The role of science in the study of and response to space threats

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 (8) ◽  
pp. 777-799
Author(s):  
B. M. Shustov
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Space Debris ◽  
The Sun ◽  
National Program ◽  
Biological Hazard ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Space Activities

During the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, space hazards multiplied, the most urgent of which is space debris. Professionals working in space are exposed to this hazard daily and are aware of it as a problem. Furthermore, increasing attention is being paid to the unpredictable behavior of the Sun, which produces the so-called space weather. The asteroid-comet hazard is considered as potentially having the most catastrophic consequences. No manifestations of biological hazard have yet been observed, although as space activities develop, it is becoming increasingly important. The appropriate time scale for astrophysical hazards is many millions of years, so from a practical perspective, they have no importance. This article briefly describes the main types of space hazards. The author analyzes the results of research and practical work in the field, both worldwide and specifically in Russia. Comparative analysis leads to the clear conclusion that a national program must be developed for the study of space hazards and to respond to space threats. This article is based on a report made by the author at the meeting of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) on January 15, 2019.

scholarly journals Profesor Stanisław Tabaczyński (1930–2020) – wybitny uczony i intelektualista

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 9-36
Author(s):  
Dorota Cyngot ◽  
Hanna Kowalewska-Marszałek ◽  
Anna Izabella Zalewska ◽  
Danuta Minta-Tworzowska
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
90Th Birthday ◽  
Great Contribution ◽  
World Archaeology ◽  
Editorial Work ◽  
Last Stage ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The reason for this article was the 90th birthday of Professor Stanisław Tabaczyński (born on April 1, 1930). However, at the last stage of editorial work, the sad news of his death reached us (November 28, 2020). All the more we would like to commemorate the Professor, recalling his achievements and merits, which place him among the most outstanding Polish archaeologists, including actual members of the Polish Academy of Sciences. He made a great contribution to the development of Polish and world archaeology in the area of theoretical and field archaeological research. Many of his scientific initiatives concerned the theory and anthropology of culture as well as the methodology of archaeological research and the syntheses of prehistory and the early Middle Ages. His achievements and influence on shaping the minds of archaeologists of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century cannot be overestimated.

scholarly journals О двух ойратских списках «Наказа Манджушри» из коллекции Н. Д. Кичикова (по материалам Кетченеровского краеведческого музея)

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-363
Author(s):  
Delyash N. Muzraevа ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Local History ◽  
The Other ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
Buddhist Monk ◽  
Monastic Community ◽  
History Of

Introduction. The written heritage of Kalmyk Buddhist priests, their daily practices, liturgical repertoire still remain a poorly studied page in the history of Buddhism among Mongolic peoples in the 20th century. The survived collections, clusters of religious texts prove instrumental in revealing most interesting aspects of their activities, efforts aimed at preservation of Buddhist teachings, their popularization and dissemination among believers. Goals. The paper examines two Oirat copies of the Precepts of the Omniscient [Manjushri] from N. D. Kichikov’s collection, transliterates and translates the original texts, provides a comparative analysis, and notes differences therein that had resulted from the scribe’s work, thereby introducing the narratives into scientific circulation. Materials. The article describes two Oirat manuscripts bound in the form of a notebook and contained in different bundles/collections of Buddhist religious texts stored at Ketchenery Museum of Local History and Lore. As is known, the collection is largely compiled from texts that belonged to the famous Kalmyk Buddhist monk Namka (N. D. Kichikov). Results. The analysis of the two Oirat texts with identical titles — Precepts of the Omniscient [Manjushri] — shows that their contents coincide generally but both the texts contain fragmented omissions (separate words, one or several sentences) that are present in the other. At the same time, when omitting fragments of the text addressed to the monastic community, the scribe was obviously guided by that those would be superfluous for the laity. Thus, our comparative analysis of the two manuscript copies demonstrates the sometimes dramatic role of the scribe in transmitting Buddhist teachings.

The Bacterial Clients of Modern Architecture

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-17
Author(s):  
Beatriz Colomina ◽  
Mark Wigley
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Contemporary Research

The human is an unstable idea; simultaneously an all-powerful creature – capable of transforming the whole ecology of the planet – yet extremely fragile, a murky ghost. Contemporary research into our microbiome portrays the human itself as a mobile ecology constructed by the endless flux of interactions between thousands of different species of bacteria – some of which are millions of years old and others joined us just a few months ago. This challenges conventional understandings of architecture. What does it mean to house the human when we no longer think that the human organism is securely contained within its skin? What is the role of architecture when the humans occupying it are understood to be suspended in clouds of bacteria shared, generated and mobilized by other macro-organisms (pets, plants, insects…) and the building itself; when the human is not a clearly defined organism or in any sense independent; when the architectural client is a massive set of ever-changing trans-species alliances that make the apparent complexity of even the largest of cities seem quaintly uncomplicated. What kind of care do architects offer if we think of ourselves as alliances between bacteria within the apparent limits of the body and throughout the spaces we occupy? What faces 21st century architects in comparison to 20th century architects?

From grand banking hall to the art and design school library of the 21st century

2007 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Terry
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
21St Century ◽  
School Library ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Art And Design ◽  
Building Program

With a detailed but not site-specific building program, the librarians at Rhode Island School of Design made the case for a new library three times the size of the existing facility. The site became specific with the donation of an early 20th-century grand banking hall. This paper addresses the role of the librarian in the design and construction process and includes an analysis of the way the new library meets the program objectives. In the early 1990’s after several early attempts to resolve the library’s space constraint at Rhode Island School of Design, the librarian was given a useful bit of advice: Stop trying to find the space. You must focus first on the program. What is it that you really need?

The school in Gramsci and Freinet: proximities and distances to rethink educational policies

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Francisco Martins ◽  
Ivan Fortunato
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Educational Policies ◽  
School Structure ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Antonio Gramsci

This paper presents a comparative analysis between the school perspectives of two European authors from the first half of the 20th century: Antonio Gramsci (1881–1937) and Célestin Freinet (1896–1966). Through bibliographical research, comparisons are made between them, taking as reference the theoretical and methodological foundations of each one and what is most fundamental when one is dealing with school: concepts of the human being, principles, purposes, content, method, and school structure. In the final notes, guidelines for educational policies inspired by both authors are presented. The conclusion is that if it is indeed possible to establish proximity between them, since they shared the same conception of the Marxist world, it also possible to view the distance between their methods, such as the role of the teacher in the school, and its syllabus, such as value of the classics.

scholarly journals The feminine image of Russia in the religious and philosophical writings by Russian thinkers at the turn of the 20th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 103 ◽  
pp. 01041
Author(s):  
Arcady G. Sadovnikov ◽  
Alina E. Korzheva ◽  
Farrukh Begidjon Khudoidodzoda
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Silver Age ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Philosophical Writings ◽  
The Universe

The article looks at the versions of the feminine image of Russia in the religious and philosophical reflections of the Russian thinkers who worked during the Silver Age (the period of Russian culture covering approximately 1890–1917): Vladimir Solovyov, Nikolai Berdyaev, and Sergei Bulgakov. Special attention is paid to the balance between the male and female principles, which are endowed with certain characteristics in different works by Russian thinkers, not only from the perspective of human nature but also in terms of the nature of Russian culture and mentality, as well as the cosmic nature of the universe. Analysis of the religious and philosophical pursuit of the Silver Age relating to the feminine image of Russia allows the authors to specify the ideas of the characteristics of femininity engrained in the Russian culture and clarify the role of this pursuit in the development of the reflexive Russian thought directed towards becoming aware of these characteristics. The belief about the salvatory mission carried out by the feminine aspect of the human and cosmic nature distinctively identified in the religious and philosophical writings by the Russian thinkers belonging to the Siver Age requires further study. The research has been conducted within the framework of the symbolic direction of cultural studies with the help of comparative analysis, the method of theoretical reconstruction, and problematic-logical, functional, and systemic approaches. These methods allowed the authors to specify the problematic field of the research and define the main concepts to examine the statements about the feminine aspect of Russian culture by different authors as a unified system of forms aimed at the comprehension of the value and symbolic foundation of the national ethnic culture.

scholarly journals Mental Illness and Psychiatry: The 20th and Early 21st Centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. p57
Author(s):  
Paulann Grech ◽  
Reuben Grech
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Insight Into

The aim of this paper is to present the opposing views and tensions that characterised the evolution of psychiatry and understandings of mental health during the 20th century and the early decades of the 21st century. To this extent, the principal figures and entities that occupied the main fronts during these debates are presented during a description of the journey undertaken by psychiatry during the aforementioned years. Quotes from various original texts or their translations have been included in an attempt to recreate the spirit of the periods under study. This historical exploration provides further insight into the multifaceted world of mental health, its illnesses, treatments and the role of a number of influencing bodies that were crucial into shaping this discipline across the centuries.

The Fragmentary Condition of Aesthetics at the Turn of 21st Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 151-172
Author(s):  
Kamil Lipiński
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Contemporary Art ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Fin De Siecle ◽  
Cultural Education ◽  
Conceptual Foundation ◽  
Fin De Siècle ◽  
Critical Aesthetics ◽  
Point Of Departure

The ‘fragmentary condition’ relates to Jena Romanticism as the point of departure to discuss how the idea of the fragment moves from classical, literary studies to contemporary art and becomes part of a broader interpretation of the 20th century fin de siècle aesthetics. The article builds on Jean-Luc Nancy’s and Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe’s theoretical insights into Jena Romanticism in order to examine the unification of all genres separated from poetry to touch poetry, philosophy, rhetoric through the anecdotal and witty articulation, as well as ars combinatoria. For Romantics, the basic imperative was to educate, form their existence, that is, Bildung, in Hegelian terms, cultural education, formation, development. This literary foundation is defined by Jean-Luc Nancy as a fragmentary existence which he identifies with the fraction, fractal essence, inherent separation, disengaging. Nancy was intent on examining the emergence of various contemporary works expressing their essence in terms of breaks, incompleteness, and an autonomous role of the fragment. This classical conceptual foundation provides these key conceptual and methodological perspectives and allows for discussing the implications of the critical aesthetics of the fin de siècle for the practices of fraction, ex-peau-sition, spacing, and division in the contemporary research in art.

BELARUSIAN SCIENTIST NIKOLAY KASPEROVICH ABOUT LATVIAN LITERATURE AND BELARUSIAN LITERATURE IN LATVIA IN 1920S.

2016 ◽  
pp. 148
Author(s):  
Alexander Lisov
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Local History ◽  
National Literature ◽  
Central Bureau ◽  
Regional Studies ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
Cultural Experience ◽  
Art And Literature ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

In the summer of 1927 the Belarusian philologist, historian and ethnographer Nikolay Ivanovich Kasperovich (1900-1937) effectuated a mission to Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania to study local history practices and pedagogical experience of neighboring countries. At that time he held the post of Academic Secretary of the Central Bureau of Regional Studies at the Belarusian Academy of Sciences. This trip to Finland and to Baltic states lasted from June 28 to September 10, 1927. In Latvia N. I. Kasperovich stayed in Riga and Daugavpils. Several of his publications are dedicated to Latvian literature and to prose and poetry of the Belarusian writers from Latvia. A special article about Latvian national literature of the 19-20th century was written by him. N. Kasperovich’s Estimates of the Belarusian literature in Latvia is interesting in terms of its understanding of national issues in art and literature. The trip to young Baltic states neighboring Belarusian SSR, the study of their cultural experience created the prerequisites for comparative analysis.

Vesnice jako spontánně vzniklá biocentra a zásobníky biodiverzity v současné české zemědělské krajině

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Pondělíček ◽  
Vladimíra Šilhánková
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Rural Landscape ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Treasure Trove ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Further Development

Villages and their functions in the landscape have changed significantly, and the 21st century has brought with it a number of problems in the functioning of village settlements and the rural landscape. The aim of the paper is to analyze the role of the current village in the landscape and biodiversity in the landscape and to outline the possibilities of its functioning in this system and its further development. The work is processed mainly by means of the method of terrain and local surveys. The analysis shows that throughout the 20th century the possibilities of animal and plant move in the landscape decreased and diversity in the form of gardens, cemeteries, parks and other green formations was concentrated in settlements and their immediate vicinity. Contemporary villages and smaller towns have already had a relatively stabilized strip of greenery around them, which was created together with ensuring a quality environment (e.g., soundproofing or sun elimination). This, on the other hand, allowed animals that had not been common in settlements to move into villages. To our surprise, the villages become a treasure trove of biodiversity and the preservation of fragments of important habitats from previous stages of development. The care of intra-settlement greenery thus faces a new, as yet unknown, task - how to maintain and further develop this newly created biodiversity.

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