NEURON BRAIN CENTER: THE BRIGHT VISION

The olfactory system is a classical model for studying sensory processing. The first olfactory brain center [the olfactory bulb of vertebrates and the antennal lobe (AL) of insects] contains spherical neuropiles called glomeruli. Each glomerulus receives the information from one olfactory receptor type. Interglomerular computation is accomplished by lateral connectivity via interneurons. However, the spatial and functional organization of these lateral connections is not completely understood. Here we studied the spatial logic in the AL of the honeybee. We combined topical application of neurotransmitters, olfactory stimulations, and in vivo calcium imaging to visualize the arrangement of lateral connections. Suppression of activity in a single glomerulus with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) while presenting an odor reveals the existence of inhibitory interactions. Stimulating a glomerulus with acetylcholine (ACh) activates inhibitory interglomerular connections that can reduce odor-evoked responses. We show that this lateral network is patchy, in that individual glomeruli inhibit other glomeruli with graded strength, but in a spatially discontinuous manner. These results suggest that processing of olfactory information requires combinatorial activity patterns with complex topologies across the AL.

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NEUROSCIENCE: Big Bucks for MIT Brain Center

Science ◽

10.1126/science.296.5571.1217a ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 296 (5571) ◽

pp. 1217a-1217

Author(s):

A. Lawler

Keyword(s):

Brain Center

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HUBUNGAN HIPERURISEMIA DENGAN KARDIOMEGALI PADA PASIEN GAGAL JANTUNG KONGESTIF

e-CliniC ◽

10.35790/ecl.4.1.2016.10971 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Keishi G. D. Masengi ◽

Jeffrey Ongkowijaya ◽

Frans Wantania

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Congestive Heart Failure ◽

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy ◽

Ventricular Hypertrophy ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Brain Center ◽

Factor Alpha ◽

Cardio Vascular ◽

Necrosis Factor

Abstract: Hyperuricemia leads to left ventricular hypertrophy that affects the occurrence of congestive heart failure. Increased uric acid level causes increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This ROS stimulates tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) which binds to tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) in the heart, causing a series of reactions of myocyte apoptosis and fibrosis with left ventricular hypertrophy as the final result. This study aimed to determine the relationship between hyperuricemia and cardiomegaly in patients with congestive heart failure. This was an analytical study with a cross sectional design. Samples were 30 patients with congestive heart failure hospitalized in Irina F and Cardio Vascular Brain Center Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital in Manado. The result of independent T test stated that there was a significant association between hyperuricemia and cardiomegaly in patients with congestive heart failure with a p value 0,020 and an odds ratio of 3.571.Keywords: hyperuricemia, cardiomegaly, left ventricular hypertrophy, congestive heart failure Abstrak: Hiperurisemia menyebabkan terjadinya hipertrofi ventrikel kiri sehingga berdampak terjadinya gagal jantung kongestif. Peningkatan kadar asam urat menyebabkan peningkatan produksi reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS akan menstimulasi tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) yangs selanjutnya akan berikatan dengan tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) di jantung sehingga menyebabkan serangkaian reaksi apoptosis miosit dan fibrosis dengan hasil akhir hipertrofi ventrikel kiri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan hiperurisemia dengan kardiomegali pada pasien gagal jantung kongestif. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analitik dengan desain potong lintang. Sampel penelitian ini ialah 30 pasien gagal jantung kongestif di rawat inap Irina F dan Cardio Vascular Brain Center RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Hasil Uji T Independent menyatakan bahwa ada hubungan bermakna antara hiperurisemia dan kardiomegali pada pasien gagal jantung kongestif (p=0,020), dengan nilai odds ratio sebesar 3,571.Kata kunci: hiperurisemia, kardiomegali, hipertrofi ventrikel kiri, gagal jantung kongestif

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Shared mushroom body circuits underlie visual and olfactory memories in Drosophila

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.02395 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

Cited By ~ 87

Author(s):

Katrin Vogt ◽

Christopher Schnaitmann ◽

Kristina V Dylla ◽

Stephan Knapek ◽

Yoshinori Aso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mushroom Body ◽

Visual Learning ◽

Dopamine Neurons ◽

Brain Functions ◽

Economical Design ◽

Sensory Modalities ◽

Brain Center ◽

Reinforcing Stimuli ◽

The Brain ◽

Intrinsic Neurons

In nature, animals form memories associating reward or punishment with stimuli from different sensory modalities, such as smells and colors. It is unclear, however, how distinct sensory memories are processed in the brain. We established appetitive and aversive visual learning assays for Drosophila that are comparable to the widely used olfactory learning assays. These assays share critical features, such as reinforcing stimuli (sugar reward and electric shock punishment), and allow direct comparison of the cellular requirements for visual and olfactory memories. We found that the same subsets of dopamine neurons drive formation of both sensory memories. Furthermore, distinct yet partially overlapping subsets of mushroom body intrinsic neurons are required for visual and olfactory memories. Thus, our results suggest that distinct sensory memories are processed in a common brain center. Such centralization of related brain functions is an economical design that avoids the repetition of similar circuit motifs.

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Neuropeptide Y and Metabolism Syndrome: An Update on Perspectives of Clinical Therapeutic Intervention Strategies

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology ◽

10.3389/fcell.2021.695623 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Yinqiong Huang ◽

Xiahong Lin ◽

Shu Lin

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Neuropeptide Y ◽

Metabolic Regulation ◽

Intervention Strategy ◽

Clinical Intervention ◽

Peripheral Tissues ◽

Control Center ◽

Metabolism Syndrome ◽

Brain Center ◽

Regulatory Effects

Through the past decade of research, the pathogenic mechanisms underlying metabolic syndrome have been suggested to involve not only the peripheral tissues, but also central metabolic regulation imbalances. The hypothalamus, and the arcuate nucleus in particular, is the control center for metabolic homeostasis and energy balance. Neuropeptide Y neurons are particularly abundantly expressed in the arcuate of the hypothalamus, where the blood-brain barrier is weak, such as to critically integrate peripheral metabolic signals with the brain center. Herein, focusing on metabolic syndrome, this manuscript aims to provide an overview of the regulatory effects of Neuropeptide Y on metabolic syndrome and discuss clinical intervention strategy perspectives for neurometabolic disease.

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