DARI ANARKI KE HIRARKI: EKSPOSISI GAGASAN THOMAS HOBBES SEBAGAI RUJUKAN TEORI REALISME

In International Relation theory discourse, Classical Realism has some typical characteristics that differentiate it from other theories. The typical characteristics can be indicated by the ideas of Anarchy and Conflict. The two ideas in Classical Realism theory refers to Thomas Hobbes� Political Philosophy on the State of Nature. Considering that the two ideas are only two of the entire ideas of Thomas Hobbes� Political Philosophy, the State of Anarchy and Conflict in Classical Realism theory needs to be completed with other ideas. The writing has been made to show the function of ratio as a reason to seek peace in a hierarchical relation through Leviathan�s power. Therefore, it can be seen that Thomas Hobbes discusses not only about the state of anarchy but also the fact of hierarchical system urgency to avoid conflict.

Historical identity in the coordinate system of world development

The purpose of the article is to analyze the systemic characteristics of historical identity as a scientific category and to comprehend its substantive core on the basis of the paradigm that dominates in a particular historical period. Methodology. Research methods are based on the fundamental principles of historical and cultural studies analysis. The conceptual methodological core of the research is the system analysis of identity as a complex hierarchical system, self-developing in the chronotopе. The scientific novelty lies in the conceptualization of the phenomenon of historical identity from the standpoint of its temporality in the context of the acceleration of identification processes. The invariant and variable nature of the phenomenon is revealed. Conclusions. Based on the memorial paradigm about the continuity of history in its correlation with time, it is shown that historical identity is a sociology-cultural construct, the key mechanism for the formation of which is the dichotomy of «memory-oblivion».

Synergetik der Dekodierung von Substantiv-Neubildungen in Satzstrukturen des Deutschen

The article deals with the study of complex noun neologisms in the aspect of transformation and decoding of the semantic volume of their dominant component in relation to the structure of sentences of the German-language press from the standpoint of linguosynergetics. We focus on the synergetic law of conservation of speech energy and minimization of efforts as a driving factor, which directs the human mental lexicon to decoding of the complex nouns-neologisms with the dominant of the corresponding nominations of semantic volume of polysemic and monosemic word models. In a synergetic sense, parallels are drawn between the dictionary as a representative of the linguistic generalization of the structured amount of knowledge of the learned extralinguistic reality and the mental lexicon, which is not an arbitrary accumulation of contributions, but constitutes a structured hierarchical system of such contributions. The indicators obtained on the basis of statistical methods are extrapolated to synergetic models in the format of correlation of decoded nominations with simple and complex sentences of the German-language press. Such linguosynergetic analysis opens up prospects for modeling and predicting the possible lexicalization of complex noun-neologisms in view of their synergetic cycle of order-chaos-order and replenishment of German linguistics with new knowledge about German-language noun vocabulary.

ANÁLISE DA MULTIDIMENSIONALIDADE DOS CONCEITOS DE BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA

Resumo: A bacia hidrográfica (BH) é um objeto de estudo utilizado pela Geografia e pelas Ciências Ambientais, por isso novas definições foram criadas, compatibilizando essa célula de análise espacial e de planejamento com os estudos integrados. Assim, é importante averiguar se os conceitos criados sofreram adaptações e delimitações apropriadas para descreverem o objeto que definem e serem aplicados aos estudos tecnocientíficos. Nessa perspectiva, parte-se da hipótese de que os conceitos de BH, sub-bacia e microbacia hidrográficas foram adaptados, mas apresentam imprecisões nas suas delimitações conceituais. Portanto, objetivou-se identificar e analisar os conceitos mais citados na literatura, almejando aperfeiçoá-los. Para tanto, executou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica na qual foram identificados e examinados os principais conceitos de BH, sub-bacia e microbacia hidrográfica utilizados atualmente. Posteriormente, buscaram-se características particulares de cada categoria de uma BH para distinguir as definições estudadas, bem como propor requalificações. Logo, verificou-se que os conceitos disponíveis na literatura sofreram adaptações, porém frequentemente reduzem uma BH e suas categorias hierárquicas aos seus aspectos hidrológicos ou espaciais. O sistema de hierarquização de BH e as definições analisadas apresentam falhas no ordenamento e nas delimitações conceituais de seus objetos, assim foi possível propor aprimoramentos nas definições estudadas. Palavras-chave: Hidrologia; Sistema Ambiental; Unidade de Planejamento. ANALYSIS OF MULTIDIMENSIONALITY OF HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN CONCEPTS Abstract: The hydrographic basin (HB) is a study object used for Geography and Environmental Sciences, therefore new definitions have been created, making this cell of spatial analysis and planning compatible with integrated studies. Thus, it is important to ascertain whether the concepts created have undergone appropriate adaptations and delimitations to describe the object that they define and apply to techno-scientific studies. In this perspective, it is based on the hypothesis that the concepts of HB, hydrographic sub-basin and microbasin have been adapted, but they present naccuracies in their conceptual delimitations. Therefore, the objective was to identify and analyze the most cited concepts in literature, aiming to improve them. For this, bibliographical research was carried out in which the main concepts of HB, sub-basin and microbasin used today were identified and examined. Subsequently, particular characteristics of each category of a HB were sought to distinguish the definitions studied, as well as to propose requalifications. Therefore, it was verified that the concepts available in literature have undergone adaptations, but often reduce a HB and its hierarchical categories to its hydrological or spatial aspects. The hierarchical system of HB and the analyzed definitions present faults in the ordering and conceptual delimitations of its objects, so it was possible to propose improvements in the definitions studied. Keywords: Hydrology; Environment System; Planning Unit. ANÁLISIS DE LA MULTIDIMENSIONALIDAD DE LOS CONCEPTOS DE CUENCA HIDROGRÁFICA Resumen: La cuenca hidrográfica (BH) es un objeto de estudio utilizado por la Geografía y las Ciencias Ambientales, por eso nuevos conceptos han sido propuestos, compatibilizando el análisis espacial y de planificación con los estudios integrados. Así, es importante averiguar si los conceptos creados han sufrido adaptaciones y delimitaciones apropiadas para describir el objeto que definen y ser aplicados a los estudios tecnocientíficos. En esta perspectiva, se parte de la hipótesis de que los conceptos de CH, subcuenca y microcuenca han sido adaptados, pero presentan imprecisiones en sus delimitaciones conceptuales. Por lo tanto, se objetivó identificar y analizar los conceptos más citados, anhelando perfeccionarlos. Para ello, se ejecutó una investigación bibliográfica en la que se identificaron y examinaron los principales conceptos de CH, subcuenca y microcuenca hidrográfica utilizados actualmente. Posteriormente, se buscaron características particulares de cada categoría de una CH para distinguir las definiciones estudiadas, así como proponer recalificaciones. Luego, se verificó que los conceptos disponibles en la literatura sufrieron adaptaciones, pero frecuentemente reducen una CH y sus categorías jerárquicas a sus aspectos hidrológicos o espaciales. El sistema de jerarquización de CH y las definiciones analizadas presentan fallas en el ordenamiento y en las delimitaciones conceptuales de sus objetos, así fue posible proponer mejoras en las definiciones estudiadas. Palabras-clave: Hidrología; Sistema Ambiental; Unidad de Planificación.

Typification and correction of the meadow vegetation syntaxa of the class Molinio–Arrhenatheretea Tx. 1937 in the Southern Nechernozemye of Russia

The article presents the typification and correction of the syntaxa of grass vegetation, established at different times for the Southern Nechernozemye of Russia. 3 associations and 5 subassociations are validated according to the requirements of the International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature (Theurillat et al., 2021). The description of syntaxa is given according to the plan: name, synonyms, nomenclature type (holotype or lectotype), diagnostic species (their single blocks were used without dividing into characteristic, differential and constant), definition (verbal diagnosis). The belonging of associations and subassociations to the highest classification units is indicated in accordance with the modern hierarchical system of floristic classification of vegetation in Europe (Mucina et al., 2016). All of these units belong to the group of Intrazonal boreo-temperate grasslands and heath.

Improvement of administrative and legal support of preparation of citizens for military service

The purpose of the article is to determine the directions for improving the administrative and legal support for the preparation of citizens for military service.The article substantiates that the preparation of citizens for military service is a special type of activity of the de-fense forces and other subjects, aimed at developing a complex of motivational, emotional-volitional and cognitive qualities, knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for successful military service in a civilian. It has been deter-mined that the subject of preparing citizens for military service is. Such a subject is not a serviceman, but a person who, with a certain degree of probability, can enter military service. This makes the procedure for organizing this training fundamentally different from the traditional hierarchical system of subordination with the observance of the principle of one-man command. Considering that the subjects of training are the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, other central executive bodies, local state administrations, local self-government bodies, bodies of the Society for the Assistance to the Defense of Ukraine, as well as other associations of citizens are involved with their consent in accordance with their charters, a set of rights and obligations of subjects training is determined by legal acts regu-lating their legal status.Based on the analysis of legal acts, the author concluded that the competence of these subjects is not specific: many of them are indicated that they “contribute to the preparation of young people for military service,” and what is such assistance, goals, objectives, principles of such training, how are those responsible for her face remains uncertain. This contributes to the formalization of the activities of some entities for which the activity to ensure the state’s defense is not the main one. This necessitates the delimitation of the competence of the subjects of prepara-tion for military service, assigning specific areas of work to each of them, increasing the transparency of these types of activities, if this is not related to the observance of state secrets, creating objective criteria for assessing such activities and fixing the relevant provisions in acts of administrative legislation.

COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPANY’S COMPETITIVENESS

The article is devoted to the development of methodological approaches to carry out a comprehensive assessment and analysis of the competitiveness of the enterprise. The relevance of the topic of research is due to the lack of a single generally accepted technique for its implementation in Ukraine at this time. The proposed method is based on a holistic hierarchical system of factors of competitiveness of the enterprise developed by T. Cono, thereby expanding the possibilities of assessing and analyzing the competitiveness of the enterprise. Among these factors: the market share that the company occupies, innovative potential, production and sales capacity of the enterprise, the company's strategy, the management potential, the main results of the enterprise. The focus on these factors made it possible to develop a methodology that is an effective tools not only in obtaining objective information to assess and analyze the competitiveness of the enterprise, but also to build an effective system of controlling it.