An Introduction to Gel Inks: History and Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 105-124
Author(s):  
Darlene C. Florence ◽  
Heidi H. Harralson ◽  
Joseph G. Barabe
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Visual Examination ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Chromatographic Methods ◽  
Document Examiners

With the increasing use and variety of gel pens on the market, forensic document examiners may encounter problems identifying gel pens from other common pen types. This study discusses the initial findings of an investigation into the history, technology, and properties of gel pens. Microscopical (visual) and chemical methods were also evaluated as ways to characterize and identify gel inks. The results of the study demonstrate that the presence of a gel ink can often be determined, but that some gel inks resemble other types of pens, especially roller balls, upon visual examination. Further, chromatographic methods used to characterize traditional dye-based inks may be less useful with gel inks; for these, other spectrometric methods including Raman spectroscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS) were evaluated and proved useful. Purchase Article - $10

scholarly journals Origin of Ultraviolet Luminescence from Bulk ZnO Thin Films Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 135-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Asghar ◽  
Khalid Mahmood ◽  
Adnan Ali ◽  
M.A. Hasan ◽  
I. Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Molecular Beam Epitaxy ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Molecular Beam ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Zno Thin Films ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Uv Luminescence

Origin of ultraviolet (UV) luminescence from bulk ZnO has been investigated with the help of photoluminescence (PL) measurements. Thin films of ZnO having 52%, 53% and 54% of Zn-contents were prepared by means of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). We observed a dominant UV line at 3.28 eV and a visible line centered at 2.5 eV in the PL spectrum performed at room temperature. The intensity of UV line has been found to depend upon the Zn percentage in the ZnO layers. Thereby, we correlate the UV line in our samples with the Zn-interstitials-bound exciton (Zni-X) recombination. The results obtained from, x-ray diffraction, the energy dispersive X-ray spectrum (EDAX) and Raman spectroscopy supported the PL results.

scholarly journals Benzyne-functionalized graphene and graphite characterized by Raman spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis

Carbon ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 192-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor V. Magedov ◽  
Lilia V. Frolova ◽  
Mekan Ovezmyradov ◽  
Donald Bethke ◽  
Eric A. Shaner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Functionalized Graphene ◽  
X Ray

Fabrication of Cu2ZnSnS4 Thin Films through Sulfurization of Co-Electrodeposited Cu-Zn-Sn Metallic Precursor

2014 ◽  
Vol 915-916 ◽  
pp. 838-841
Author(s):  
Meng Xie ◽  
Hai Tao Zhang ◽  
Shu Zhang ◽  
Yong Xiang
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Homogeneous Surface ◽  
Metallic Precursor ◽  
X Ray

Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films have been synthesized through sulfurization of co-electrodeposited Cu-Zn-Sn metallic precursor. The obtained metallic precursor shows homogeneous surface. Combination of X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy results shows that kesterite structure of Cu2ZnSnS4 is formed, demonstrating that co-electrodeposition-sulfurization is a viable process for the synthesis of Cu2ZnSnS4 film.

Oxidation of Acid-proof Steel Foil as a Method of Deposition of Phases Active in Nitrogen Oxides Decomposition on Metallic Monolith Walls

2013 ◽  
Vol 651 ◽  
pp. 317-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bielańska ◽  
J. Camra ◽  
J. Dutkiewicz ◽  
P. Kornelak ◽  
M. Najbar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Phase Structure ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Metallic Monolith ◽  
Main Factor

Pieces of 1H18N9T acid-proof steel foil were subjected to thermoprogrammed oxidation up to 823K, 873K, 1023K and 1113K in air flow. The phases in the oxide layers were determined by Raman spectroscopy. The chemical compositions of the surface microlayers of oxidized foils were investigated by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry and the chemical compositions of their surface nanolayers were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectrometry. The affinity to oxygen of the foil components was found to be a main factor determining chemical composition and phase structure of the oxides.

scholarly journals Organic Matter and Pigments in the Wall Paintings of Me-Taw-Ya Temple in Bagan Valley, Myanmar

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 11441
Author(s):  
Maria Letizia Amadori ◽  
Valeria Mengacci ◽  
Manuela Vagnini ◽  
Antonella Casoli ◽  
Parviz Holakooei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
Wall Paintings ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Ancient City

Pagán is an ancient city located in Myanmar that is renowned for the remains of about 4000 pagodas, stupas, temples and monasteries dating from the 11th to 13th centuries. Due to a magnitude 6.8 earthquake in 2016, more than 300 ancient buildings were seriously damaged. As a part of the post-earthquake emergency program, a diagnostic pilot project was carried out on Me-taw-ya temple wall paintings to acquire further information on the materials and on their state of conservation. This article presents our attempts at characterising the painting materials at Me-taw-ya temple using non-invasive portable energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF), portable Raman spectroscopy and micro-invasive attenuated total reflectance—Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), micro-Raman spectroscopy (µ-Raman), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), polarized light microscopy (PLM) and environmental scanning electron microscope—X-ray energy dispersive system (ESEM-EDS) investigations with the aim of identifying the composition of organic binders and pigments. The presence of a proteinaceous glue mixed with the lime-based plaster was ascertained and identified by GC-MS. In addition, this technique confirmed the occurrence of plant-derived gums as binders pointing to the a secco technique. Fe-based compounds, vermillion, carbon black and As-compounds were identified to have been incorporated in the palette of the murals.

scholarly journals Egyptian Blue Pellets from the First Century BCE Workshop of Kos (Greece): Microanalytical Investigation by Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy-X-ray Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy and Micro-Raman Spectroscopy

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1063
Author(s):  
Ariadne Kostomitsopoulou Marketou ◽  
Fabrizio Andriulo ◽  
Calin Steindal ◽  
Søren Handberg
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Optical Microscopy ◽  
First Century ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Egyptian Blue ◽  
Micro Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron

This paper aims to expand our understanding of the processes involved in the production of the artificial pigment Egyptian blue through the scientific examination of pigments found in the first century BCE workshop of the Greek island of Kos. There, 136 Egyptian blue pellets were brought to light, including successfully produced pellets, as well as partially successful and unsuccessful products. This study is based on the examination of eighteen samples obtained from pellets of various textures and tones of blue, including light and dark blue pigments, coarse and fine-grained materials, and one unsuccessful pellet of dark green/grey colour. The samples were examined by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and micro-Raman spectroscopy. These complementary microanalytical techniques provide localised information about the chemical and mineralogical composition of this multicomponent material, at a single-grain level. The results shed light on the firing procedure and indicate possible sources for raw materials (beach sand, copper alloys), as well as demonstrating the use of a low-alkali starting mixture. Moreover, two different process for the production of light blue pigments were identified: (a) decreased firing time and (b) grinding of the initially produced pellet and mixing with cobalt-containing material.

scholarly journals Discovery of argon in air-hydrate crystals in a deep ice core using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Tsutomu Uchida ◽  
Wataru Shigeyama ◽  
Ikumi Oyabu ◽  
Kumiko Goto-Azuma ◽  
Fumio Nakazawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Inert Gases ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Air Bubbles ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract Tiny samples of ancient atmosphere in air bubbles within ice cores contain argon (Ar), which can be used to reconstruct past temperature changes. At a sufficient depth, the air bubbles are compressed by the overburden pressure under low temperature and transform into air-hydrate crystals. While the oxygen (O2) and nitrogen (N2) molecules have indeed been identified in the air-hydrate crystals with Raman spectroscopy, direct observational knowledge of the distribution of Ar at depth within ice sheet and its enclathration has been lacking. In this study, we applied scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to five air-hydrate crystals in the Greenland NEEM ice core, finding them to contain Ar and N. Given that Ar cannot be detected by Raman spectroscopy, the method commonly used for O2 and N2, the SEM-EDS measurement method may become increasingly useful for measuring inert gases in deep ice cores.

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