстов, иногда вплотную приближаю- щаяся к сфере герметизма, имеет определенное функциональное обоснование. Установка на загадку, или, в античной терминологии, «темный намек» (κάλυμμα, συγκάλυμμα), в подавляющем большин- стве случаев используется в стихотворных текстах О. Э. Мандельштама не как привычный атрибут эзопова языка (мнение Н. Струве), а в эстетических целях, т. е. как прием, который придает тексту эмоционально минорный, стилистически приподнятый, нередко профетический оттенок, характер энигмы.A number of solutions are proposed that shed light on the dark and controversial passages in ten poetic texts of the outstanding Russian and Soviet poet O. Mandelstam. The existing interpretations of such passages in modern special literature are critically analyzed. The tactics that implement the characteristic for late Man- delstam “orientation to riddle” (O. Ronen) are identified, the basic functions of this orientation in his poetics are determined. As the analysis has shown, the main of these tactics is a metaphor that is in various ways darkened, and therefore allows for variability of interpretations, or is more or less hermetic, i.e. closed to an exhaustive and unambiguous interpretation. Such “dark” metaphors, the main subject of which does not lend itself to confident explication, the poet called “heraclitic”.The paper provides arguments in favour of the fact that the internal form of the term heraclitic metaphor goes back to the nickname of the early antique Greek philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus – σκοτεινός ‘dark’. Among the applied by O. Mandelstam methods of darkening of semantic transfers were the most popular, and therefore characteristic for his author’s idiostyle: 1) the lack of context, in particular, the non-closed nature of metaphors of type mentioned above; 2) carefully “hidden”, i.e., as a rule, no more than a one-word, allusive reliance on a precedent text, often little-known, and therefore inaccessible to a wide readership; “disguised” indication of a separate element (or elements) of the actual for the poet everyday or historical consituation, based on which an adequate understanding of the text can be achieved.This means that the interpretation that more or less corresponds to the author’s intention obligatorily involves the use of contextual, consituative, or intertextual analysis of the semantic transfers constructed by the poet, in particular, “heraclitic metaphors”, while the analysis of semantic transfers obligatorily requires the use of transformational analysis. Accordingly, the researcher’s remoteness from the above-mentioned linguistic methods, primarily from experimental, i.e., distributive and transformational analysis, if not de- prives of a clear perspective, then significantly complicates further hermeneutical understanding of the cre- ative heritage of the late Mandelstam, i.e., those texts that were written by him after 1920.The study has shown that the darkness of a number of such texts which sometimes comes close to the sphere of hermeticism has a certain functional justification. “Orientation to riddle”, or, in ancient terminol- ogy, “dark hint” (κάλυμμα, συγκάλυμμα), in the vast majority of cases is used in the poetic texts of O. Man- delstam not as a familiar attribute of the Aesop language (opinion of N. Struve) but for aesthetic purposes, i.e. as a technique that gives the text an emotionally minor, stylistically elevated, often prophetic shade, the character of Enigma.


2021 ◽  
pp. 161-177
Author(s):  
Valentyna Tytarenko

This article substantiates the relevance of the historical dictionary of words borrowed from the Polish language, describes the principles of its construction, the structure of the dictionary articles. The main purpose of the dictionary is to collectively present the Polonisms that functioned in the northern Ukrainian records of the XVI–XVII centuries as well as to indicate origins, semantics, chronology, territory, etc. The register of lexicographical work will include Polonisms found in the records of the XVI–XVII centuries. Borrowed words will be selected from the etymological source, etymon will be added to them, each lexical meaning will be illustrated, the location and time of writing the record will be indicated. If necessary, the words will be given a broader commentary on the semantics, phonetic or grammatical design, etc. Today, its file contains about 800 words of Polish origin, found in various texts of the XVI–XVII centuries in northern Ukrainian area (acts of city, sub-chamber and district governments in Volodymyr-Volynskyi, Lutsk, Zhytomyr, Ovruch, Kyiv, diplomas, universals both public and private; texts of various genres: fiction, polemical, confessional literature). In the publication we substantiate that before borrowing there must be an indication of the source of information (relevant etymological dictionaries or other work), because, firstly, it confirms the origin of foreign words, and secondly, from an ethical point of view, researchers often do not trace history of a foreign word, and on the basis of existing studies of etymologists, respectively, there should be a vocation, and thirdly, a number of tokens in Ukrainian linguistics do not have an unambiguous interpretation, so the researcher of borrowings thus illustrates whose views he adheres or has his own opinion.


2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 286-290
Author(s):  
Gerhard Zotz ◽  
Frank Almeda ◽  
Salvador Arias ◽  
Barry Hammel ◽  
Emerson Pansarin

AbstractFor decades, tropical ecologists distinguished primary (PH) and secondary hemiepiphytes (SH) as two structurally dependent life forms with an epiphytic phase at, respectively, the beginning or the end of their ontogeny. However, the use of these terms has been criticized repeatedly because the term “hemiepiphyte” suggests an unsubstantiated biological similarity in ontogeny, and worse, because it is often used without a qualifier, which makes unambiguous interpretation of the life history of such species impossible. In this paper, we go one step further and ask the question whether an ontogenetic trajectory as described by the term “secondary hemiepiphyte” does exist at all. We show that until now all evidence available for the three families that were traditionally listed as taxa with SHs (Araceae, Cyclanthaceae, Marcgraviaceae) falsifies such claims, but critically discuss reports of possible SHs in other families. In all these cases unambiguous conclusions about the existence of any SH are difficult, but our detailed discussion of potential candidates is meant to provide the basis for focused field studies. Irrespective of the outcome of these studies, we urge researchers to abandon the use of the term SH for the time being: Terminological issues can be discussed once there are data.


2021 ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
Л.Б. Крюкова ◽  
А.Н. Губайдуллина

В статье рассматривается структурно-семантическая организация отдельных типов односоставных предложений в профессиональной коммуникации. Анализ функциональной нагрузки и коммуникативного потенциала исследуемых конструкций проводится с дискурсивных позиций. В качестве предмета лингвистического анализа выбраны строевые команды, представляющие собой односоставные и неполные грамматические структуры, реализация которых напрямую обусловлена стандартизованностью и субординативностью военной речи, однозначностью интерпретации и отсутствием вариативности. В фокусе внимания – инфинитивные и определенно-личные синтаксические единицы, ориентированные на вертикальную модель коммуникации. Отмечается четко выраженная жанровая обусловленность процессов интеръективации и вербализации. Демонстрируется, что императивный характер военного дискурса определяет семантику и коммуникативную направленность односоставных и неполных словесных конструкций. The article deals with the structural and semantic organization of certain types of one-member sentences in professional communication. The functional load and the communicative potential of the sentences are analyzed from a discursive standpoint. The object of linguistic analysis are drill commands, which are one-member and incomplete grammatical structures. The standardization and subordinality of military speech, unambiguous interpretation and lack of variability directly affect drill command verbalization forms. The focus is on infinitive and definite personal syntactic units oriented towards the vertical communication model. The interjectivation and verbalization processes are clearly caused by the genre. The article shows that the imperative nature of military discourse determines the semantics and communicative orientation of one-member and incomplete verbal constructions.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 391
Author(s):  
Tiiu Leibur ◽  
Katrin Saks ◽  
Irene-Angelica Chounta

This paper presents the findings of a study into the application process of the professional standards (PS) qualification in Estonia, which is a standard used to identify the level of professionalism of a teacher. The study collected the views of active teachers who have applied for the PS and those of the assessors to understand the shortcomings in the application and the expectations for the application process. The main challenges identified are that teachers lack respective skills to adequately comprehend qualification requirements (unambiguous interpretation of PS) and the lack of evidence-based performance indicators (difficult to prove) and weak self-analysis skills; hence, the teacher needs assistance. The research found that teachers need collaborative support, motivation and constructive feedback on their professional development (PD), both from colleagues and at school and national levels. Based on this research, it can be said that teachers who have gone through the application process have gained greater self-confidence, value themselves as teachers and continue their in-service training.


Author(s):  
Narbekov D.E. ◽  

The article notes that economic risk is one of the most multifaceted phenomena, the nature and components of which are not subject to a simple and unambiguous interpretation. But it should be noted that the classification of risks of this type, taking into account the many factors containing its signs is a rather voluminous problem due to the lack of a generally accepted systemic classification. The author argues that the above classification of methods for managing economic risks makes it possible to determine the characteristics used in their classification in the management process as a whole.


2021 ◽  
pp. 56-62
Author(s):  
M.V. Bakonina ◽  
◽  
O.E. Koteneva ◽  
A.S. Nikolaev ◽  
◽  
...  

The article deals with the problems that arise when registering trademarks in the Russian Federation that are similar to the name, surname or pseudonym of a well-known person in Russia. Practical examples show the lack of a unified approach to the possibility of registering well-known surnames as trademarks. The materials of the article are prepared in accordance with the current regulatory legal acts, and all the examples considered are quite well-known in the professional environment disputable situations. The authors have formed a proposal on the need to prepare an unambiguous interpretation of the issue related to the fact that the surname, which has long become public property and is the basis of national culture, can become a protected element of a trademark. Otherwise, the copyright holder of this trademark will receive a monopoly right to use the name and surname of a well-known figure of politics, culture, science and art in the country.


Author(s):  
Oksana V. Rtischeva

The article considers issues of defining language temporality through content for communication between language and thinking in the world conceptualization regarding the ideas of time developing in culture. The author notes the role of the person in modeling language temporality based on which the general worldview reflecting existential understanding of culture is constructed. Moreover, the author underlines that consideration of language temporality is defined by specifics of time perception as the objected universal forming a conceptual basis of culture. Metaphorical ways of exteriorization of language temporality in perception of typical repeatability of an event row are revealed (B. L. Whorf). The author considers metaphorization of culture in implementing language temporality through the identification of time and human life. In addition, the author notes that integration of models between time and life is not always subjected to logical coordination and definition. Time as a natural process represents the movement caused by natural laws, which set the formalized principles of the consecutive changes, which are abstractly presented in the straight line (infinity). However, assessment and understanding of the movement direction is possible if the straight line becomes discrete, as only in this case it is possible to speak about the components of the whole pointing out its sense, that is possible to present in the form of the points located on the straight line. This discretization defines differences in understanding of time that is dictated by metaphorical sense of language temporality and culture, since a lack of opportunities for unambiguous interpretation of changes generate modifications of meanings which lie in the nature of defining time and its goal-setting


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