scholarly journals Constructive memory: past and future

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-18 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Memory System ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Events ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

Human memory is not a literal reproduction of the past, but instead relies on constructive processes that are sometimes prone to error and distortion. Understanding of constructive memory has accelerated during recent years as a result of research that has linked together its cognitive and neural bases. This article focuses on three aspects of constructive memory that have been the target of recent research: (i) the idea that certain kinds of memory distortions reflect the operation of adaptive cognitive processes that contribute to the efficient functioning of memory; (ii) the role of a constructive memory system in imagining or simulating possible future events; and (iii) differences between true and false memories that have been revealed by functional neuroimaging techniques. The article delineates the theoretical implications of relevant research, and also considers some clinical and applied implications.

scholarly journals Cognition and the evolution of camouflage

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1825) ◽  
pp. 20152890 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Skelhorn ◽  
Candy Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Animal Cognition ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ecological Context ◽  
The Past ◽  
Camouflage Patterns ◽  
Predator Defence

Camouflage is one of the most widespread forms of anti-predator defence and prevents prey individuals from being detected or correctly recognized by would-be predators. Over the past decade, there has been a resurgence of interest in both the evolution of prey camouflage patterns, and in understanding animal cognition in a more ecological context. However, these fields rarely collide, and the role of cognition in the evolution of camouflage is poorly understood. Here, we review what we currently know about the role of both predator and prey cognition in the evolution of prey camouflage, outline why cognition may be an important selective pressure driving the evolution of camouflage and consider how studying the cognitive processes of animals may prove to be a useful tool to study the evolution of camouflage, and vice versa. In doing so, we highlight that we still have a lot to learn about the role of cognition in the evolution of camouflage and identify a number of avenues for future research.

A Scene-Based Episodic Memory System for a Simulated Autonomous Creature

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa C. Castro ◽  
Ricardo R. Gudwin
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Navigation System ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Memory Module ◽  
The Past ◽  
3D Environment ◽  
Main Ideas

In this paper the authors present the development of a scene-based episodic memory module for the cognitive architecture controlling an autonomous virtual creature, in a simulated 3D environment. The scene-based episodic memory has the role of improving the creature’s navigation system, by evoking the objects to be considered in planning, according to episodic remembrance of earlier scenes testified by the creature where these objects were present in the past. They introduce the main background on human memory systems and episodic memory study, and provide the main ideas behind the experiment.

Migraine and Other Headache Disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Charlson ◽  
Matthew S. Robbins
Keyword(s):  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Peripheral Sensitization ◽  
Headache Disorders ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Complex Disorder ◽  
Calcitonin Gene ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

In recent years, the characterization of the neurobiology of migraine and other headache disorders has been driven by the search to better understand several key factors: genetics, the role of neuromodulators such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), processes including central and peripheral sensitization, neurogenic inflammation, central pain networks, and areas of activation demonstrated by advancing functional neuroimaging techniques. Yet the ultimate causes of migraine remain unknown. Nonetheless, recent work has advanced our understanding of this complex disorder, and pointed toward a future where these modalities may provide an integrated understanding of its pathophysiology and provide specific treatment targets.

Virtual Reality—Virtual Brain: Questioning Reality

Leonardo ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 453-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Wennberg
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Computer Memory ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Multimedia Art ◽  
Individual Human

The author’s multimedia art is inspired by memory and cognitive processes. This paper discusses certain human brain functions, including a reflection on the evolution from individual human memory to collective computer memory and the role of the artist in this vital change.

The Role of Past in the Simulation of Autobiographical Future Episodes

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 419-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Gamboz ◽  
Maria A. Brandimonte ◽  
Stefania De Vito
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Events ◽  
Delayed Recognition

Human beings’ ability to envisage the future has been recently assumed to rely on the reconstructive nature of episodic memory ( Schacter & Addis, 2007 ). In the present research, young adults mentally reexperienced and preexperienced temporally close and distant autobiographical episodes, and rated their phenomenal characteristics as well as their novelty. Additionally, they performed a delayed recognition task including remember-know judgments on new, old-remember, and old-imagine words. Results showed that past and future temporally close episodes included more phenomenal details than distant episodes, in line with earlier studies. However, future events were occasionally rated as already occurred in the past. Furthermore, in the recognition task, participants falsely attributed old-imagine words to remembered episodes. While partially in line with previous results, these findings call for a more subtle analysis in order to discriminate representations of past episodes from true future events simulations.

Letter to the Editor

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-156
Author(s):  
Thor Willy Ruud Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Experimental Designs ◽  
Research Experience ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Letter To The Editor ◽  
Limited Scope

Dr Aschner has some very interesting comments on the role of glial cells in bilirubin neurotoxicity. His suggestion that bilirubin researchers should focus some of their interest on this group of cells, given the increase in knowledge about their more complex role in nervous system homeostasis, is well taken. It would certainly be quite welcome if investigators with relevant research experience would include bilirubin in their future experimental designs. It seems appropriate in this context to mention the fact that bilirubin researchers in the past have given attention to glial cells, although perhaps with a more limited scope than that suggested by Dr Aschner.

scholarly journals The functional neuro-anatomy of the human response to fear: A brief review

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
A Del Casale ◽  
S Ferracuti ◽  
G D Kotzalidis ◽  
C Rapinesi ◽  
D Serata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Response ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Attention Capture ◽  
Fear Learning ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Future Improvement ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

The perception of fear and subsequent appropriate behavioral responding are crucial for the adaptation of species to their living environment. Functional neuroimaging studies of the neural basis of fear during the last few decades in humans contributed to significant advancement in the understanding of its mechanisms. Imaging studies help us delineating the role of amygdala-based neurocircuitry in fear activation and attention capture. The aim of this paper was to briefly review the most recent functional neuroimaging studies of fear perception, modulation and learning. Important knowledge was acquired about the factors that set fear in motion, including the role of nonconscious processes and the character of fear in guiding attention. A subcortical network interacts with the prefrontal cortex to modulate emotional response that allows better coping with environmental and social circumstances. Fear learning reduces the need to relearn about danger, and flexibility processes readjust fear behavior when external circumstances change. Future improvement of functional and other neuroimaging techniques may promote better clarification of the neurocircuitry involved in fear perception, learning and modulation.

An Introduction to Implicit Attitudes in Political Science Research

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (03) ◽  
pp. 525-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksander Ksiazkiewicz ◽  
James Hedrick
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Implicit Processes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dual Process Models

During the past two decades, mounting evidence suggests that much of human social cognition occurs without deliberate effort and largely outside conscious awareness. Dual-process models, which distinguish explicit (conscious, slow, effortful) cognitive processes from implicit (often unconscious, fast, effortless) cognitive processes, “form the dominant paradigm [of social cognition research] for the past 20 years or more” (Evans 2008). Although these advances in social cognition research have begun to be integrated into models of political cognition over the past decade (e.g., Kim, Taber, and Lodge 2010; Lodge and Taber 2013; see Nosek, Graham, and Hawkins 2010 for a review), and are beginning to influence other disciplines like communication (see Hefner et al. 2011), the role of implicit processes in outcomes commonly studied by political scientists deserves more attention. This symposium aims to showcase the diverse set of subject areas within political science to which dual-process models have been and can be applied. We hope that this symposium is a springboard for those who are considering bringing a dual-process approach into their own research by providing an overview of relevant literatures and methods.

scholarly journals No evidence for future planning in Canada jays ( Perisoreus canadensis )

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Jeffrey Martin ◽  
Glynis K. Martin ◽  
William A. Roberts ◽  
David F. Sherry
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Animal Cognition ◽  
Time Travel ◽  
Mental Time Travel ◽  
Future Planning ◽  
The Past ◽  
Perisoreus Canadensis ◽  
The Future ◽  
Complex Cognition

In the past 20 years, research in animal cognition has challenged the belief that complex cognitive processes are uniquely human. At the forefront of these challenges has been research on mental time travel and future planning in jays. We tested whether Canada jays ( Perisoreus canadensis ) demonstrated future planning, using a procedure that has produced evidence of future planning in California scrub-jays. Future planning in this procedure is caching in locations where the bird will predictably experience a lack of food in the future. Canada jays showed no evidence of future planning in this sense and instead cached in the location where food was usually available, opposite to the behaviour described for California scrub-jays. We provide potential explanations for these differing results adding to the recent debates about the role of complex cognition in corvid caching strategies.

scholarly journals Common and separable neural alterations in substance use disorders: evidence from coordinate-based meta-analyses of functional neuroimaging studies in human

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Klugah-Brown ◽  
Xin Di ◽  
Jana Zweerings ◽  
Klaus Mathiak ◽  
Benjamin Becker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Behavioral Alterations ◽  
Meta Analyses

AbstractDelineating common and separable neural alterations in substance use disorders (SUD) is imperative to understand the neurobiological basis of the addictive process and to inform substance-specific treatment strategies. Given numerous functional MRI (fMRI) studies in different SUDs, meta-analysis could provide an opportunity to determine robust shared and substance-specific alterations. The present study employed a coordinate-based meta-analysis covering fMRI studies in individuals with addictive cocaine, cannabis, alcohol, and nicotine use. The primary meta-analysis demonstrated common alterations in primary dorsal striatal, and frontal circuits engaged in reward/salience processing, habit formation, and executive control across different substances and task-paradigms. Subsequent sub-analyses revealed substance-specific alterations in frontal and limbic regions, with marked frontal and insula-thalamic alterations in alcohol and nicotine use disorders respectively. Finally, examining task-specific alterations across substances revealed pronounced frontal alterations during cognitive processes yet stronger striatal alterations during reward-related processes. Together the findings emphasize the role of dysregulations in striato-frontal circuits and dissociable contributions of these systems in the domains of reward-related and cognitive processes which may contribute to substance-specific behavioral alterations.

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