scholarly journals The evolution of Fedchenko glacier in the Pamir, Tajikistan, during the past eight decades

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (220) ◽  
pp. 233-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid Lambrecht ◽  
Christoph Mayer ◽  
Vladimir Aizen ◽  
Dana Floricioiu ◽  
Arzhan Surazakov
Keyword(s):  
Drainage System ◽  
Volume Loss ◽  
Ablation Zone ◽  
Main Trunk ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Glacier Changes ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Small Change ◽  
Thickness Measurements

AbstractFedchenko glacier is by far the largest glacier in the Pamir, Tajikistan. Owing to early accurate mapping of the glacier it is possible to evaluate glacier changes over eight decades, which is an exceptionally long time period for this remote mountain region. During this time a total volume loss of 5 km3 was observed on the main trunk of the glacier, while the total area changed by only 1.4%. It is observed that the volume loss migrates from the lower parts of the glacier towards the upper ablation zone. The comparatively small change in area is a result of the supraglacial debris cover on the glacier tongue, which decouples the area loss from the volume loss to a considerable degree. The observed velocities of the glacier do not reflect the volume changes up to now because the interannual variability is larger than possible long-term changes so far. The intra-annual velocity distribution in the central ablation zone probably reflects the evolution of the basal drainage system. Based on ice thickness measurements and simple ice-dynamic assumptions, the total volume of Fedchenko glacier is 123.4 ± 8 km3.

scholarly journals Ice-flow and mass changes of Lewis Glacier, Mount Kenya, East Africa, 1986–90: observations and modeling

1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (128) ◽  
pp. 36-42
Author(s):  
Stefan Hastenrath
Keyword(s):  
Time Interval ◽  
Volume Loss ◽  
Climatic Forcing ◽  
Ice Flow ◽  
Mass Budget ◽  
Modeling And Prediction ◽  
Mass Redistribution ◽  
Glacier Changes ◽  
Flow Velocities

AbstractThe long-term monitoring of Lewis Glacier on Mount Kenya serves as a basis for the study of glacier evolution in response to climatic forcing through modeling of its ice flow and mass budget. Following up on an earlier modeling and prediction study to 1990, this paper examines the ice-mass and flow changes in relation to the net-balance conditions over 1986–90. A model experiment using as climatic forcing the observed 1978–86 vertical net-balance profile yielded a volume loss and slow down of ice flow more drastic than observed during 1986–90. The causes of this discrepancy were examined in successive model experiments. Realistic simulations of mass-budget and thickness changes over 1986–90 are obtained using as input the net-balance forcing for the same period rather than for the preceding 1978–86 interval, and approximate flow velocities. With the same net-balance forcing and a completely stagnant Lewis Glacier, the elimination of mass redistribution by ice flow acts to mitigate the loss of volume and thickness in the upper glacier, and to accentuate it in the lower glacier. Accordingly, the observed 1986–90 net-balance profile along with the 1990 ice-flow velocities provide suitable input for the modeling of Lewis Glacier changes to 1994. Under continuation of the 1986–90 climatic forcing, ice thinning ranging from less than 1 m in the upper glacier to more than 7 m in the lower glacier, and a total volume loss of order 57 × 104 m3, are anticipated over the 1990–94 time interval.

scholarly journals Ice-flow and mass changes of Lewis Glacier, Mount Kenya, East Africa, 1986–90: observations and modeling

1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (128) ◽  
pp. 36-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Hastenrath
Keyword(s):  
Time Interval ◽  
Volume Loss ◽  
Climatic Forcing ◽  
Ice Flow ◽  
Mass Budget ◽  
Modeling And Prediction ◽  
Mass Redistribution ◽  
Glacier Changes ◽  
Flow Velocities

AbstractThe long-term monitoring of Lewis Glacier on Mount Kenya serves as a basis for the study of glacier evolution in response to climatic forcing through modeling of its ice flow and mass budget. Following up on an earlier modeling and prediction study to 1990, this paper examines the ice-mass and flow changes in relation to the net-balance conditions over 1986–90. A model experiment using as climatic forcing the observed 1978–86 vertical net-balance profile yielded a volume loss and slow down of ice flow more drastic than observed during 1986–90. The causes of this discrepancy were examined in successive model experiments. Realistic simulations of mass-budget and thickness changes over 1986–90 are obtained using as input the net-balance forcing for the same period rather than for the preceding 1978–86 interval, and approximate flow velocities. With the same net-balance forcing and a completely stagnant Lewis Glacier, the elimination of mass redistribution by ice flow acts to mitigate the loss of volume and thickness in the upper glacier, and to accentuate it in the lower glacier. Accordingly, the observed 1986–90 net-balance profile along with the 1990 ice-flow velocities provide suitable input for the modeling of Lewis Glacier changes to 1994. Under continuation of the 1986–90 climatic forcing, ice thinning ranging from less than 1 m in the upper glacier to more than 7 m in the lower glacier, and a total volume loss of order 57 × 104m3, are anticipated over the 1990–94 time interval.

scholarly journals Influence of treatment in multiple sclerosis dysability: an open, retrospective, non-randomized long-term analysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lineu Cesar Werneck ◽  
Paulo José Lorenzoni ◽  
Vitor A Radünz ◽  
Marco A.T Utiumi ◽  
Cláudia Suemi Kamoi Kay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Disability Status ◽  
Therapeutic Procedures ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Final Score

The efficacies of immunosuppressive (IMS) and immunomodulatory (IMM) drugs for multiple sclerosis (MS) have been reported in several studies. These agents can reduce relapse rates and lesions observed by magnetic resonance imaging studies. However, the effect of these medications in disability progression over 4 years is rarely examined. OBJECTIVE: To study the disabilities associated with MS patients after a long time period and to analyze the therapeutic influence of different types of treatments in patient disease progression. METHOD: This is an open, uncontrolled, non-randomized, retrospective study of the disease progression using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS) in 155 cases of MS, which were 76% female with a mean age of onset of 30.21±9.70. The follow-up period was 115.39±88.08 months (median 92, 3 to 447 months). These cases were submitted to the following 277 different therapeutic procedures: 62 without IMS or IMM therapy (SYT) (just corticosteroids), 53 with azathioprine (AZA), 53 interferon-β (IFNβ)-1b 250 µg (BET), 55 IFNβ-1a 22 µg (R22), 19 IFNβ-1a 30 µg (AVO), 15 IFNβ-1a 44 µg (R44), 15 glatiramer acetate (COP) 20 mg, and 5 cases with mitoxantrone (MIT). RESULTS: The median EDSS group was 2.00 (0 to 5.5, mean 1.89±1.52) at the onset of each treatment and 2.50 (0 to 9, mean 3.06±2.18) at the end. The median initial MSSS was 3.34 (0.25 to 9.50, mean 3.94±2.91) and the final medial was 3.90 (0.05 to 9.88, mean 4.02±2.78). The EDSS between initial and final score for the whole group had statistically significant progression, as well as for the sub-groups SYT, AZA, BET and R22. No statistically significance difference was found in the MSSS between initial and final scores in the whole group or treatment sub-groups. The variation between the initial and final EDSS and MSSS among the types of treatments found no statistical significance for any group. CONCLUSION: In this study series, no statistical difference was found in the long-term progression of disability among the IMS and IMM treated cases, nor in the cases treated only with corticosteroids.

scholarly journals KINEMATIC ANALYSIS EVOLUTION OF EXTENDED LANDSLIDES: TWO CASE STUDIES FROM WESTERN GREECE

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 730
Author(s):  
K. Kavoura ◽  
S. Anagnostopoulou ◽  
K. Servou ◽  
N. Depoundis ◽  
K. Nikolakopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Model ◽  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Data Normalization ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Triggering Factor ◽  
The Common ◽  
Western Greece ◽  
Heavy Rainfalls

Two of the most well known historical landslide occurrences are analyzed and their temporal evolution is presented. The sites of Panagopoula and Karya are often referred as the most representative cases of long term ground displacements based on inclinometer monitoring data. Regarding these cases, the heavy rainfalls constitute the main controlling (triggering) factor, while flysch is the critical landslide-prone formation which significantly contributes to landsliding. The inclinometer data through a long time period were analyzed and typical movement diagrams were compiled. A simple statistical model including data normalization through several active stages (phases) of movement is used to identify the common kinematic features as well as to estimate the velocity trend type of movement.

scholarly journals Trends in the Seaward Extent of Saltmarshes across Europe from Long-Term Satellite Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 1653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marieke Liesa Laengner ◽  
Koen Siteur ◽  
Daphne van der Wal
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Data ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Classification Performance ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Decision Tree Classification ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Water Level Variations

Saltmarshes provide crucial functions for flora, fauna, and humankind. Thus far, studies of their dynamics and response to environmental drivers are limited in space and time. Satellite data allow for looking at saltmarshes on a large scale and over a long time period. We developed an unsupervised decision tree classification method to classify satellite images into saltmarsh vegetation, mudflat and open water, integrating additional land cover information. By using consecutive stacks of three years, we considered trends while taking into account water level variations. We used Landsat 5 TM data but found that other satellite data can be used as well. Classification performance for different periods of the Western Scheldt was almost perfect for this site, with overall accuracies above 90% and Kappa coefficients of over 0.85. Sensitivity analysis characterizes the method as being robust. Generated time series for 125 sites across Europe show saltmarsh area changes between 1986 and 2010. The method also worked using a global approach for these sites. We reveal transitions between saltmarsh, mudflat and open water, both at the saltmarsh lower edge and interior, but our method cannot detect changes at the saltmarsh-upland boundary. Resulting trends in saltmarsh dynamics can be coupled to environmental drivers, such as sea level, tidal currents, waves, and sediment availability.

Understanding Long-Term Changes of Coastal Saltmarshes from Satellite Remote Sensing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marieke Laengner ◽  
Daphne van der Wal
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Remote Sensing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Decision Tree Classification ◽  
Tidal Forces ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Long Time

<p>Saltmarshes are known to be very important coastal ecosystems. They provide crucial functions for flora and fauna, as well as valuable ecosystem services for humankind. Many methods that are used to investigate these ecosystems are limited in space and time. Long time series of global satellite data enable to observe changes in the extent of saltmarshes on a large scale and over a long time period. We developed an unsupervised decision tree classification method in Google Earth Engine that automatically classifies satellite images into saltmarsh vegetation, mudflats, and open water. We applied the method using Landsat 5 TM data between 1985 and 2011. With this, we are able to detect trends in the seaward extent of saltmarshes globally. We reveal transitions between saltmarsh, mudflat and open water. Furthermore, we put saltmarsh habitat changes in a spatial context and couple trends in saltmarsh dynamics to environmental drivers, such as sea level rise, tidal forces, waves, and sediment availability.</p>

Use of tilt sensing equipment for monitoring long-term bridge movement

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 1033-1046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry J. Wipf
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Structural Engineering ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Measurement Instruments ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Tilt Sensors

Accurate monitoring of long-term movements in bridges can be difficult primarily because of the relatively long time period over which the movements occur and inadequate instrumentation and technique. A stable reference point for measurements is difficult to obtain over these long time periods. Two bridges were monitored for long-term structural movement; the results are presented here. Instrumentation including temperature transducers and tilt sensors placed on and near piers determined the pier movement. The results of the study indicate that a superstructure expansion pier on one of the bridges monitored actually behaved as a fixed pier. The equipment used in the study, including data acquisition components and tilt sensors, proved reliable and accurate. Key words: bridges, girder, field tests, foundations, measurement instruments, piers, structural engineering.

scholarly journals Long-term integrity protection of genomic data

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Buchmann ◽  
Matthias Geihs ◽  
Kay Hamacher ◽  
Stefan Katzenbeisser ◽  
Sebastian Stammler
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Cancer Genomics ◽  
Genomic Data ◽  
Sensitive Data ◽  
Protection Scheme ◽  
Genome Data ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Integrity Protection

Abstract Genomic data is crucial in the understanding of many diseases and for the guidance of medical treatments. Pharmacogenomics and cancer genomics are just two areas in precision medicine of rapidly growing utilization. At the same time, whole-genome sequencing costs are plummeting below $ 1000, meaning that a rapid growth in full-genome data storage requirements is foreseeable. While privacy protection of genomic data is receiving growing attention, integrity protection of this long-lived and highly sensitive data much less so.We consider a scenario inspired by future pharmacogenomics, in which a patient’s genome data is stored over a long time period while random parts of it are periodically accessed by authorized parties such as doctors and clinicians. A protection scheme is described that preserves integrity of the genomic data in that scenario over a time horizon of 100 years. During such a long time period, cryptographic schemes will potentially break and therefore our scheme allows to update the integrity protection. Furthermore, integrity of parts of the genomic data can be verified without compromising the privacy of the remaining data. Finally, a performance evaluation and cost projection shows that privacy-preserving long-term integrity protection of genomic data is resource demanding, but in reach of current and future hardware technology and has negligible costs of storage.

RETARDED BIOSYNTHESIS OF THYROGLOBULIN SUBUNITS AND THEIR POLYMERIZATION IN VITRO AFTER SUPPRESSION OF TSH SECRETION IN RATS BY CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION OF EXCESS THYROXINE IN THE FORM OF IODINATED CASEIN

1978 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-121
Author(s):  
J. Sinadinović ◽  
M. Krainčanić ◽  
G. Kostić ◽  
M. Jovanović
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Administration ◽  
Thyroxine Treatment ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Tsh Secretion ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Reduced Rate

ABSTRACT The effects of short- and long-term (from 3 days to 28 weeks) administration of excess thyroxine in the form of the iodinated casein "Protamone" (0.2%) to rats on the content of soluble thyroid iodoproteins and on biosynthesis and polymerization of thyroid proteins in vitro were investigated. The concentration of soluble iodoproteins significantly increased (40–80%) up to 2 weeks of treatment, and after that remained at the same level. 27S iodoprotein markedly increased during thyroxine treatment. The content of DNA in the gland and the thyroid weight were a little lower in the treated rats than in the control. The incorporation rate of [14C]leucine into soluble and microsome-bound proteins in vitro was markedly reduced in the treated animals (30–80 % of control). Thyroxine pre-treatment of rats induced retarded synthesis of thyroglobulin and its subunits in vitro. The inhibition of the synthesis of thyroid proteins in vitro and the incrrease in the soluble iodopritein content in the gland in vivo was not correlated with the duration of thyroxine treatment. The immobilization of pre-formed thyroglobulin in the follicle lumen for a long time period is probably an important factor in the enlarged conversion of thyroglobulin into 27S iodoprotein. In conclusion, the long-term suppression of endogenous TSH secretion by administration of thyroxine results in an accumulation of iodoproteins in the thyroid and a reduced rate of synthesis of iodoproteins; after 2 weeks a steady state is reached both with regard to iodoprotein accumulation and synthesis. Finally, the results obtained suggest that the thyroid-pituitary axis becomes adapted to chronic administration of excess thyroxine.

scholarly journals An Assessment of House Loans Cointegration with Macro Variables in Selected Euro Zone Countries

Ekonomika ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-58
Author(s):  
Kazys Kupčinskas ◽  
Arvydas Paškevičius
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Correction Model ◽  
Monthly Data ◽  
Vector Error Correction ◽  
Vector Error ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Macro Variables ◽  
The Relationship

This paper performs an empirical study on house loans, interest rates, unemployment, and house rent prices relationship in Germany, France, Spain and Italy from the year 2003 to 2018. We look for the cointegration and causality relationship between the house loans and macro variables with the help of the Vector error correction model (VECM) and Granger causality methods. We investigate whether variables with monthly data explain better the relationship and causal effects between the variables. We find a long term cointegrating relationship between the real house loans and interest rates, unemployment and house rent prices for France, Spain, and Italy, but not for Germany. On average the equilibrium in house loan development is reached from 4 to 8 years, meaning that long term equilibrium exists, but the variables reach it in a rather long time period. The ECB deposit facility rate included as an exogenous variable in four countries gained no significant power in explaining the short term changes of house loans in any of the country. We reveal a complex interaction between the bank’s credits and unemployment, interest rates, house rental prices in the paper. 

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