scholarly journals Social Inversions and Education

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 39-49
Author(s):  
D. A. Sevost’yanov
Keyword(s):  
Social Systems ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Hierarchical System ◽  
Mutual Position ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
The Social ◽  
Organizational Principle ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Organizational Principles

The article focuses on hierarchical and inverse relations in social systems. Hierarchy is the basic form of organization in social systems. Complex hierarchies have the ability to form inverse relationships. Inverse relationships occur when the lower element in social hierarchy becomes the dominant, but formally remains in a subordinate position. In a hierarchical system, there are certain organizational principles that determine the mutual position of the elements. There are several such principles in complex hierarchies. Inversions arise when two or more organizational principles collide in social hierarchy. The developed inversions are a manifestation of internal contradictions in the hierarchical system. The accumulation of these contradictions can lead to the collapse of the hierarchical system. For example, the development of social inversions can cause a revolution in which certain organizational principles in the social system are abolished. But in some cases, resolving of these contradictions leads to another step in the progressive development of the system. Thus, the resolution of contradictions occurs when the subject actually moves to a higher position in the social hierarchy. One of the most important organizational principles that determine the position of the subject in the social hierarchy is based on the educational level of this subject. Increasing the level of education entails the increase of the subject’s social status. However, the position of the subject in the social hierarchy is also determined by other organizational principles. These principles may conflict with the educational organizational principle. As a result, there is a social inversion. Education is a factor that can both generate inversions in the social hierarchy and eliminate them. The development of society is closely connected with the manifestations of the educational organizational principle, with its interaction with other organizational principles in the social hierarchy. The analysis of inverse relations in social hierarchies is an effective research tool that allows to predict and prevent social tension in society.

scholarly journals Designing the social estate of odnodvortsy of the western provinces in 1831

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-140
Author(s):  
Constantin Vadimovich Troianowski
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Social Category ◽  
The Past ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article investigates the process of designing of the new social estate in imperial Russia - odnodvortsy of the western provinces. This social category was designed specifically for those petty szlachta who did not possess documents to prove their noble ancestry and status. The author analyses deliberations on the subject that took place in the Committee for the Western Provinces. The author focuses on the argument between senior imperial officials and the Grodno governor Mikhail Muraviev on the issue of registering petty szlachta in fiscal rolls. Muraviev argued against setting up a special fiscal-administrative category for petty szlachta suggesting that its members should join the already existing unprivileged categories of peasants and burgers. Because this proposal ran against the established fiscal practices, the Committee opted for creating a distinct social estate for petty szlachta. The existing social estate paradigm in Russia pre-assigned the location of the new soslovie in the imperial social hierarchy. Western odnodvortsy were to be included into a broad legal status category of the free inhabitants. Despite similarity of the name, the new estate was not modeled on the odnodvortsy of the Russian provinces because they retained from the past certain privileges (e.g. the right to possess serfs) that did not correspond to the 19th century attributes of unprivileged social estates.

Increase in Aggression and in Strength of the Social Hierarchy among Juvenile Atlantic Salmon Deprived of Food

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 2387-2401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip E. K. Symons
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Equal Status ◽  
The Social

Aggressive behaviour of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr, tested in groups of eight, was greater during 3 days of deprivation of food than during 3 days of feeding. Frontal and lateral displaying appeared to increase more than charging and nipping. Increased agression was only partly a result of increased locomotion, and therefore was partly a direct effect of hunger.Strong social hierarchies developed, larger fish nipping smaller ones more than the reverse. The correlation between size and hierarchical status was usually sufficient to account for the strength of hierarchy observed.Upon deprivation of food the dominant of any pair of socially unequal fish on the average increased its nipping of the subordinate. The nipping rate of dominants by subordinates did not change consistently; many low ranking fish decreased their nipping rate upon deprivation. These results would strengthen hierarchies during deprivation. Initiation of attacks by small fish, as opposed to nipping, increased consistently during deprivation.Nipping was more frequent between fish of equal status and size than between fish of unequal status or size. This could have accounted for the strength of hierarchies in groups in which the correlation between size and position was insufficient to do so.The increase in aggression upon food deprivation could function to increase the size of feeding territories when food is scarce. This and the strengthening of hierarchies would cause emigration of some fish from the area. Concentration of aggression between fish of equal size and status could permit parr of different ages to coexist.

Improving Organizational Social Contexts for Effective Human Services

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony L. Hemmelgarn ◽  
Charles Glisson
Keyword(s):  
Human Services ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Service Organizations ◽  
Organizational Strategies ◽  
Organizational Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
Quality And Outcomes ◽  
Improve Service Quality ◽  
Organizational Principles

Emphasizing five basic points, this chapter summarizes what the authors have learned in their development of evidence-based organizational strategies. First, human service organizations vary in their social contexts, and those differences affect the way services are provided. Second, the social contexts of human services can be changed with organizational strategies, and those changes can improve service quality and outcomes. Third, organizational social contexts are essential for innovation because they reflect the power of social systems to promote changes in individual behavior. Fourth, organizational research illustrates that social contexts affect the implementation of best practices to improve effectiveness. Fifth, strategies for improving an organization’s capacity for innovation build upon a century of work on improving organizational effectiveness that has direct implications for human services. This chapter introduces the ARC strategies that include: (1) key organizational principles, (2) organizational components that drive innovation, and (3) mental models to support improvement efforts.

scholarly journals The Cultural Transmission of Prestige and Dominance Social Rank Cues: an Experimental Simulation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ángel V. Jiménez ◽  
Alex Mesoudi
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Learning Opportunities ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Experimental Simulation ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Transmission Chain ◽  
The Social ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Benefits And Costs

Abstract Informal social hierarchies within small human groups are argued to be based on prestige, dominance, or a combination of the two (Henrich & Gil-White, 2001). Prestige-based hierarchies entail the ordering of individuals by the admiration and respect they receive from others due to their competence within valued domains. This type of hierarchy provides benefits for subordinates such as social learning opportunities and both private and public goods. In contrast, dominance-based hierarchies entail the ordering of individuals by their capacity to win fights, and coerce or intimidate others. This type of hierarchy produces costs in subordinates due to its aggressive and intimidating nature. Given the benefits and costs associated with these types of social hierarchies for subordinates, we hypothesised that prestige and dominance cues are better recalled and transmitted than social rank cues that do not elicit high prestige or dominance associations (i.e. medium social rank cues). Assuming that for the majority of the population who are not already at the top of the social hierarchy it is more important to avoid the costs of dominance-based hierarchies than to obtain the benefits of prestige-based hierarchies, we further hypothesised that dominance cues are better transmitted than prestige cues. We conducted a recall-based transmission chain experiment with 30 chains of four generations each (N = 120). Participants read and recalled descriptions of prestigious, dominant, and medium social rank footballers, and their recall was passed to the next participant within their chain. As predicted, we found that both prestige cues and dominance cues were better transmitted than medium social rank cues. However, we did not find support for our prediction of the better transmission of dominance cues than prestige cues. We discuss whether the results might be explained by a specific social-rank content transmission bias or by a more general emotional content transmission bias.

scholarly journals Κοινωνικές ιεραρχίες στα κείμενα του Πλήθωνα και τα πρότυπά τους

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Γιάννης ΣΜΑΡΝΑΚΗΣ
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Stable Form ◽  
Similar Model ◽  
New Model ◽  
Medieval France ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Military

  <p>Yannis Smarnakis</p><p>Social Hierarchy in Pletho and its Models </p><p>The subject of this paper are the models of social organization proposed by G. Gemistos-Plethon to the despot of Peloponnese Theodore II Palaeologus and to the emperor Manuel II Palaeologus. The main sources for the investigation are two texts, written by Plethon, the first one between  1407-1415 and the second in 1418. The older text that was sent to the despot Theodore, depends on the platonic dialogues and proposes a similar model of three classes for the peloponnesian society. An interesting ideological shift was detected in the second text of 1418. Here the author proposes the division of the peloponnesian people into three parts, the soldiers, the priests and the peasants. The new model is identical to the ideological system of the three classes or functions in medieval France. I think that the main source of inspiration for Plethon was the specific ternary model that was grounded, in medieval France, on the neoplatonic tradition. Plethon transfers this ideological system to the social reality of his contemporary Peloponnese that was marked by the struggle of the powerful local aristocracy against the institution of monarchy. The ternary model gives a stable form to the peloponnesian society, justifies the role of the military aristocracy as the state against the Turks and legitimatizes the place of the monarch as the sovereign of the soldiers at the top of the social pyramid.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Collective Autonomy: Why Groups Fight for Power and Status

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Kachanoff ◽  
Kurt Gray ◽  
Richard Koestner ◽  
Nour Kteily ◽  
Michael Jeremy Adam Wohl
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Structural Power ◽  
Privileged Position ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Members

People experience “collective autonomy restriction” when they believe other groups want to restrict their own group from freely expressing its social identity and determining its behavior. We review emerging research on the negative consequences of collective autonomy restriction for well-being, as well as its implications for group members’ motivation to fight for their place within social hierarchies. We propose that group members desire two resources tied to having a favorable position within the social hierarchy – structural power (i.e., the ability to influence and resist influence from other groups) and status (being positively valued and perceived as moral by others) – because they believe that having power and status are necessary to secure their group’s collective autonomy. We hypothesize that group members anticipate that other groups might restrict their group if they lack the structural power to resist outside influences, or if they are perceived as negative or immoral and worthy of restriction. We apply this power and status perspective of collective autonomy restriction to predict (1) when disempowered groups are most likely to fight against (vs. tolerate) their disadvantaged position and (2) when powerful groups are most likely to relinquish power and acknowledge their transgressions (versus defensively maintain their privileged position).

scholarly journals The social field designed by architecture

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 43-46
Author(s):  
Gianfranco Minati
Keyword(s):  
Force Field ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Social Field ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Fields ◽  
Kurt Lewin ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Short Essay ◽  
Transformation Processes

In the literature disciplinary researches, e.g., physics, studied the behaviour of elements, such as particles, in a context provided with properties, e.g., electromagnetic and gravitational. This context is classically considered as field, i.e., a physical quantity associated to each point of space-time. Social sciences and psychology use the concept of Force Field introduced by the social psychologist Kurt Lewin (1890-1947) The Force Field or life space was assumed to be -in any individual or social group- changing with experience and intended as representation of the environment, personal values, emotions and goals. We may say the cognitive system combined with representations and stimuli of the environment. This short essay focuses on Architecture as design of structures able to represent and induce properties of the cognitive systems possessed by inhabitants as well their transformation processes relating to social processes in progress. The subject is studied by Environmental Psychology, in the conceptual framework of Space Syntax. On one hand, the structure of space created through Architecture both represents and induces the social field within which inhabitants behave. On the other hand, inhabitants behave by using such a social field. Within this conceptual framework we may hypothesise the existence of a process of self-architecture by social systems. We explore the coherence, in such social fields, between different aspects such as architecture, design, fashion, music and painting.

SURVIVING CRISIS: INSIGHTS FROM NEW EXCAVATION AT KARPHI, 2008

2012 ◽  
Vol 107 ◽  
pp. 1-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saro Wallace ◽  
Dimitra Mylona
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come ◽  
Representative Area ◽  
Insight Into

Seventy years after its first investigation, Karphi (Karfi) on Crete was the subject of a new pilot excavation in 2008. The main aim was to provide the first up-to-date detailed contextual records for the site across a representative area, thus filling in interpretative gaps left by the original extensive excavation. This paper presents and analyses these records with the aim of investigating the likely complexity of social systems at one of the largest new communities founded in Crete after the collapse of Bronze Age states c.1200 bc. Recent research has tended to focus on small villages, or on sites which later developed into poleis, meaning that crisis-period remains are poorly preserved. Occupied only between the crisis horizon of c.1200 bc and an important nucleation of Cretan communities at large ‘proto-polis’ settlements occurring in the early tenth century, the large Karphi site offers insight into the special challenges of creating large, potentially diverse new communities in crisis circumstances. It has one of the most dramatic of the new settlement locations, on steep-sided peaks 1100 m above sea level in an area which had never previously been settled. The social and economic adjustments needed here were particularly sharp and urgent, and the paper examines the structures which enabled them, using preliminary analyses of bioarchaeological data from the new project to assist reconstruction of the economy. The site has had other, highly specialised uses in its history, on which the new excavation has thrown light. The results highlight not only the resonance of this landscape in ancient consciousness, but also the ways in which such resonance could be exploited, both in the socially volatile post-collapse period and in the context of enhanced social and economic complexity as polis states started to come into being. Finally, a first set of radiocarbon dates from the new excavation is presented and assessed with regard to the dating of the Cretan Bronze to Iron Age transition and its wider ramifications.

Taking the pressure: Unpacking the relation between norms, social hierarchies, and social pressures on states

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 756-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann E. Towns ◽  
Bahar Rumelili
Keyword(s):  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Social Pressure ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Social Pressures ◽  
The Social ◽  
International Social

This article advances a hierarchy-centered approach to the study of international social pressure on states. Prior scholarship has centered on the exposure of a gap between word and deed as key for social pressure. We argue that the scholarship on social pressure would benefit from paying more attention to the centrality of social hierarchies in the dynamics and effects of social pressure on states. It is through comparative assessments — the normative ordering of states as superior and inferior and placement in a social hierarchy — that social pressure is exerted and states are prodded into action. States positioned at the top or in the middle of normative hierarchies may be subjected to different social pressure than states positioned at the bottom. Developing this claim, we contend that normative hierarchies come in several forms. Reflecting on the dynamics of these normative hierarchies is important in and of itself, in our view, as it provides a deeper understanding of how norms generate shame, embarrassment, or status anxiety. That said, understanding normative hierarchies also gives us added purchase on explaining how states manage the social pressure of being ranked.

Towards an ethical politics

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 571-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathy Kiloh
Keyword(s):  
Social Transformation ◽  
Aesthetic Experience ◽  
The Self ◽  
Work Of Art ◽  
The Social ◽  
Aesthetic Form ◽  
Organizational Principle ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Modern Work

Jürgen Habermas’ characterization of Adorno’s project as an aestheticization of philosophy continues to influence our reading of his work. In contradiction to Lambert Zuidervaart, who suggests that in order to be understood as politically relevant, Adorno’s philosophy must be supplemented with empirical research, I argue in this article that Adorno’s work contains many of the resources we would need to theorize an ethical politics. First, it both identifies the moral debt carried by the subject and addresses the need for social transformation in order to change this situation. Second, it proposes an ethical comportment of self-relinquishment as a first step towards this reorganization of the social. The self-relinquishment of philosophy to its object is modeled upon aesthetic experience, which, according to Adorno, we must regard as a remorseful atonement for the subject’s domination of the object in its attempt to ‘wrest itself free’ ( Aesthetic Theory, 1997c: 112) of undifferentiated being. By incorporating into philosophical thought the mimetic bodily impulses tamed by aesthetic form, we may engender within ourselves a solidarity with objectivity. Rather than the self-possessing and conservative subject that constitutes its world mentally, Adorno theorizes a subject for whom thinking is a temporalization or a becoming. Thinking produces otherness within the subject itself. In this thinking-as-becoming, we see the beginnings of a highly individuated political subjectivity capable of acting in solidarity with the other. This brings us to the third element within Adorno’s philosophy that can serve us in formulating an ethical politics: the non-violent organizational principle of the modern work of art. In mobilizing the logic of the modern work of art, the autonomous individual is empowered to forge a politics that preserves contradiction in the facilitation of a non-violent relation with others.

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