The Elevation of the See of Constantinople at the Council of Chalcedon: The Course of the Procedure

Introduction. Despite multiple references to the proposed topic in the scholarly literature, it still seems relevant to identify and consistently describe the entire set of measures taken at the Council of Chalcedon in order to raise the status of the see of Constantinople. Methods. The work is based on the application of the historicalcritical method of analysing source data of the original text, compiled in Greek and Latin. Analysis. The article consistently describes and analyses the church-political steps and actions taken during the conciliar meetings, which paved the way for the elevation (“addition to honour”) of the see of Constantinople, which took place during the 17th conciliar act. These measures included the corroboration of the status of the Council of Constantinople in 381 as the Second Ecumenical Council, the use of the ecclesiastical and political actions of the see of Constantinople in the previous period as court of appeal and “superprovincial” instance as precedents, as well as a demonstration of the equal status of the Archbishop of Constantinople in relation to his Roman counterpart. The result was the adoption of the so-called 28th canon and its approval by the officials presiding at the council, and then by the emperor Marcian himself. Results. The author concludes that the actions taken by the officials, who were presiding at the council, and the representatives of the Church of Constantinople during the council were planned and consistently aimed at establishing the equal honour of the see of Constantinople in relation to the see of Rome and its second place in regard to the latter. He also points to certain similarities in the process of elevation of both sees.

The application of the tracer method with peer observation and formative feedback for professional development in clinical practice: a scoping review

Introduction The tracer method, commonly used for quality assessment, can also be used as a tool for peer observation and formative feedback on professional development. This scoping review describes how, by whom, and with what effect the tracer method is applied as a formative professional development instrument between healthcare professionals of equal status and aims to identify the types of scientific evidence for this use of the tracer method. Methods The authors searched four electronic databases for eligible articles, which were screened and assessed for eligibility by two independent researchers. From eligible studies, data were extracted to summarize, collate, and make a narrative account of the findings. Results The electronic search yielded 1757 unique studies, eight of which were included as valid and relevant to our aim: five qualitative, two mixed methods, and one quantitative study. Seven studies took place in hospitals and one in general practice. The tracer method was used mainly as a form of peer observation and formative feedback. Most studies evaluated the tracer method’s feasibility and its impact on professional development. All but one study reported positive effects: participants described the tracer method generally as being valuable and worth continuing. Discussion Although the body of evidence is small and largely limited to the hospital setting, using the tracer method for peer observation and formative feedback between healthcare professionals of equal status appears sufficiently useful to merit further rigorous evaluation and implementation in continuous professional development in healthcare.

The Threat of Disreputable Behaviour for Esports Sponsors

This research aimed to determine if disreputable behaviour in esports is a threat to its sponsors. An exploratory design and a convergent-parallel mixed method with equal status were used. Esports sponsorship experts (N = 22) were interviewed via digital platforms and esports fans (N = 5,638) filled an online survey. Qualitative data was processed on NVivo 10 and quantitative on SPSS 25. The results showed that most experts consider disreputable behaviour as a threat to esports sponsors and roughly one-third of fans have developed negative feelings towards esports sponsors due to disreputable behaviour. The most brand-image threatening types of behaviours are corruption, illegal and unregulated gambling, and toxicity. Despite esports’ rapid growth, the field of esports sponsorships has received poor academic attention. Moreover, the findings are relevant for existing and potential sponsors wishing to understand how esports’ disreputable behaviour can damage their brands and how to proactively avoid this threat.

Hierarchical multilevel optimization with multiple-leaders multiple-followers setting and nonseparable objectives

Hierarchical multilevel multi-leader multi-follower problems are non-cooperative decision problems in which multiple decision-makers of equal status in the upper-level and multiple decision-makers of equal status are involved at each of the lower-levels of the hierarchy. Much of solution methods proposed so far on the topic are either model specific which may work only for a particular sub-class of problems or are based on some strong assumptions and only for two level cases. In this paper, we have considered hierarchical multilevel multi-leader multi-follower problems in which the objective functions contain separable and non-separable terms (but the non-separable terms can be written as a factor of two functions, a function which depends on other level decision variables and a function which is common to all objectives across the same level) and shared constraint. We have proposed a solution algorithm to such problems by equivalent reformulation as a hierarchical multilevel problem involving single decision maker at all levels of the hierarchy. Then, we applied a multi-parametric algorithm to solve the resulting single leader single followers problem.

Unpacking the Status-Leveling Burden for Women in Male-Dominated Occupations

The challenges faced by women in male-dominated occupations are often attributed to the men in, and masculine cultures of, these occupations—and sometimes to senior women in these occupations who may fail to give a “leg up” to the women coming up behind them. As such, prior research has largely focused on challenges that women experience from those of higher or equal status within the occupation and on the negative climate that surrounds women in these positions. We introduce a novel challenge, the status-leveling burden, which is the pressure put on women in male-dominated occupations from women in occupations lower in the institutional hierarchy to be their equal. Drawing on interviews with 45 surgeons, we present a model that unpacks this status-leveling burden. Our research makes novel contributions to the literatures on challenges to women in male-dominated occupations and on shared demography in cross-occupational collaboration, and it suggests new avenues for research at the intersection of gender and occupational status in the workplace.

SUPPRESSION TO PROTEST: A JOURNEY OF STRUGGLE OF A DALIT WOMAN IN BABURAO BAGULS NOVEL SOOD

Gender violence in any form is a punishable crime in India but still it is prevailing in society. Indian constitution safeguards womens rights and guarantees them equal status. Despite the strong measures taken by the constitution makers, the loopholes in the entire system of the law implementing authority and the government machineries do not act responsible and consider the atrocities on women seriously.The largenumber of atrocity cases registered in the police station and pending in the courts makes it clear.Though Hindu society worships women and regards themgoddesses,they areperceivedsexual beings, play things, commodities and mens possession in reality.This paper is an attempt to present this reality and highlight the plight of women in caste gender-based society that Baburao Bagul projects in his Marathi novel, Sood. Janki, the protagonistis a victim of gender violence perpetuated in the caste prejudiced society. Her rebel against the caste and gender discrimination proves to be a milestone in her struggles with the upper caste mentalities those ones who subjugate and oppress women. Her voice is the voice of entire Dalit community that that she raises to assert her resistance for asserting the identities of entire community and demands for a more open and equal egalitarian society for the welfare of entire humanity on this beautiful planet that has already been turned into a hell by the conformist religious ideologies of the priests.

The power of peers in GTA development of practice: evaluation of an equal-status teaching observation project

Peer observation of teaching is a well-established professional development practice and can occur through a range of different activities (e.g., micro-teaching, lesson study, performance reviews, etc.). There is evidence that these various activities are being increasingly used to support Graduate Teaching Assistants (GTAs). This paper reports the findings of a pilot project that implemented equal-status, interdisciplinary and developmental peer observations. As a collaborative project, it was co-designed and evaluated by eight GTAs and an academic developer. Our observation framework involved GTAs’ undertaking the observee and observer roles and retaining five of six identified dimensions of control. The findings show that the observation experiences encouraged both new and experienced GTAs to take a self-reflective and critical stance to their teaching and disciplinary approaches. This confirms the value of GTAs’ experiencing the observer role and their exposure to other disciplinary environments. The post-observation ‘learning conversations’ provided significant opportunities for GTAs to discuss and reflect on their practice contexts and experiences together. This represents an effective example of peer supported learning, which also reduces the sense of isolation that GTAs often experience.

MITIGATION AND AGGRAVATION OF IMPOSITION IN RUSSIAN-LANGUAGE UNIVERSITY PROSE (IN I. GREKOVA "DEPARTMENT")

Постановка задачи. На материале университетской повести И. Грековой «Кафедра» рассматриваются продуктивные способы реализации категории аггравации импозитивности в разно- и равностатусной коммуникации, институциональном и неинституциональном общении. Коммуникативная импозитивность традиционно ассоциируется с угрозой позитивному лицу говорящего. Необходимость данного исследования обусловлена, во-первых, слабой изученностью жанра с точки зрения прагматики, а во-вторых, - выявлением лингвопрагматических особенностей, характеристики которых можно проследить в художественном дискурсе (например, авторские ремарки). Результаты. Описаны результаты анализа университетской повести И. Грековой, иллюстрирующие широкое употребление вопросительных по форме высказываний. Импозитивность данных высказываний определяется контекстуально-усилительными элементами, интенсификаторами, разговорной, оценочной и эмоциональной лексикой с отрицательной коннотацией. Подобные элементы иллюстрируют определенную элитарность и надменность коммуникантов (особенно при равностатусном общении). Частотным является использование вопросительных по форме высказываний, модифицированных частицами а, же, ну, -ка. Кроме того, рассмотрены элементы просодии и эмфатической пунктуации. Выводы. Проведенные наблюдения позволяют увидеть продуктивные средства реализации аггравации импозитивности в русскоязычной университетской прозе. Problem statement. On the basis of the university novel "Department" written by I. Grekova, the productive ways of realization of the category of aggravation of imposition in different and equal status communication as well as institutional and non-institutional communication are considered. Communicative imposition is traditionally associated with a threat to the positive face of a speaker. The need for this research is caused by, firstly, the poor study of the genre in terms of pragmatics, and secondly - the identification of linguistic and pragmatic features, the characteristics of which can be traced in fiction discourse (eg, author's remarks). Results. The results of the analysis of I. Grekova's university novel are described in the article. They illustrate a wide usage of interrogative statements. The imposition of these statements is defined with the help of contextual-amplifying elements, intensifiers, colloquial, evaluative and emotional vocabulary with negative connotation. Such elements illustrate a certain elitism and arrogance of communicants (especially in equal communication). Frequent is the use of interrogative statements modified by the particles and, but, well, just . Besides, elements of prosody and emphatic punctuation are considered. Conclusion. The conducted observations allow us to see the productive means of realization of the aggravation of imposition in Russian university prose.

PERSPEKTIF SISTEM PENDIDIKAN MENURUT PENYELENGGARA DAN PENDUKUNGNYA: NEGARA, PEMERINTAH PUSAT DAN DAERAH, ORGANISASI PROFESIONAL, ORANG TUA SISWA DAN MASYARAKAT SERTA ORGANISASI SWASTA

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kesadaran akan hak dan tanggung jawab sebagian dari masyarakat dan pihak swasta. Perspektif Sistem Pendidikan menurut penyelenggara dan Pendukungnya : Negara, Pemerintah Pusat dan Daerah, Organisasi Profesional, Orang tua, Masyrakat dan Organisasi Swasta berdasarkan fakta, kebijakan, teori dan falsafah, membuktikan bahwa implementasi UU No. 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional, khususnya dalam pemenuhan hak dan kewajiban penyelenggara pendidikan harus ada kerja sama dan ijtihad lillahi ta’ala. Untuk mewujudkan kesungguhan implementasi masyarakat sebagai mitra pemerintah di dalam penyelenggaraan pendidikan nasional perlu diciptakan suatu kondisi timbal balik yang benar-benar terjalin dengan baik, atas dasar kedudukan yang sama (equal status), serta dilandasi oleh jiwa pengabdian dan perolehan manfaat bersama (mutual benefit oriented). Pengamatan sepintas menunjukkan, bahwa berbagai bentuk peran serta masyarakat telah dilakukan, namun masih banyak terdapat pula bentuk-bentuk lainnya yang belum dijamah, yang kemungkinan besar dikarenakan antara lain: (1) kurang adanya informasi mengenai berbagai bentuk yang bisa diperani; (2) kurang adanya informasi mengenai tata cara untuk berpartisipasi; (3) belum adanya pelembagaan yang jelas; (4) adanya bentuk-bentuk yang tidak diminati, di samping kemungkinan adanya kurang.

WWE fan reception and shifting perceptions of masculinity in the Trump era

This article will study the world of American professional wrestling in connection to the reception of masculine tropes by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) fans. Wrestling fans, who are in majority male and traditionally come from the American working class, are in the unique position to voice, or scream, their opinions of positive or negative masculine behaviours that they see live in the ring. Since it is a scripted show (or in wrestling jargon, a ‘work’), it offers us a fascinating insight into how men view masculine behaviour as they view the action from a fictional distance. As unlikely at it may seem, I will argue that based upon their live reception of positive and negative masculine traits, modern WWE fans are surprisingly liberal in their condemnation of masculinist beliefs such as misogyny, having a hatred of oppressive patriarchal systems and, mostly recently, opposing the sleazy objectification of women. I will additionally challenge accusations that wrestling is a fundamentally misogynistic industry, with particular reference to the modern reception of female wrestlers as serious athletes, rather than erotic valets leading males to the ring, or as sex objects in general, with reference to the successful 2015 ‘Divas revolution’ and the company’s decision to rename them ‘superstars’ in all broadcasts – giving them equal status to their male counterparts.