scholarly journals INTERPRETING DETACHED CONSTRUCTIONS WITH EXPLICIT SUBJECT THROUGH THE PRISM OF RELATED TERMS

2021 ◽  
pp. 48-60
Author(s):  
Victoria Zhukovska
Keyword(s):  
Construction Grammar ◽  
Matrix Clause ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Theoretical Substantiation ◽  
Comprehensive Account ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Linguistic Approach ◽  
The Given ◽  
Cognitive Construction Grammar

This article provides a comprehensive account of the English detached nonfinite and nonverbal constructions with the explicit subject within the framework of construction grammar. The study overviews the terms utilized in Western grammatical studies to nominate the investigated syntactic structures. Depending on the ontological and gnoseological assumptions of a particular linguistic approach, the analyzed terms highlight specific aspects of the syntactic structures under study (morphosyntactic features, syntactic functions, the subject’s case, coreference with the matrix clause, intonation and punctuation marking), and, therefore, cannot fully reveal the nature of the given syntactic phenomenon. The paper discusses the advantages of the term “detached nonfinite and nonverbal constructions with the explicit subject” for cognitive and quantitative operationalization and theoretical substantiation of the examined structures. The component construction is used in the interpretation of the cognitive construction grammar and defined as a noncompositional language sign, a complex pairing of form and meaning, where some aspects of the forms or the meanings cannot be derived from the form and the meaning of its components or from other existing constructions. In present-day English detached [aug/øaug[SubjNP] [PredNF/VL]] constructions constitute a taxonomic constructional network represented through a multiple hierarchy of adjunct clauses combined with the plane of detachment. The network of the analyzed constructions is developed around the constructional schema, represented by the construction of the highest degree of schematicity and abstraction (macro-construction). The features of the macro-construction are inherited by the constructions of a lower level – meso-constructions and individual micro-constructions and are reflected in the specific realized constructions – constructs.

scholarly journals Structures à subordonnée comparative en français

2008 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-61
Author(s):  
Catherine Fuchs ◽  
Nathalie Fournier ◽  
Pierre Le Goffic
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Representation ◽  
Subordinate Clause ◽  
Semantic Representations ◽  
Matrix Clause ◽  
Qualitative Comparison ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
The Matrix

This article deals with syntactic and semantic representation of comparative structures in French. We propose an analysis of quantitative comparatives (plus, moins, aussi … que) and qualitative comparatives (comme) which highlights their common properties as well as their specificities. The first section (§ 1) offers a syntactic typology of matrix clause structures and (comparative) subordinate clause structures. The following sections consider the various aspects of semantic representations, as related to syntactic structures : we successively deal with (§ 2.) the type of parameter, (§ 3.) the type of differential constituant in the subordinate clause, (§ 4.) the type of parallel constituant in the matrix clause (with restitution of ellipses and anaphora), (§ 5.) the type of compared terms, by contrasting quantitative comparisons and qualitative comparison, and (§ 6.) the type of comparison, accounting for prototypical structures as well as for pragmatic effects induced by certain configurations.

The Convex Polytopes and Homogeneous Coordinate Rings of Bivariate Polynomials

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Shamsatun Nahar Ahmad ◽  
Nor’Aini Aris ◽  
Azlina Jumadi
Keyword(s):  
Convex Polytopes ◽  
Polynomial Systems ◽  
Matrix Formulation ◽  
Bivariate Polynomials ◽  
Homogeneous Coordinates ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Projective Vector ◽  
Coordinate Rings ◽  
Resultant Matrix ◽  
The Given

Concepts from algebraic geometry such as cones and fans are related to toric varieties and can be applied to determine the convex polytopes and homogeneous coordinate rings of multivariate polynomial systems. The homogeneous coordinates of a system in its projective vector space can be associated with the entries of the resultant matrix of the system under consideration. This paper presents some conditions for the homogeneous coordinates of a certain system of bivariate polynomials through the construction and implementation of the Sylvester-Bèzout hybrid resultant matrix formulation. This basis of the implementation of the Bèzout block applies a combinatorial approach on a set of linear inequalities, named 5-rule. The inequalities involved the set of exponent vectors of the monomials of the system and the entries of the matrix are determined from the coefficients of facets variable known as brackets. The approach can determine the homogeneous coordinates of the given system and the entries of the Bèzout block. Conditions for determining the homogeneous coordinates are also given and proven.

Da eine oder mehrere betroffen …

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-100
Author(s):  
Melitta Gillmann
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Formal Language ◽  
Subordinate Clause ◽  
Matrix Clause ◽  
Very High Frequency ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Causal Relations ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Very High

AbstractBased on a corpus study conducted using the GerManC corpus (1650–1800), the paper sketches the functional and sociosymbolic development of subordinate clause constructions introduced by the subjunctor da ‘since’ in different text genres. In the second half of the 17th and the first half of the 18th century, the da clauses were characterized by semantic vagueness: Besides temporal, spatial and causal relations, the subjunctor established conditional, concessive, and adversative links between clauses. The corpus study reveals that different genres are crucial to the readings of da clauses. Spatial and temporal usages, for example, occur more often in sermons than in other genres. The conditional reading, in contrast, strongly tends to occur in legal texts, where it displays very high frequency. This could be the reason why da clauses carry indexical meaning in contemporary German and are associated with formal language. Over the course of the 18th century, the causal usages increase in all genres. Surprisingly, these causal da clauses tend to be placed in front of the matrix clause despite the overall tendency of causal clauses to follow the matrix clause.

Preschoolers’ imitation of sentential complement sentences: Does the nature of the matrix clause matter?

2021 ◽  
pp. 014272372110242
Author(s):  
Ian Morton ◽  
C. Melanie Schuele
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Matrix Clause ◽  
Developmental Progression ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Sentence Imitation ◽  
Experimental Findings

Preschoolers’ earliest productions of sentential complement sentences have matrix clauses that are limited in form. Diessel proposed that matrix clauses in these early productions are propositionally empty fixed phrases that lack semantic and syntactic integration with the clausal complement. By 4 years of age, however, preschoolers produce sentential complement sentences with matrix clauses that are more varied. Diessel proposed that the matrix clauses in these later productions semantically and syntactically embed the complement clause. We refer to these matrix clauses as formulaic and true, respectively. Diessel’s hypothesis about the development of sentential complement sentences was based on an analysis of spontaneous language. The purpose of this study was to evaluate Diessel’s hypothesis with an experimental sentence imitation task wherein stimuli varied in the nature of the matrix clause. Thirty children with typical language development participated; 10 children in each age group (3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds) imitated 50 sentential complement sentences that included either a true or a formulaic matrix clause; the structure of the dependent clauses did not vary. Dependent variables were percent sentence imitation and percent matrix clause imitation. There was a significant main effect for matrix clause type on imitation of sentences and matrix clauses. There was also a significant main effect for age on imitation of sentences and matrix clauses. Significant matrix clause type-by-age interactions were such that percent sentence imitation and percent matrix clause imitation varied by age. Three- and 4-year-olds were less proficient than 5-year-olds on imitation of sentences with true matrix clauses and on imitations of true matrix clauses. Only 3- and 4-year-olds were less proficient imitating true matrix clauses than formulaic matrix clauses. Experimental findings support Diessel’s hypothesis that there is a developmental progression in the nature of preschoolers’ production of sentential complement sentences.

scholarly journals Integrated Recycling Process of Matrices of Organic Moulding Sands

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 809-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Dańko
Keyword(s):  
Recycling Process ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Assessment Index ◽  
Experimental Stand ◽  
Synthetic Resins ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Ignition Loss ◽  
On Line ◽  
The Given ◽  
Reclamation Process

Abstract The idea and experimental verification of assumptions of the integrated recycling process of matrices of uniform self-hardening moulding sands with synthetic resins, leading to obtaining moulding sands matrix of expected quality - is presented in the hereby paper. The basis of the presented process constitutes a combination of the method of forecasting averaged ignition losses of moulding sands after casting and defining the range of necessary matrix reclamation treatments in order to obtain its full recycling. Simultaneously, the empirically determined dependence of dusts amounts emitted during the reclamation process of the matrix from the given spent sand on the ignition loss values (which is the most proper assessment index of the obtained reclaimed material quality) was taken into account. The special experimental stand for investigations of the matrix recycling process was one of the elements of the conceptual approach and verification of its assumptions. The stand was equipped with the system of current on-line control of the purification degree of matrix grains from organic binder remains. The results of own investigations, allowing to combine ignition loss values of spent moulding sands after casting knocking out with amounts of dusts generated during the mechanical reclamation treatment of such sands, were utilized in the system.

Equidistance returns

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Longenbaugh ◽  
Maria Polinsky
Keyword(s):  
Subject Position ◽  
Matrix Clause ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Object Shift ◽  
Case System ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Case Licensing ◽  
Embedded Clause ◽  
Text Content ◽  
Semantic Object

Abstract Modern generative linguistic theory furnishes a variety of general principles that appear to be at work in the grammar of all the world’s languages. One of the most basic and uncontroversial of these principles is that Agree/Move operates according to the constraint Attract Closest, which dictates that the closest suitable goal must be the target for the relevant operation (Rizzi 1990; Chomsky 1995, 2000; Richards 1998). The Polynesian language Niuean (Tongic subgroup, predicate initial word order, ergative-absolutive case system) presents a well known challenge to the universality of {Attract Closest}. The challenge manifests in a variety of distinct constructions in Niuean, but the best known case involves an operation first documented by Seiter (1980), which he terms “raising.” Specifically, Niuean raising appears to license an A-type dependency between the subject position of the matrix clause and the object position of an immediately embedded clause. This is illustrated in (1), where the semantic object of the embedded subjunctive clause, Sione, appears as the syntactic subject of the matrix predicate maeke. (1) To maeke a Sione$_{1}$ [ke lagomatai he ekekafo $t_{1}$]. fut possible abs Sione sbj help erg doctor ‘It’s possible the doctor can help Sione.’ (lit.: Sione is possible that the doctor help [him]) Granting that the filler-gap dependency in (1) is A-type, this is both a clear violation of {Attract closest} (Rizzi 1992; Chomsky 1995; Richards 1998) and a typological anomaly. Our aim in this paper is to argue that such apparent violations of {Attract Closest} are only that. Specifically, we show first that the challenge inherent in Seiter’s raising construction is pervasive throughout the language: in general, objects are accessible to syntactic operations even if the intervening clause-mate subject is also a licit target. In other words, Niuean clause-mate subjects and objects are equally accessible to syntactic operations. Then, we argue that this typologically uncommon equal-accessibility follows from the convergence of several otherwise independently attested operations: (i) a configurational system of case licensing, with a $v$P as the case computation domain; (ii) obligatory object shift to Spec($v$P); (iii) an EPP on T triggering V/VP-raising rather than DP externalization. The resulting basic clause structure is then as below, so that Niuean adheres to standard locality constraints. (2)

scholarly journals Featural definition of syntactic positions: Evidence from hyper-raising

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzana Fong
Keyword(s):  
Phase Problem ◽  
Matrix Clause ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Embedded Clause ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Finite Clause

Hyper-raising consists in raising a DP from an embedded finite clause into the matrix clause. HR introduces a phase problem: the embedded clause is finite, which is supposed to be impervious to raising. This can be overcome by postulating A-features at the C of the the embedded clause. They trigger the movement of the subject to [Spec, CP]. Being at the edge of a phase, it is visible to a matrix probe. If successful, this analysis provides support for the claim that syntactic positions are not inherently A or A-bar; they can be defined featurally instead.

scholarly journals State estimation for bilinear impulsive control systems under uncertainties

2018 ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oxana G. Matviychuk
Keyword(s):  
Differential Equations ◽  
State Estimation ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Uncertain Systems ◽  
Impulsive Control ◽  
Compact Set ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Initial States ◽  
Impulsive Control Systems ◽  
The Given

The state estimation problem for uncertain impulsive control systems with a special structure is considered. The initial states are taken to be unknown but bounded with given bounds. We assume here that the coefficients of the matrix included in the differential equations are not exactly known, but belong to the given compact set in the corresponding space. We present here algorithms that allow to find the external ellipsoidal estimates of reachable sets for such bilinear impulsive uncertain systems.

scholarly journals Transformation of land use pattern in the East Borsod coal basin from the beginning of minig industry to the political changes

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 223-231
Author(s):  
László Sütő ◽  
Erika Homoki ◽  
Zoltán Dobány ◽  
Péter Rózsa
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Human Disturbance ◽  
The Political ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Late Period ◽  
Topographic Map ◽  
Coal Basin ◽  
Land Use Pattern ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Given

Historical geographic studies on land cover may support the understanding of the recent state. Focusing on coal mining, this process was followed and analyzed in the case of the East Borsod Coal Basin from the early 20th century to the political change. The contemporaneous maps and manuscripts concerning the mining were evaluated using geoinformatic techniques. Moreover, digitalized topographic map coming from the early and late period of mining (1924 and 1989, respectively) were analyzed. To determine the degree of human disturbance hemerobic relations and changes of the given land cover patches were quantified on the basis of the maps of the three military surveys, too. It can be stated that montanogenic subtype of an industrialagricultural landscape has been formed in the Bükkhát area. Beside the concentrated artificial surfaces, however, relative dominance of forest forming the matrix of the landscape remained.

scholarly journals ВДОСКОНАЛЕНА ПОЛІНОМІАЛЬНО-СКЛАДНА АТАКА ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ ВІДКРИТОГО ТЕКСТУ НА РАНЦЕВИЙ ШИФР НА ОСНОВІ МАТРИЦЬ

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
Олексій Сергійович Вамболь
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Logarithm ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Galois Field ◽  
Secret Key ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Encryption Schemes ◽  
Shared Secret ◽  
Symmetric Key ◽  
Asymmetric Encryption ◽  
The Given

Asymmetric ciphers are widely used to ensure the confidentiality of data transmission via insecure channels. These cryptosystems allow the interacting parties to create a shared secret key for a symmetric cipher in such a way that an eavesdropper gets no information useful for cryptanalysis. Network security protocols that use asymmetric ciphers include TLS, S/MIME, OpenPGP, Tor, and many others. Some of the asymmetric encryption schemes are homomorphic, that is, that they allow calculations on encrypted data to be performed without preliminary decryption. The aforesaid property makes possible using these cryptosystems not only for symmetric key establishment but also in several areas of application, in particular in secret voting protocols and cloud computing. The matrix-based knapsack cipher is a new additively homomorphic asymmetric encryption scheme, which is based on the properties of isomorphic transformations of the inner direct product of diagonal subgroups of a general linear group over a Galois field. Unlike classic knapsack encryption schemes, the cryptographic strength of this cipher depends on the computational complexity of the multidimensional discrete logarithm problem. Despite some useful properties, further research into the cryptographic strength of the matrix-based knapsack cipher has found serious drawbacks inherent in this cryptographic scheme. In the given paper an improved polynomial-time plaintext-recovery attack on the matrix-based knapsack cipher is proposed. Applying this cryptanalytic method requires only public information and has time complexity O(t1.34), where t denotes the decryption time of the attacked cryptosystem. The aforementioned attack is more productive and easier to implement in software in comparison with the original one. The advantages of the proposed method are due to using in its algorithm the simple and relatively fast matrix trace operation instead of more complex and slower transformations.

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