scholarly journals 2016 volcano eruptions in Kamchatka and the Northern Kuriles and their danger to aviation

2019 ◽  
pp. 34-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. A. Girina ◽  
A. G. Manevich ◽  
D. V. Melnikov ◽  
A. A. Nuzhdaev ◽  
E. G. Petrova
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Volcanic Activity ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Explosive Activity ◽  
The North ◽  
Explosive Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Explosive Events ◽  
Active Volcanoes

Strong explosive volcanic eruptions are extremely dangerous to the modern jet aircraft as they can produce several cubic kilometers of volcanic ash and aerosols that can be sent to the atmosphere and the stratosphere in several hours to several days during the eruption. In 2016, five from thirty active volcanoes erupted in Kamchatka (Sheveluch, Klyuchevskoy, Bezymianny, Karymsky, and Zhupanovsky) and three from six active volcanoes in the Northern Kuriles (Alaid, Ebeko, and Chikurachki). Effusive volcanic activity was noted at Sheveluch, Klyuchevskoy, Bezymianny and Alaid. All the volcanoes produced explosive activity. Strong explosive events occurred at Sheveluch mainly from September till December. Moderate ash emission had accompanied of Klyuchevskoy’s eruption through March till November. Explosive activity at Karymsky, Zhupanovsky, Alaid, and Chikurachki volcanoes was observed mainly in the first half of the year. The total area covered by ash in 2016 was estimated 600,000 km2, from which 460,000 km2 were related to the eruptions of Kamchatka volcanoes and 140,000 km2 were attributed to the eruption of the North Kuriles volcanoes. The activity at Sheveluch, Klyuchevskoy, and Zhupanovsky was dangerous to international and local airlines as explosions produced ash up to 10-12 km above sea level. The activity at Bezymianny, Karymsky, Alaid, Ebeko, and Chikurachki posed a threat to local aircrafts when explosions sent ash up to 5 km above sea level.

scholarly journals 2016 volcano eruptions in Kamchatka and the Northern Kuriles and their danger to aviation

2019 ◽  
pp. 34-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. A. Girina ◽  
A. G. Manevich ◽  
D. V. Melnikov ◽  
A. A. Nuzhdaev ◽  
E. G. Petrova
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Volcanic Activity ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Explosive Activity ◽  
The North ◽  
Explosive Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Explosive Events ◽  
Active Volcanoes

Strong explosive volcanic eruptions are extremely dangerous to the modern jet aircraft as they can produce several cubic kilometers of volcanic ash and aerosols that can be sent to the atmosphere and the stratosphere in several hours to several days during the eruption. In 2016, five from thirty active volcanoes erupted in Kamchatka (Sheveluch, Klyuchevskoy, Bezymianny, Karymsky, and Zhupanovsky) and three from six active volcanoes in the Northern Kuriles (Alaid, Ebeko, and Chikurachki). Effusive volcanic activity was noted at Sheveluch, Klyuchevskoy, Bezymianny and Alaid. All the volcanoes produced explosive activity. Strong explosive events occurred at Sheveluch mainly from September till December. Moderate ash emission had accompanied of Klyuchevskoy’s eruption through March till November. Explosive activity at Karymsky, Zhupanovsky, Alaid, and Chikurachki volcanoes was observed mainly in the first half of the year. The total area covered by ash in 2016 was estimated 600,000 km2, from which 460,000 km2 were related to the eruptions of Kamchatka volcanoes and 140,000 km2 were attributed to the eruption of the North Kuriles volcanoes. The activity at Sheveluch, Klyuchevskoy, and Zhupanovsky was dangerous to international and local airlines as explosions produced ash up to 10-12 km above sea level. The activity at Bezymianny, Karymsky, Alaid, Ebeko, and Chikurachki posed a threat to local aircrafts when explosions sent ash up to 5 km above sea level.

scholarly journals The fate of volcanic ash: premature or delayed sedimentation?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Rossi ◽  
Gholamhossein Bagheri ◽  
Frances Beckett ◽  
Costanza Bonadonna
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Theoretical Description ◽  
Particle Sedimentation ◽  
Weather Modeling ◽  
Explosive Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Travel Distances ◽  
Ash Dispersal

AbstractA large amount of volcanic ash produced during explosive volcanic eruptions has been found to sediment as aggregates of various types that typically reduce the associated residence time in the atmosphere (i.e., premature sedimentation). Nonetheless, speculations exist in the literature that aggregation has the potential to also delay particle sedimentation (rafting effect) even though it has been considered unlikely so far. Here, we present the first theoretical description of rafting that demonstrates how delayed sedimentation may not only occur but is probably more common than previously thought. The fate of volcanic ash is here quantified for all kind of observed aggregates. As an application to the case study of the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull volcano (Iceland), we also show how rafting can theoretically increase the travel distances of particles between 138–710 μm. These findings have fundamental implications for hazard assessment of volcanic ash dispersal as well as for weather modeling.

scholarly journals Near-real-time volcanic cloud monitoring: insights into global explosive volcanic eruptive activity through analysis of Volcanic Ash Advisories

2021 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Engwell ◽  
L. Mastin ◽  
A. Tupper ◽  
J. Kibler ◽  
P. Acethorp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Volcanic Activity ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Source Parameters ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Volcanic Hazards ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Cloud Monitoring ◽  
Satellite Sensors ◽  
Volcanic Cloud

AbstractUnderstanding the location, intensity, and likely duration of volcanic hazards is key to reducing risk from volcanic eruptions. Here, we use a novel near-real-time dataset comprising Volcanic Ash Advisories (VAAs) issued over 10 years to investigate global rates and durations of explosive volcanic activity. The VAAs were collected from the nine Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres (VAACs) worldwide. Information extracted allowed analysis of the frequency and type of explosive behaviour, including analysis of key eruption source parameters (ESPs) such as volcanic cloud height and duration. The results reflect changes in the VAA reporting process, data sources, and volcanic activity through time. The data show an increase in the number of VAAs issued since 2015 that cannot be directly correlated to an increase in volcanic activity. Instead, many represent increased observations, including improved capability to detect low- to mid-level volcanic clouds (FL101–FL200, 3–6 km asl), by higher temporal, spatial, and spectral resolution satellite sensors. Comparison of ESP data extracted from the VAAs with the Mastin et al. (J Volcanol Geotherm Res 186:10–21, 2009a) database shows that traditional assumptions used in the classification of volcanoes could be much simplified for operational use. The analysis highlights the VAA data as an exceptional resource documenting global volcanic activity on timescales that complement more widely used eruption datasets.

scholarly journals The Gravity of Volcanic Eruptions

Eos ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wudan Yan
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Activity ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Gravity Changes ◽  
New Research ◽  
Active Volcanoes

New research suggests that continually monitoring gravity changes near active volcanoes could provide insights into volcanic activity.

scholarly journals Annex to: Volcanic Ash Cloud Observation using Ground-based Ka-band Radar and Near-Infrared Lidar Ceilometer during the Eyjafjallajökull eruption

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank S. Marzano ◽  
Luigi Mereu ◽  
Mario Montopoli ◽  
Domenico Cimini ◽  
Giovanni Martucci
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Title Page ◽  
Ka Band ◽  
Volcanic Ash Cloud ◽  
Explosive Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Ash Cloud

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Volcanic ash plumes are formed during explosive volcanic eruptions. After advection over several thousands of kilometers, volcanic ash particles are highly fragmented, dispersed and aged with micron- sized sorting. This Annex describes the ash microphysical modeling and the simulated radar and lidar signatures. [...]</span></p></div></div></div>

scholarly journals Modelling the Effect of Electrification on Volcanic Ash Aggregation

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Pollastri ◽  
Eduardo Rossi ◽  
Costanza Bonadonna ◽  
Jonathan P. Merrison
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
Coulomb Interactions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Explosive Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Oppositely Charged ◽  
Ash Dispersal

The fine ash released into the atmosphere (particles &lt;63 μm) during explosive volcanic eruptions represents a significant threat for both the ecosystem and many sectors of society. In order to mitigate the associated impact, ash dispersal models need to accurately estimate ash concentration through time and space. Since most fine ash sediments in the form of aggregates, ash dispersal models require a quantitative description of ash aggregation. The physical and chemical processes involved in the collision and sticking of volcanic ash have been extensively studied in the last few decades. Among the different factors affecting volcanic particle aggregation (e.g., turbulence, particle-particle adhesion, presence of liquid and solid water), the charge carried by volcanic particles has been found to play a crucial role. However, Coulomb interactions are not yet taken into account in existing models. In order to fill this gap, we propose a strategy to take charge into account. In particular, we introduce a quantitative model for aggregation of oppositely charged micron—to millimetre-sized objects settling in still air. Our results show that the presence of charge considerably enhances the collision efficiency when one of the colliding objects is very small (&lt;20 µm), and that the sticking efficiency is not affected by particle charge if colliding objects are either small enough (&lt;20 µm) or large enough (&gt;200 µm). Besides providing a theoretical framework to quantify the effect of charge, our findings demonstrate that aggregation models that do not account for electrification significantly underestimate the amount of fine ash that sediments in the form of aggregates, leading to an overestimation of the residence time of fine ash in the atmosphere after explosive volcanic eruptions.

Banding and Volcanic Ash on Patagonian Glaciers

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (21) ◽  
pp. 18-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Lliboutry
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Activity ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Aerial Photographs

AbstractOn aerial photographs of the Patagonian ice fields several types of bands can be identified; (1) fine ogives similar to Lüder’s lines in metals; (2) dirt bands which are both the outcrop of the annual debris strata of the névé and melt borders (the Schmelzrände of von Klebelsberg); (3) annual wave ogives below some ice falls; (4) annual ogives in regenerated glaciers, the formation of which is studied; (5) large melt borders which occur at longer intervals as a result of volcanic eruptions. These latter give evidence on the volcanic activity in the middle of the Patagonian ice fields.

Holocene eruptive history of Mount Baker, Washington

2001 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 1355-1366 ◽  
Author(s):  
D J Kovanen ◽  
D J Easterbrook ◽  
P A Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Activity ◽  
Volcanic Hazard ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Eruptive Activity ◽  
North Cascades ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
The North ◽  
Volcanic Ashes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Geologic Record

New radiocarbon dates associated with volcanic ashes and lahars improve our understanding of the volcanic activity of Mount Baker, a 3284 m-high, andesitic stratovolcano in the North Cascades, Washington. The geologic record shows that during the Holocene, four ashes and at least seven lahars were deposited on the flanks of Mount Baker and in the nearby North Cascades. Here, we document the ages of three previously undated ashes, the Schriebers Meadow scoria, the Rocky Creek ash, and the Cathedral Crag ash. Because Mount Baker lies at the head of the Nooksack drainage, eruptive activity may influence areas downstream. Understanding the timing and characteristics of volcanic eruptions from Mount Baker is useful from volcanic hazard and paleoclimatological perspectives.

scholarly journals Mercury anomalies across the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan T. Jones ◽  
Lawrence M. E. Percival ◽  
Ella W. Stokke ◽  
Joost Frieling ◽  
Tamsin A. Mather ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Activity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The North ◽  
Carbon Isotope Excursion ◽  
Thermal Maximum ◽  
Tephra Layers

Abstract. Large-scale magmatic events like the emplacement of the North Atlantic Igneous Province (NAIP) are often coincident with periods of extreme climate change such as the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). One proxy for volcanism in the geological record that is receiving increased attention is the use of mercury (Hg) anomalies. Volcanic eruptions are among the dominant natural sources of Hg to the environment; thus, elevated Hg∕TOC values in the sedimentary rock record may reflect an increase in volcanic activity at the time of deposition. Here we focus on five continental shelf sections located around the NAIP in the Palaeogene. We measured Hg concentrations, total organic carbon (TOC) contents, and δ13C values to assess how Hg deposition fluctuated across the PETM carbon isotope excursion (CIE). We find a huge variation in Hg anomalies between sites. The Grane field in the North Sea, the most proximal locality to the NAIP analysed, shows Hg concentrations up to 90 100 ppb (Hg∕TOC = 95 700 ppb wt %−1) in the early Eocene. Significant Hg∕TOC anomalies are also present in Danish (up to 324 ppb wt %−1) and Svalbard (up to 257 ppb wt %−1) sections prior to the onset of the PETM and during the recovery period, while the Svalbard section also shows a continuous Hg∕TOC anomaly during the body of the CIE. The combination with other tracers of volcanism, such as tephra layers and unradiogenic Os isotopes, at these localities suggests that the Hg∕TOC anomalies reflect pulses of magmatic activity. In contrast, we do not observe clear Hg anomalies on the New Jersey shelf (Bass River) or the Arctic Ocean (Lomonosov Ridge). This large spatial variance could be due to more regional Hg deposition. One possibility is that phreatomagmatic eruptions and hydrothermal vent complexes formed during the emplacement of sills led to submarine Hg release, which is observed to result in limited distribution in the modern era. The Hg∕TOC anomalies in strata deposited prior to the CIE may suggest that magmatism linked to the emplacement of the NAIP contributed to the initiation of the PETM. However, evidence for considerable volcanism in the form of numerous tephra layers and Hg∕TOC anomalies post-PETM indicates a complicated relationship between LIP volcanism and climate. Factors such as climate system feedbacks, changes to the NAIP emplacement style, and/or varying magma production rates may be key to both the onset and cessation of hyperthermal conditions during the PETM. However, processes such as diagenesis and organic matter sourcing can have a marked impact on Hg∕TOC ratios and need to be better constrained before the relationship between Hg anomalies and volcanic activity can be considered irrefutable.

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