scholarly journals Vectorial-transmission Risk Assessment of Leishmaniasis due to the Presence of Sand Flies in Northwest Morocco

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
South America ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Parasitic Diseases ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Southern Europe

Leishmaniasis are parasitic diseases occur in tropical and subtropical areas of 98 countries, including 72 developing countries. The endemic areas are southern Europe and many countries in East Africa, South Asia and South America. The global prevalence is estimated at 12 million cases. The incidence of leishmaniasis is increasing worldwide. There are between 1.5 and 2 million new cases of leishmaniasis each year worldwide and about 40000 deaths, due to visceral leishmaniasis [1,2]. Leishmaniasis are transmitted by the bite of the hematophagous female sand fly of the genus Plebotomus (diptera psychodidae) [1].

scholarly journals Diversity, distribution and natural Leishmania infection of sand flies from communities along the Interoceanic Highway in the Southeastern Peruvian Amazon

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. e0009000
Author(s):  
Hugo O. Valdivia ◽  
Victor O. Zorrilla ◽  
Liz. J. Espada ◽  
Jocelyn G. Perez ◽  
Hugo R. Razuri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Leishmania Infection ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Peruvian Amazon ◽  
Madre De Dios ◽  
Tegumentary Leishmaniasis ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Study Sites

The Peruvian-Brazilian border is a highly endemic tegumentary leishmaniasis region in South America. The interoceanic highway is a commercial route that connects Peru and Brazil through Madre de Dios and has raised concerns about its impact on previously undisturbed areas. In order to assess leishmaniasis transmission risk along this highway, we conducted a surveillance study of the sand fly populations in this area. Sand flies were collected between 2009 and 2010 along transects at 200 m, 600 m and 1000 m from six study sites located along the highway (Iberia, La Novia, Alto Libertad, El Carmen, Florida Baja, Mazuko and Mavila) and an undisturbed area (Malinowski). Collected specimens were identified based on morphology and non-engorged females of each species were pooled and screened by kinetoplast PCR to detect natural Leishmania infections. A total of 9,023 specimens were collected belonging to 54 different Lutzomyia species including the first report of Lu. gantieri in Peru. Four species accounted for 50% of all specimens (Lutzomyia carrerai carrerai, Lu. davisi, Lu. shawi and Lu. richardwardi). El Carmen, Alto Libertad, Florida Baja and Malinowski presented higher Shannon diversity indexes (H = 2.36, 2.30, 2.17 and 2.13, respectively) than the most human disturbed sites of Mazuko and La Novia (H = 1.53 and 1.06, respectively). PCR detected 10 positive pools belonging to Lu. carrerai carrerai, Lu. yuilli yuilli, Lu. hirsuta hirsuta, Lu. (Trichophoromyia) spp., and Lu. (Lutzomyia) spp. Positive pools from 1,000 m transects had higher infectivity rates than those from 600 m and 200 m transects (9/169 = 5.3% vs 0/79 = 0% and 1/127 = 0.8%, p = 0.018). El Carmen, accounted for eight out of ten positives whereas one positive was collected in Florida Baja and Mazuko each. Our study has shown differences in sand fly diversity, abundance and species composition across and within sites. Multiple clustered Lutzomyia pools with natural Leishmania infection suggest a complex, diverse and spotty role in leishmaniasis transmission in Madre de Dios, with increased risk farther from the highway.

Entomological Studies in Itaúna, Brazil, an Area With Visceral Leishmaniasis Transmission: Fauna Survey, Natural Leishmania Infection, and Molecular Characterization of the Species Circulating in Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 1368-1376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josiane V Lopes ◽  
Erika M Michalsky ◽  
Nathalia C L Pereira ◽  
Adão J V de Paula ◽  
Fabiana O Lara-Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Leishmania Infection ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Phlebotomine Sand Flies

Abstract Among neglected tropical diseases, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) shows great relevance in global terms and is a serious public health concern due to the possibility of severe and lethal forms in humans. In this study, we evaluate entomological factors such as diversity and abundance of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera:Psychodidae) and the Leishmania species circulating in these species in possible association with VL transmission in the Brazilian town Itaúna. The entomological collections were performed during three consecutive nights, always in the third week of each month, within a period of 12 mo. A total of 1,786 sand fly specimens were collected, from which 20% were collected inside houses. The influence of three local climatic variables (temperature, rainfall, relative humidity) on the population sizes of these insects was evaluated. Temperature was the most influential factor, with a significant positive correlation with the local population size of phlebotomine sand flies collected per month. Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) was the predominant species in the study area. Leishmania DNA was detected in nine out of 133 pools of sand fly females, using nested/PCR, which resulted in a minimal natural infection rate of 2.91%. DNA from Leishmania infantum Nicolle, 1908 (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatida), was detected in Evandromyia cortelezzii (Bréthes, 1923), Ev. evandroi (Costa, Lima & Antunes, 1936), Ev. lenti (Mangabeira, 1938), and Ev. termitophila (Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1964), besides Lu. longipalpis. Our study indicates favorable conditions for VL spreading in Itaúna due to the presence of Lu. longipalpis and Le. infantum-infected phlebotomine sand flies.

scholarly journals Canned Adaptations and International Success of Turkish TV

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (17) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Deniz Zorlu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
South America ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Female Protagonists ◽  
Recent Success ◽  
Close Textual Analysis ◽  
International Success

This article examines Turkish TV series’ recent success as canned programming primarily in newly developed and developing countries in Eastern Europe, the Balkans, the Middle East, South Asia, and South America through close textual analysis of a particularly popular Turkish adaptation, Bizim Hikaye (Our Story) (2017–2019) in comparison with its original, Shameless (2011–). I argue that Turkish series’ emphasis on nostalgic and melancholic narrative frames make them particularly appealing in these regions, as they deal with relatable circumstances of swift and traumatic changes under neoliberalism. However, female protagonists are allowed only a limited range of roles because of the reliance on nostalgia, thus, ultimately serving to re-legitimize patriarchal relations of domination.

scholarly journals Efficacy and Safety of Paromomycin for Visceral Leishmaniasis: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Pashupati Pokharel ◽  
Rakesh Ghimire ◽  
Pratik Lamichhane
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
South America ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
Resource Limited

Visceral leishmaniasis, also known as kala-azar is one of the most commonly neglected tropical diseases affecting a large number of rural and resource-limited people in South Asia, Africa, and South America. Paromomycin, an aminoglycoside drug, is frequently used for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Despite limited therapies for visceral leishmaniasis and emerging drug resistance, a proper review on the action of paromomycin for kala-azar is lacking. This systematic review aims to look for the efficacy and safety aspects of paromomycin for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION OF LEISHMANIASIS VECTORS IN EL-KADOBA VILLAGE, WHITE NILE STATE, SUDAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 430-441
Author(s):  
Belal Abdallah A. Adam ◽  
Moawia Mukhtar Hassan ◽  
Osman Mohammed Abd Elnour ◽  
Ahmed Hamid Awadallah
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Leishmania Infection ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
Ecological Aspects ◽  
Binocular Microscope ◽  
White Nile

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL; kala-azar) is one of the most important parasitic tropical diseases in Sudan   and the Sudan is considered to be one of the most important foci in the world. The visceral leishmaniasis has been described in Sudan since the beginning of the twentieth century. In Sudan, VL is caused by Leishmania donovani complex: MON 18, MON 30 and MON 82 zymodemes and  The proven vector is Phlebotomus (Larroussius) orientalis, in this study a survey was carried out to identify the principal vector of VL based on Leishmania infection, morphological characters and to determine some ecological aspects of the sand flies prevalent in the area . Ten species of sand flies were recorded, three Phlebotomus species and seven Sergentomyia species of these sandflies, P. rodhaini was collected only from Acacia seyal/Balanities aegyptiaca at the Island whereas S. hunti was collected from the Acacia nilotica forest only of the total collections, P. orientalis representing 3.80% (248 specimens) of the total collection and P. papatasi were 3.11% of the collection. Sand flies identification was done under a binocular microscope at 40x (magnification). The main features used for sand flies identification were the sperm theca of the female, the termination of the male and the pharyngeal and the ciboria toothed structures of both sexes. According to results of this study we recommended the following:  more studies are needed in the future to determine the transmission season, and infection rates of Leishmania parasites in human and the animal host in this area. Annually Entomological surveys must be done to determine density of Sand fly Vectors and Encourage the use of personal protection tools (ITNs), repellents, and improving of houses to avoid bite of sand fly.

scholarly journals Molecular Evidence Suggests That Wolbachia pipientis (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) is Widely Associated With South American Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Léo Nava Piorsky Dominici Cruz ◽  
Luis Fernando Carvalho-Costa ◽  
José Manuel Macário Rebêlo
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
South American ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Wolbachia Pipientis ◽  
16S Rna ◽  
Leishmania Spp ◽  
Causative Agents

Abstract Wolbachia pipientis (Hertig) is an endosymbiotic microorganism widespread among arthropods and other invertebrate hosts, and employed in strategies to reduce the incidence of arthropod-borne diseases. Here, we used a PCR-based approach for 16S RNA and wsp genes to investigate the prevalence, geographical distribution, and strains of Wolbachia in sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), the main vectors of the causative agents of leishmaniasis, from three biomes in Brazil: Amazon, Cerrado, and Caatinga. We found that: 1) Wolbachia DNA is present in most (66.7%) of the sampled sand fly species, including vectors of Leishmania spp. (Ross, Trypanosomatida: Trypanosomatidae), 2) the prevalence of Wolbachia DNA varies among species and populations, 3) some strains of Wolbachia may have wider geographical and host range in South America, and 4) two phylogenetic distinct wsp sequences might represent two novel strains for Wolbachia in South America sand flies. Those findings increase the basic knowledge about Wolbachia in South American sand flies and might foster further researches on its use to reduce the transmission of sand fly-borne parasites.

scholarly journals Insights into the salivary N-glycome of Lutzomyia longipalpis, vector of visceral leishmaniasis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Mondragon-Shem ◽  
Katherine Wongtrakul-Kish ◽  
Radoslaw P. Kozak ◽  
Shi Yan ◽  
Iain Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Salivary Proteins ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Detailed Structural Analysis ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Before And After

AbstractDuring Leishmania transmission sand flies inoculate parasites and saliva into the skin of vertebrates. Saliva has anti-haemostatic and anti-inflammatory activities that evolved to facilitate bloodfeeding, but also modulate the host’s immune responses. Sand fly salivary proteins have been extensively studied, but the nature and biological roles of protein-linked glycans remain overlooked. Here, we characterised the profile of N-glycans from the salivary glycoproteins of Lutzomyia longipalpis, vector of visceral leishmaniasis in the Americas. In silico predictions suggest half of Lu. longipalpis salivary proteins may be N-glycosylated. SDS-PAGE coupled to LC-MS analysis of sand fly saliva, before and after enzymatic deglycosylation, revealed several candidate glycoproteins. To determine the diversity of N-glycan structures in sand fly saliva, enzymatically released sugars were fluorescently tagged and analysed by HPLC, combined with highly sensitive LC-MS/MS, MALDI-TOF-MS, and exoglycosidase treatments. We found that the N-glycan composition of Lu. longipalpis saliva mostly consists of oligomannose sugars, with Man5GlcNAc2 being the most abundant, and a few hybrid-type species. Interestingly, some glycans appear modified with a group of 144 Da, whose identity has yet to be confirmed. Our work presents the first detailed structural analysis of sand fly salivary glycans.

scholarly journals Assessment of sand fly (Diptera, Psychodidae) control using cypermethrin in an endemic area for visceral leishmaniasis, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais State, Brazil

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 2117-2123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Andrade Barata ◽  
Erika Monteiro Michalsky ◽  
Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara ◽  
João Carlos França-Silva ◽  
Marília Fonseca Rocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Endemic Area ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Light Traps ◽  
Minas Gerais State ◽  
Transmission Area

Montes Claros in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, was considered an intense transmission area for visceral leishmaniasis. This study evaluated sand fly fauna after insecticide application. Captures were performed in 10 districts from September 2005 to August 2006 with CDC light traps inside and outside each residence. Cypermethrin was sprayed in two cycles during November/2005 and May/2006. The 636 specimens collected, belonging to 10 species, were predominantly Lutzomyia longipalpis (79%), and most frequently males (70%). The highest percentage of specimens were captured in areas surrounding domiciles (85.8%). The main species were observed to be sensitive to treatment with the insecticide. The results showed a reduction in the number of sand flies collected after use of cypermethrin in homes and annexes, and with residual effect lasting from two to four months.

scholarly journals Phlebotomine sand flies and canine infection in areas of human visceral leishmaniasis, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Leandro da Cruz Mestre ◽  
Ana Lúcia Maria Ribeiro ◽  
Rosina Djunko Miyazaki ◽  
Jorge Senatore Vargas Rodrigues ◽  
Arleana do Bom Parto Ferreira de Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Human Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Canine Infection ◽  
The City

Visceral leishmaniasis is a systemic infectious disease that can cause to a severe, potentially life-threatening chronic condition in humans. Risk factors for infection in urban areas have been associated with poor living conditions, the presence of sand fly vectors and infected pets. This study aimed to describe sand fly and canine infection in the neighborhoods of human visceral leishmaniasis occurrence in the city of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State, central-western Brazil, reported between January 2005 and December 2006. A total of 1,909 sand flies were collected. They were predominantly males and the most frequent species were Lutzomyia cruzi (81.25%), Lutzomyia whitmani (13.88%) and Lutzomyia longipalpis (2.62%). The sand fly density was not significantly correlated with the variation of environmental factors. The prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the neighborhoods studied was 26.82% and it was found that areas with high density of vectors coincided with areas of high prevalence of dogs and those with the highest rates of human cases. The study of vectors and other potential hosts are essential for a good understanding of visceral leishmaniasis and the related public health concerns, aiming at the prevention and control of leishmaniasis in the city of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State.

scholarly journals Sandflies (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) survey in an urban transmission area of visceral leishmaniasis, Northeastern Brazil

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 233-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sthenia Santos Albano Amóra ◽  
Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua ◽  
Francisco Marlon Carneiro Feijó ◽  
Paula Gabriela Melo de Oliveira ◽  
Gislayne Christianne Xavier Peixoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Sand Flies

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a major public health challenge in Brazil, especially in states where it is endemic. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of sand fly population density with environmental variables (temperature, rainfall and relative humidity) in urban areas of the city of Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil. Sand flies were captured with Center Disease Control (CDC) traps installed monthly in the intra and peridomicile of three houses. Data analysis was based on the chi-square test and linear regression. A total of 7,347 sand flies were captured, being 93.85% Lutzomyia longipalpis and 6.15% Lutzomyia evandroi. Sand flies were more commonly found in the peridomicile and there was no difference between the number of males and females. The variables rainy season as well as relative humidity and rainfall, alone or together, did not have an effect on sand fly population density. However, high temperatures had a negative effect. The study of the behavior of sand flies in specific units of endemic areas can provide input to public health authorities for planning appropriate VL vector control measures.

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