Gebirgswaldpflege – es kommt auf den Standort an | Mountain silviculture – it all depends on the site

2001 ◽  
Vol 152 (5) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Frehner
Keyword(s):  
Nature Conservation ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Forest Stand ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
Mountain Forests ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Snow Mould ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Protection Forests

The article shows that knowledge of the site of a particular forest stand, together with research results and experience, can provide information that is important for the cultivation of mountain forests, including knowledge of the composition of the tree species and the structure and growth capacity of natural forest. Furthermore, certain sites can, thus, be characterized by factors that influence restocking, such as snow mould,lush ground vegetation or low temperature. The guidelines«minimale Pflegemassnahmen» – «Minimal tending of protection forests» (WASSER und FREHNER, 1996) are based on this principle. For individual sites, warnings about natural dangers such as rock fall or statements concerning nature conservation can be made (e.g., the occurrence of tree species, suitability as a biotope for Capercaille). In conclusion, two research projects on the relationship between site and natural dangers will be presented.

scholarly journals Relation between selected indicators of forest stand diversity and quality of timber production in young stands aged up to 40 years

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 503-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Merganič ◽  
R. Marušák ◽  
K. Merganičová ◽  
R. Stolariková ◽  
L. Tipmann
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Forest Inventory ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Forest Stand ◽  
Timber Production ◽  
Inventory Data ◽  
Biodiversity Indicators ◽  
Canberra Distance ◽  
The Relationship

The present study examines the relationships between the indicators of tree species and structural diversity and the quality of timber production in young even-aged forest stands with the average age below 40 years. The study is based on the forest inventory data from University Forest Enterprise Kostelec nad Černými lesy, Czech Republic, performed from 2009 to 2011. The examined young stands were recorded in 256 sample plots representing 21.2% of the enterprise area. On each sample plot, we quantified 171 partial biodiversity indicators. In total, we analysed 16,416 different variants of the relationship between the diversity indicator and the quality of timber production. The analysis revealed that similarity indicators such as the range of tree heights, Canberra distance, Bray and Curtis index, and index of species evenness and heterogeneity were the most frequent basic indicators occurring in significant correlations. The results indicate a positive relationship between the proportions of assortments in quality classes I to IV and stand diversity expressed by the number of tree species and Canberra distance.

The Relationship between certain Ant Species with particular Reference to Biological Control of the Coreid, Theraptus sp.

1953 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 669-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Way
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
Oecophylla Longinoda ◽  
Nesting Habits ◽  
Anoplolepis Custodiens ◽  
The Relationship

In the coastal region of British East Africa three ant species, Anoplolepis custodiens, A. longipes and Pheidole punctulata may destroy the ant Oecophylla longinoda which is a valuable predator on the coconut pest Theraptus sp. (Coreidae). The three first-named species do not prey on Theraptus, which may severely damage palms occupied by them.Nesting habits of the three ant species and their behaviour towards O. longinoda and certain other insects are described.O. longinoda has been exterminated in the limited areas occupied by the two Anoplolepis species. P. punctulata is widespread and is usually common in areas occupied by O. longinoda and is also present, though relatively less common, in A. longipes areas.The distribution of the Anoplolepis species, particularly A. custodiens, is correlated with sandy soils bearing a sparse ground vegetation. Where there are heavy soils or a thick ground vegetation of grasses and creepers the Anoplolepis species are absent and O. longinoda is usually present. It is suggested that the Anoplolepis species are limited by the relatively low temperature of soils shaded from sunlight by thick vegetation.

Site classification in a mixed hardwood forest (Hallerbos, Belgium) with a homogeneous ground vegetation dominated by Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard ex. Rothm.

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Maddelein ◽  
B. Muys ◽  
J. Neirynck ◽  
G. Sioen
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Base Cation ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
Site Classification ◽  
Species Classification ◽  
Tree Species Composition ◽  
Understorey Vegetation

The  forest of Halle (560 ha), situated 20 km south of Brussels is covered by a  beech (Fagus sylvatica)  forest, locally mixed with secundary species (Tilia,  Fraxinus, Acer, Quercus,... ). In almost all  stands, herbal vegetation is dominated by bluebell (Hyacinthoides  non-scripta).     The research intended to classify 36 plots of different tree species  composition according to their site quality. Three classification methods  were compared: the first one based on the indicator value of the understorey  vegetation, a second one on the humus morphology and a last one on some  quantitative soil characteristics. According to the plant sociological site  classification, the plots have the same site quality. However, humus forms  differ apparently and significant differences were found in pH value and base  cation saturation of the soil, abundance and biomass of earthworms and  biomass of the ectorganic horizon. Tree species proved to be the main cause  of these differences.     The results illustrate that the herbal vegetation is not always a reliable  indicator of site quality. In the case of a homogeneous vegetation dominated  by one or more indifferent species, classification on humus morphology or  soil analysis are more appropriate. In the forest of Halle, the tree species  is probably the main cause of the observed differences in site quality.

scholarly journals Influence of Preaging Temperature on the Indentation Strength of 3Y-TZP Aged in Ambient Atmosphere

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 2767
Author(s):  
Ki-Won Jeong ◽  
Jung-Suk Han ◽  
Gi-Uk Yang ◽  
Dae-Joon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Compressive Residual Stress ◽  
Yttria Stabilized Zirconia ◽  
Ambient Atmosphere ◽  
Aged Specimen ◽  
Stabilized Zirconia ◽  
M Phase ◽  
The Relationship

Yttria-stabilized zirconia (3Y-TZP) containing 0.25% Al2O3, which is resistant to low temperature degradation (LTD), was aged for 10 h at 130–220 °C in air. The aged specimens were subsequently indented at loads ranging from 9.8 to 490 N using a Vickers indenter. The influence of preaging temperature on the biaxial strength of the specimens was investigated to elucidate the relationship between the extent of LTD and the strength of zirconia restorations that underwent LTD. The indented strength of the specimens increased as the preaging temperature was increased higher than 160 °C, which was accompanied by extensive t-ZrO2 (t) to m-ZrO2 (m) and c-ZrO2 (c) to r-ZrO2 (r) phase transformations. The influence of preaging temperature on the indented strength was rationalized by the residual stresses raised by the t→m transformation and the reversal of tensile residual stress on the aged specimen surface due to the indentation. The results suggested that the longevity of restorations would not be deteriorated if the aged restorations retain compressive residual stress on the surface, which corresponds to the extent of t→m phase transformation less than 52% in ambient environment.

Drift-dissipative instability of the electromagnetic convection mode in a low-temperature plasma

1992 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Saleem ◽  
M. Y. Yu
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Collisional Plasma ◽  
Low Temperature Plasma ◽  
Temperature Plasma ◽  
Electromagnetic Effects ◽  
Dissipative Instability ◽  
Low Temperature Plasmas ◽  
The Relationship

The convection mode in a collisional plasma is investigated, with the inclusion of electromagnetic effects. It is shown that a dissipative instability can occur. The relationship to several well-known modes as well as applications to typical low-temperature plasmas are discussed.

scholarly journals Leaf Carbohydrates and Flower Formation in Citrus

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Garcia-Luis ◽  
F. Fornes ◽  
J.L. Guardiola
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Induction Period ◽  
Flower Induction ◽  
Flower Formation ◽  
Citrus Unshiu ◽  
Satsuma Mandarin ◽  
Leaf Carbohydrates ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Carbohydrate Contents

The carbohydrate contents of the leaves of satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) trees were altered before or during the low temperature flower induction period to determine the relationship between gross levels of carbohydrates and flower formation. Early removal of the fruit and girdling of the branches on either fruiting or defruited trees caused an accumulation of carbohydrates in the leaves and increased flower formation. Shading the trees resulted in a transient reduction in leaf carbohydrate levels and in a decrease in flower formation. Although a relationship between carbohydrate levels and flowering was consistently found, our results show that the gross levels of carbohydrates do not appear to limit flower formation in citrus.

scholarly journals The influence of forest-forming tree species on diversity and spatial distribution of algae in forest litter

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yevhen Maltsev ◽  
Irina Maltseva
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Equal Distribution ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The forest litter plays a significant role in forest ecosystems. The composition of the litter biota comprises micro- and mesofauna, and a great diversity of microorganisms, including unrecognized algae (eukaryotic representatives and Cyanoprokaryota). The aim of this work was to study the diversity of algae in the different types of forest litters and to clarify the relationship between the algae composition and the forest-forming tree species. Our results show that the pine forest litter is the most appropriate habitat for the development of green and yellow-green algae and that this litter type limits the variety of blue-green ones. The admixture of deciduous leaf litter to pine litter caused an increase in the species richness of blue-green algae and diatoms. The algae were unevenly distributed across the sub-horizons of pine litter. The highest species richness of algae was identified in the enzymatic sub-horizon of litter. The peculiarity of the composition of leaf litter algae was a significant variety of green, yellow-green and blue-green algae. The spatial organization of algae communities in the leaf litter was characterized by equal distribution of algae species in the litter-subhorizons.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF GRASSLAND MANAGEMENT ON DIVERSITY OF SPIDER ASSEMBLAGES IN THE MÁTRA MOUNTAIN

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 291-297
Author(s):  
Tünde Szmatona-Túri ◽  
Diána Vona-Túri
Keyword(s):  
Nature Conservation ◽  
Conservation Management ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Grassland Management ◽  
Hay Meadows ◽  
Mountain Grasslands ◽  
Spider Communities ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Our investigation targeted the diversity of spider communities of meadows under nature conservation management and the relationship between mowing and the spider diversity. The study sites represented by six grasslands on three localities of Mátra mountain of Hungary. All three localities were contained a hay meadow and a not mowed meadow. Hay meadows had the richest spider communities.  In the control habitats, the equitability and the Shannon-Wiener diversity were lower than in the mowed grasslands. According to the Bray-Curtis similarity index significant differences were observed between spider assemblages of mowed and control habitats. The prevention of succession effects so rich structure of the vegetation where diverse spider communities can live. Our results suggest that mowing is a suitable management for maintaining a high biodiversity in mountain grasslands.

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