Metabolic response to injury and disease in high-performance sports

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
A. S. SAMOYLOV ◽  
◽  
A. V. ZHOLINSKIY ◽  
A. E. SHESTOPALOV ◽  
N. V. RYLOVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Dynamic Change ◽  
The Body ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Metabolic Processes ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Systemic Inflammatory Reaction ◽  
Competition Period

Recently, in high-performance sports, there has been a significant increase in the volume and intensity of training loads, an increase in the duration of the competition period and its intensity, significant psychoemotional loads that affect the health status and quality of life of professional athletes, determine the incidence rate and a higher risk of injury in highly qualified athletes. Trauma and disease are considered as a polyetiological variant of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome, associated with the formation of «pathological» systems and their further dynamic change. One of the most striking manifestations of the systemic inflammatory reaction syndrome is pronounced metabolic disorders with a shift in metabolic processes towards hypermetabolism-hypercatabolism. The catabolic type of metabolic processes is characterized by the development of a pronounced protein-energy deficiency, a violation of nutrition and the inability to provide the body with the necessary nutrients in a natural way.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF USE OF DOSED PHYSICAL EXERCISE IN PATIENTS WITH HEMODIALYSIS

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 102-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Vishnevsky ◽  
A. Sh. Rumyantsev ◽  
N. Yu. Korosteleva
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Physical Exercises ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Training Mode ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
Almost All

The article reflects modern ideas about the causes and mechanisms of the physical functioning disorders in patients with chronic kidney  disease receiving program hemodialysis. Various types of physical  activity are considered and the rationale for their use in dialysis  patients is justified. The diagnostics possibilities of the protein- energy deficiency main variants are presented. Possible directions  for their correction are outlined. The possibilities and methods of  regular physical training in such a complex cohort of patients with  changes in almost all the basic systems of the body are described in  detail. For patients who cannot perform physical exercises in a  training mode, a new rehabilitation technique was developed and  tested on a representative sample, and a new rehabilitation  technique that was not previously used in nephrology – a cutaneous  bilateral electrostimulation of the muscles of the lower extremities –  was justified and considered in detail. The authors give their own data on long-term follow-up of patients, which confirm the  possibilities of the presented methods not only in terms of improving physical performance, but also in improving the adequacy  of dialysis and the quality of life.

scholarly journals Metabolism of Microbiota in Critical Illness (Review and Postulates)

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 62-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia V. Beloborodova
Keyword(s):  
Critical Illness ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Critically Ill Patients ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acids ◽  
Active Management ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Metabolic Processes ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
New Research

This article discusses the importance of eliciting the mechanisms of action and the metabolism of microbiota in the critically ill patients, as well as the role of nutrition specialist in the management of these patients.In critically ill patients the impaired regulation of endogenous metabolic processes and protein-energy deficiency are aggravated by abnormal microbiota metabolic processes. There is growing awareness of the importance of studying microbial metabolism in the general metabolic process. Its implications for the improved efficacy of treatment in critical care and rehabilitation are obvious.Current international intensive care guidelines are being constantly revised in response to the new research data available on the mechanisms of critical illness. The course of the latter may significantly associate with the metabolic activity of human microbiota. Active management of metabolic processes is being sought through the subordination of bacterial metabolism to the interests of the host. Both antimicrobial and bioformulations (prebiotics, metabiotics) will be used in the long term in a targeted manner with the control of key microbial metabolites through available laboratory monitoring tools.Based on the literature data and the original research, the author formulates postulates of the microbiota metabolism in critical illness, introduces the concepts of «invisible organ dysfunction» and «signaling bacterial molecules», offers answers to the eternal «what is to be done?» question and suggests using a number of microbial aromatic amino acids metabolites as an integral indicator of a course of critical illness.

scholarly journals Experimental protein-energy deficiency in rats. Ratio of serine+glycine to threonine as an index of deficiency

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sohair I. Salem ◽  
S. M. Hegazi ◽  
S. R. Morcos
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Protein Deficiency ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Serum Amino Acids ◽  
Full Picture

1. Rats were given a low-protein (10 g/kg) diet for 16 weeks and the changes occurring in their serum amino acids were studied; during this time a full picture of protein-energy malnutrition was manifested. Groups of rats were killed at intervals of 4 weeks.2. Food intake decreased gradually from the 4th to the 8th week, then increased slightly from the 9th to the 11th week, and then decreased again.3. The body-weight of the rats fell progressively from the 1st week on the low-protein diet, remained stationary from the 10th to the 13th week, and then decreased again during the last 4 weeks.4. The ratio of non-essential to essential amino acid was not correlated with the severity of protein deficiency.5. The ratios between some individual amino acids were compared with these ratios in control rats during the 4-week periods of protein deficiency. The ratio of serine+glycine to threonine was always significantly higher in the protein-deficient than in the control rats.

scholarly journals Specialized dietary food products in oncological practice

2020 ◽  
pp. 111-117
Author(s):  
T. L. Pilat
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Current Data ◽  
The Body ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Dietary Food

This review presents current data on the role of nutritional support in patients with cancer. The main reasons for the decrease in body weight, protein-energy deficiency in the development of malignant neoplasms are described. The data substantiating the appointment of dietary food products in various phases of the disease to patients receiving systemic anticancer therapy (chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy) for a long time, and to cancer patients who underwent volumetric abdominal surgery are presented. The mechanisms of intoxication arising as a result of the disease itself, as well as a result of prolonged polychemoor irradiation therapy, are described in detail. The concept and mechanisms of endogenous intoxication syndrome are given. Special attention is paid to the role of the cytochrome system of the liver in detoxification processes. It has been shown that the accumulation of toxic metabolites in cancer disrupts the activity of the organs of detoxification and excretion, metabolites accumulate in tissues, which leads to difficulty in regulating the functions of the body and its protection from intoxication factors. The results of clinical studies of the data are presented and their effectiveness of the use of specialized dietary products of domestic production for cancer patients is presented. Detoxification protein cocktail for cancer patients (based on animal protein), Lactose-free detoxification protein cocktail for cancer patients (based on plant protein) and Drink detoxification for cancer patients (fruit-based). These specialized products have promote tonic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-toxic, detoxifying properties. It has been shown that dietary products contribute to the restoration of the concentration in the blood of the most important enzymes of antitoxic liver defense – ALT and AST, gamma-HT, total and direct bilirubin, and urea.

scholarly journals The Female Athlete Triad/Relative Energy Deficiency in Sports (RED-S)

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (05) ◽  
pp. 395-402
Author(s):  
Alexandra Ruivo Coelho ◽  
Gonçalo Cardoso ◽  
Marta Espanhol Brito ◽  
Inês Neves Gomes ◽  
Maria João Cascais
Keyword(s):  
Female Athlete ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Healthy Athlete

AbstractIn a healthy athlete, the caloric intake is sufficient for sports energy needs and body physiological functions, allowing a balance between energy availability, bone metabolism, and menstrual cycle. On the other hand, an imbalance caused by low energy availability due to a restrictive diet, eating disorders or long periods of energy expenditure leads to multisystemic deregulation favoring the essential functions of the body. This phenomenon, described as the female athlete triad, occurs in a considerable percentage of high-performance athletes, with harmful consequences for their future. The present review was carried out based on a critical analysis of the most recent publications available and aims to provide a global perception of the topic relative energy deficit in sport (RED-S). The objective is to promote the acquisition of more consolidated knowledge on an undervalued theme, enabling the acquisition of preventive strategies, early diagnosis and/or appropriate treatment.

scholarly journals Correlations of Clinically Significant and other Subjective Signs of the Body State in Highly Qualified Athletes

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 386-395
Author(s):  
O. V. Guziy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Adaptation Mechanism ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Body State ◽  
Heart Work ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Competition Period ◽  
Clinically Significant

The study of the subjective signs of athletes in the training process has the same importance as the study of objective characteristics, which helps to identify overstrain states of systems and their underrecovery. The purpose of the study was to determine the connections of clinically significant subjective signs of athletes with other subjective signs of the body state of highly qualified athletes in the pre-competition period. Material and methods. 202 highly qualified male athletes aged 22.6 ± 2.8 years were examined. They were representatives of acyclic sports. Their sport experience was 10.3±3.1 years. The questionnaire together with other research methods were conducted in the morning on an empty stomach in the pre-competition period. Results and discussion. According to the questionnaire signs we identified some things might be clinically significant, namely: unpleasant sensations in the heart, feeling of interruption in the heart work, sweating at rest, headache after sleep, sweating at low loads, the feeling of fatigue after sleep, sweating at the sleep. Unpleasant sensations in the heart and feeling of interruption in the heart work were the most critical from the perspective of overload or underrecovery of cardiovascular system. This was confirmed by their connections with their weekly duration (r = 0.230, р = 0.021 and r = 0.343, р = 0.000, accordingly) and duration of trainings (r = 0.202, р = 0.042 and r = 0.361, р = 0.000, accordingly). There were no other subjective signs with such connections. Noteworthy was the inverse relationship between sweating at low load and the age of athletes (r = -0.249, р = 0.012) and their training experience (r = -0.275, р = 0.005), which is quite understandable from the perspective of formation of adaptation mechanism with increasing training experience. Sweating at low loads is associated with a feeling of heaviness in working muscles (r = 0.230, р = 0.020), and a feeling of fatigue after sleep with feelings of fatigue at rest the day after training (r = 0.250, р = 0.012), feeling of heaviness during training (r = 0.210, p = 0.035) and a headache after training (r = 0.221, p = 0.026). These clinically significant subjective signs had a number of specific links that could be essential for assessing functional and non-functional overstrain in the athlete’s body. Conclusion. In general, the analysis of associations of clinically significant subjective signs of athletes allowed to determine the most important ones for assessing the condition of athletes. The analysis of other subjective signs should be conducted taking into account the data of objective instrumental research

Evaluation of New 99mTc(CO)3 + Radiolabeled Glycylglycine In Vivo

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 1382-1387
Author(s):  
Ahmet M. Şenışık ◽  
Çiğdem İçhedef ◽  
Ayfer Y. Kılçar ◽  
Eser Uçar ◽  
Kadir Arı ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biological Behavior ◽  
In Vivo Evaluation ◽  
Radiolabeled Peptides ◽  
Tumor Bearing ◽  
Biodistribution Data ◽  
Good Accordance ◽  
Rapid Clearance

Background: Peptide-based agents are used in molecular imaging due to their unique properties, such as rapid clearance from the circulation, high affinity and target selectivity. Many of the radiolabeled peptides have been clinically experienced with diagnostic accuracy. The aim of this study was to investigate in vivo biological behavior of [99mTc(CO)3(H2O)3]+ radiolabeled glycylglycine (GlyGly). Methods: Glycylglycine was radiolabeled with a high radiolabeling yield of 94.69±2%, and quality control of the radiolabeling process was performed by thin layer radiochromatography (TLRC) and High-Performance Liquid Radiochromatography (HPLRC). Lipophilicity study for radiolabeled complex (99mTc(CO)3-Gly-Gly) was carried out using solvent extraction. The in vivo evaluation was performed by both biodistribution and SPECT imaging. Results: The high radiolabelling yield of 99mTc(CO)3-GlyGly was obtained and verified by TLRC and HPLRC as well. According to the in vivo results, SPECT images and biodistribution data are in good accordance. The excretion route from the body was both hepatobiliary and renal. Conclusion: This study shows that 99mTc(CO)3-GlyGly has the potential to be used as a peptide-based imaging agent. Further studies, 99mTc(CO)3-GlyGly can be performed on tumor-bearing animals.

scholarly journals Calculating the optimal hematocrit under the constraint of constant cardiac power

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Sitina ◽  
Heiko Stark ◽  
Stefan Schuster
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Mechanical Load ◽  
The Body ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Cardiac Power ◽  
Optimal Value ◽  
Good Agreement

AbstractIn humans and higher animals, a trade-off between sufficiently high erythrocyte concentrations to bind oxygen and sufficiently low blood viscosity to allow rapid blood flow has been achieved during evolution. Optimal hematocrit theory has been successful in predicting hematocrit (HCT) values of about 0.3–0.5, in very good agreement with the normal values observed for humans and many animal species. However, according to those calculations, the optimal value should be independent of the mechanical load of the body. This is in contradiction to the exertional increase in HCT observed in some animals called natural blood dopers and to the illegal practice of blood boosting in high-performance sports. Here, we present a novel calculation to predict the optimal HCT value under the constraint of constant cardiac power and compare it to the optimal value obtained for constant driving pressure. We show that the optimal HCT under constant power ranges from 0.5 to 0.7, in agreement with observed values in natural blood dopers at exertion. We use this result to explain the tendency to better exertional performance at an increased HCT.

scholarly journals Plasma radio-metabolite analysis of PET tracers for dynamic PET imaging: TLC and autoradiography

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona Li ◽  
Justin W. Hicks ◽  
Lihai Yu ◽  
Lise Desjardin ◽  
Laura Morrison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
High Performance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Dynamic Pet ◽  
Arterial Concentration ◽  
In Blood Plasma

Abstract Background In molecular imaging with dynamic PET, the binding and dissociation of a targeted tracer is characterized by kinetics modeling which requires the arterial concentration of the tracer to be measured accurately. Once in the body the radiolabeled parent tracer may be subjected to hydrolysis, demethylation/dealkylation and other biochemical processes, resulting in the production and accumulation of different metabolites in blood which can be labeled with the same PET radionuclide as the parent. Since these radio-metabolites cannot be distinguished by PET scanning from the parent tracer, their contribution to the arterial concentration curve has to be removed for the accurate estimation of kinetic parameters from kinetic analysis of dynamic PET. High-performance liquid chromatography has been used to separate and measure radio-metabolites in blood plasma; however, the method is labor intensive and remains a challenge to implement for each individual patient. The purpose of this study is to develop an alternate technique based on thin layer chromatography (TLC) and a sensitive commercial autoradiography system (Beaver, Ai4R, Nantes, France) to measure radio-metabolites in blood plasma of two targeted tracers—[18F]FAZA and [18F]FEPPA, for imaging hypoxia and inflammation, respectively. Results Radioactivity as low as 17 Bq in 2 µL of pig’s plasma can be detected on the TLC plate using autoradiography. Peaks corresponding to the parent tracer and radio-metabolites could be distinguished in the line profile through each sample (n = 8) in the autoradiographic image. Significant intersubject and intra-subject variability in radio-metabolites production could be observed with both tracers. For [18F]FEPPA, 50% of plasma activity was from radio-metabolites as early as 5-min post injection, while for [18F]FAZA, significant metabolites did not appear until 50-min post. Simulation study investigating the effect of radio-metabolite in the estimation of kinetic parameters indicated that 32–400% parameter error can result without radio-metabolites correction. Conclusion TLC coupled with autoradiography is a good alternative to high-performance liquid chromatography for radio-metabolite correction. The advantages of requiring only small blood samples (~ 100 μL) and of analyzing multiple samples simultaneously, make the method suitable for individual dynamic PET studies.

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